cholinergic system model questions & answers
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dr.U.P.RathnakarMD.DIH.PGDHM
www.scribd.com
[Cholinergic system]Model Questions and
answers
![Page 2: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Q. Enumerate the different steps in cholinergic transmission, in the order of occurrence. Add a note on synthesis of acetylcholine in cholinergic nerve endings. 4 + 1
Cholinergic transmission– Impulse conduction
– Arrival of impulse
– Synthesis, Storage & releaseof Ach by exocytosis
– Combination of Ach– With receptors
– Postjunctional activity: Excitatory[EPSP] or Inhibitory[IPSP]
– Termination of Ach action hydrolysis by true cholinesterase
Synthesis of ACH
ATP + Acetate + CoEn-A
= Acetyl CoEn-A
+ [acetyl transferase] Choline
Acetylcholine + CoEn-A
![Page 3: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Q. Classify anti-cholinesterases with examples. Discuss the pharmacotherapy of organophosphorous poisoning.
3 + 2Ans. CLASSIFICATION
Reversible anticholinesterases Carbamates Acridine
Tacrine.• Physostigmine• Neostigmine• Pyridostigmine• Edrophonium• Ambenonium• Demecarium• Rivastigmine, • Donepezil, • Galantamine. Irreversible anticholinesterases Organophosphates
Carbamates • Echothiophate Carbaryl*• Parathion* Propoxur*• Malathion*• Diazinon*• Tabun#• Sarin#• Soman#
Ans. ‘PHARMACOTHERAPY’ OF OP POISONING
• Termination of exposure-copious washing• Signs and symptoms are due to excess of cholinergic
activity resulting in excess of parasympathetic or sympathetic activity.
• Antimuscarinic drug Atropine is the specific antidote[DOC]
• Atropine 2mg i.v, repeated every 10 minutes until atropinization symptoms appear.
• Maintenance dose continued for 2 weeks• Pralidoxime, cholinesterase activator, is
administered for nicotinic adverse effects, after atropine. 1-2g slow i.v.
• Pralidoxime is C.I. in carbamate poisoning• Diazepam i.v. if convulsions are present• Other supportive measures
![Page 4: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Q. Name six groups of drugs used in the treatment of glaucoma
Explain the mechanism of action of latanoprost. 3+2
1. Prostaglandin analoguesEg. Latanoprost2. β Adrenergic blockersEg. Timolol3. α Adrenergic agonistsEg. Apraclonidine4. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitorsEg. Acetazolamide5. MioticsEg. Pilocarpine6. Mannitol
MOA of latanoprosto MOA- Increases permeability of
tissues in ciliary muscles• Increases uveo-scleral outflow• May also increase trabecular out
flow
![Page 5: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ans. Mydriatic1. α Adrenergic agonists -Eg. Phenylephrine2. Antimuscarinics- Atropine, Homatropine, tropicamide, Cyclopentolate,3. Anticholinesterases- Physostigmine4. Ganglionic blockers- Eg. Hexamethonium
Uses 5. Facilitates fundus [eye] examination [Phenylephrine without cycloplegia]6. Refraction testing [Antimuscarinics]7. Alternatively with miotics to prevent formation of adhesions or to break-between
iris and lens/cornea8. To give rest to internal ocular muscles and as anodyne in inflammatory conditions
of eye like iridocyclitis[ Atropine]
Q. Enumerate mydriatics. Discuss the uses of various mydriatics 2 + 3
![Page 6: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Q. Name two cholinesterases. Mention differences between them. 1 + 2
Ans.Two cholinesterases
1. Acetyl cholinesterase[true] 2. Butyrylcholinesterase [pseudo] Differences
Parameters True PseudoDistribution Cholinergic sites
RBC, gray matterPlasma, Liver, intestine, white matter
Effect on ACh Very fast Slow
Inhibition Sensitive to Physostigmine
Sensitive to OPs
Function Termination of Ach action
Hydrolysis of ingested esters
Succinylcholine No effect Hydrolysis
![Page 7: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Write briefly on Edrophonium test. 3
[Tensilon]Edrophonium testTo aid diagnosis• i.v.2 mg of edrophonium chloride→45 seconds → 8 mg if the first dose is
without effect →Brief improvement in strength →MG diagnosisTo moderate treatment in patient already being treated and c/o muscle weakness• i.v. 2 mg.• Decrease in strength indicates cholinergic crisis [Overdose of
anticholinesterases in tt] • Improvement signifies myasthenic crisis [Under dose of anticholinesterases in
tt]
![Page 8: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Q. Location of different subtypes of cholinoreceptors 2
• Ans
Gastric glands, Autonomic ganglia & CNS
SA node, AV node, Atrium, Ventricle, Auto receptors
Visceral smooth muscle,
Iris, Ciliary muscle, Exocrine glands,
Vascular endothelium.
CNS
NM junctionAutonomic ganglia,
Adrenal medulla
LocationM1
M2
M3
M4
M5
NM
NN
Receptor
![Page 9: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Q. Why neostigmine is preferred over physostigmine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
2
Ans.
Unlike physostigmine1. They have direct action on Nicotinic receptors at
NM junction -Hence augmentation of action2. Being quaternary compounds do not cross BBB –
No CNS effects
![Page 10: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Q. Rationale for use of Timolol in glaucoma 3
• Ans• It is a non-slective β blocker.• It blocks the β2 receptors in ciliary body and reduces
the secretion of aqueous humor.• Produce smooth and sustained fall in IOT• No change in pupil size as with pilocarpine.• Convenience of dosage-once or twice daily• Less adverse effects• It has systemic ADEs like worsening of bronchial
asthma, CHF and bradycardia
![Page 11: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Q. Treatment of Atropine poisoning 2
• Ans• Gastric lavage with KMNO4-if ingested• Nursed in a dark, quite room• Cold sponging• Physostigmine-1-3 mg i.v/s.c• General supportive measures[ i.v. fluids,
diazepam, respiration]
![Page 12: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Q. Explain the actions of atropine on the eye and CNS. Explain the therapeutic uses of atropine substitutes 1+4
• Ans• Atropine on eye-• It competitively blocks M3 receptors in constrictor pupillae and ciliary
muscle and effect passive mydriasis & Cycloplegia. It also increases IOT and abolishes light reflex.
• Atropine on CNS• It crosses BBB. It is a CNS stimulant. Depresses vestibular system.
Blocks cholinergic activity in basal ganglia and reduces tremor and rigidity in parkinsonism
• High doses produce delirium and hallucinations.
……..See next slide for uses of atropine substitutes
![Page 13: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Q. Therapeutic uses of atropine substitutes
• Ans• Motion sickness-Scopolamine• Mydriatics-Homatropine, tropicamide, cyclopentolate• Preanesthetic-Glycopyrrolate• Intestinal and renal colic-Dicyclomine• COPD, bronchial asthma-ipratropium & tiotropium
bromide• Parkinsonism-trihexyphenydyl• Bradyarrhythmias-Atropine
![Page 14: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Q. Write briefly on cycloplegic mydriatics -3
• Ans.• Cycloplegic mydriatics are the drugs which paralyze ciliary
muscles and constrictor pupillae• Antimuscarinics like atrpoine competitively block M3
receptors in these sites and effect Cycloplegia, passive mydriasis and abolish light reflex
• Eg. Atropine, homoatropine, tropicamide, cyclopentolate• Atropine is the longest acting[7days] & tropicamide is the
shortest.• They are used for fundus examination, refractory testing , to
give rest to muscles of eye and to break iris adhesions alternatively with miotics
![Page 15: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Q. Mention two drugs used in myesthenia gravis. How will you differentiate myastenic crisis from choloinergic crisis 1+4
• Ans• Drugs in MG
• Anticholinesterases-Eg. Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine• Glucocorticoids-Prednisolone• Immunosuppresants-Azathioprine, Cyclosporine
• Cholinergic and myasthenic crisis• Differentiated by Edrophonium test• i.v.2 mg of edrophonium chloride→• Decrease in strength indicates cholinergic crisis [Overdose of
anticholinesterases in tt] • Improvement signifies myasthenic crisis [Under dose of anticholinesterases in
tt]
![Page 16: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Q. Mention any SIX drugs used in glaucoma. Explain the mechanism of action of any one drug 5
Drugs used in glaucoma
1. Pilocarpine2. Timolol3. Latanaprost4. Acetazolamide5. Apraclonidine6. Mannitol
MOA of α2 agonists
• α 2 agonists primarily reduce secretion of aqueous humor by acting on the α 2 receptors on the ciliary body. Subsidiary action is their α 1action, constriction of ciliary blood vessels, reduction in the synthesis of aqueous humor
![Page 17: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Q. Uses and adverse effects of neuromuscular blockers 5
Uses• Surgical relaxation[Adsjuant to
GA]• Tracheal Intubation• Control of Ventilation-to reduce
chest wall resistance in pts on ventilators
• Treatment of Convulsions in epilepsy
• SCH - brief procedures – endotracheal intubation, laryngoscopy, esophagoscopy, reduction of fractures and dislocations.
• With ECT-to prevent convulsions & trauma
Adverse effects• Muscle Pain-Myalgias are a
common postoperative complaint [SCh]
• Respiratory paralysis• Flushing• Fall in BP[dtc]• Precipitation of asthma[dtc]• Malignant hyperthermia[SCh]• Increased Intraocular
Pressure[SCh]• Increased Intragastric
Pressure[SCh]• Hyperkalemia [SCh+burns etc.]
Ans.
![Page 18: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mention any SIX antimuscarinic agents Mention one use for each 5
1. Atropine2. Scopolamine3. Homatropine
4. Glycopyrrolate
5. Benzhexol6. Ipratropium
bromide
1. OP poisoning2. Travel sickness3. Mydriatic for testing of
errors of refraction4. Preanesthetic-
antisecretory5. Parkinsonism6. As bronchodilator in
COPD & Bronchial asthma
Antimuscarinics Uses
![Page 19: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Q. List the differences between physostigmine and neostigmine- 2
![Page 20: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Q. Explain the pharmacological basis for the following. 2
1. Atropine is contraindicated in patients with Glaucoma• The intraocular tension tends to
rise, especially in narrow angle glaucoma, as drainage of aqueous humor is compromised by crowding of the iris at angles
2. Pyridostigmine is used in myasthenia gravis• Pyridostigmine is a reversible anti
cholinesterase• It inhibits the acetyl cholinesterase at
neuromuscular junction and potentiates the action of Ach.
• More acetylcholine is made available to stimulate the less than normal no. of nicotinic receptors in myasthenia gravis.
• There by improves the muscle power, reduces fatigue.
• It requires less frequent dosing compared to neostigmine
![Page 21: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Write briefly on
‘Succinylcholine’ 5• Chemistry: Resembles Ach,
quaternary compound• MOA: It is a depolarizing
neuromuscular blocker. Produces Phase I block by persistent depolarization of nicotinic receptor and phase II block by receptor desensitization. Duration is about five mts.
• PK: Not absorbed orally nor crosses BBB. Hydrolyzed by pseudocholinesterase. Resistant to true cholinesterase.
• ADEs: In those with variant pseudocholinesterase can produce succinylcholine apnoea.
• Along with fluorinated anesthetics, in susceptible individuals can produce malignant hyperthermia.
• Hyperkalaemia in those with trauma and burns
• DIs: Should not be mixed with thiopentone in the same syringe
• Uses:• 1. Short procedures like
endoscopies, • 2. Fracture reduction• 3. Tracheal intubation
![Page 22: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Q. Enumerate the types & subtypes of cholinergic receptors. Mention the sites where acetylcholine is the principal neurotransmitter. 2+2=4
Types & subtypes• Muscarinic
• M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
• Nicotinic• NN, NM
Cholinergic sites• M1: Autonomic Ganglia, Gastric
glands, CNS• M2: SA node, AV node, atrium,
ventricle, • M3: Visceral smooth muscleIris, ciliary muscles, exocrine
glands, vascular endothelium• M4, M5 : CNS• NN :Autonomic ganglia &
adrenal medulla• NM :Neuromuscular junction
![Page 23: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MCQ-1
• Reactivation of cholinesterase enzyme
inhibited by the following agent does not involve hydrolysis
A. Edrophonium C. Physostigmine
B. Galantamine D. Neostigmine
![Page 24: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
MCQ
• Anticholinergic which can be used to facilitate
testing errors of refraction includesA. DicyclomineB. ClidiniumC. OxybutyninD. Cyclopentolate
![Page 25: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
MCQ
• Miotics includeA. AnticholinesterasesB. α1 Adrenergic agonistsC. Ganglionic blockersD. Antimuscarinics
![Page 26: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MCQ
• Non-selective betablockers used in the
pharmacotherapy of glaucoma includesA. Betaxolol B. AtenololC. TimololD. Esmolol
![Page 27: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
MCQ
• Preferred anticholinesterase used in the treatment of Belladona[Atropine] poisoning is
• Physostigmine• Edrophonium• Neostigmine• Parathion
![Page 28: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
MCQ
• Phenylephrine instilled in eye produces:– Mydriasis but no cycloplegia.– Cycloplegia but no mydriasis– Both mydriasis and cycloplegia.– Neither mydriasis nor cycloplegia.
![Page 29: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
MCQ
Following are the drugs instilled locally into the eye in glaucoma EXCEPT
• Timolol• Dorzolamide• Acetazolamide• Dipivefrine
![Page 30: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
MCQ
Following drugs can be used in organophosphorous poisoning EXCEPT
• Prolidoxime• Atropine• Diazepam• Acetylcholine
![Page 31: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
MCQ
• Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxant is shortest acting
• D-tubocuraine • Pancuronium• Cisatra curium• Succinyl choline
![Page 32: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The cholinomimetic drug which is not an alkaloid
• Acetylcholine• Muscarine• Pilocarpine• Arecoline
![Page 33: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The antimuscarinic agent which has high affinity for receptors in urinary bladder and salivary gland
• Oxybutynin• Ipratropium• Pirenzepine• Tropicamide
![Page 34: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Parasympathomimetics produce-• Miosis, bradycardia, bronchodilatation• Mydriasis, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction• Miosis, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction• Miosis, tachycardia, bronchoconstriction
![Page 35: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Neostigmine can be used in all the following conditions, except:
• Cholinergic crisis• Myasthenia gravis• Paralytic ileus• Curare poisoning
![Page 36: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pralidoxime is a• Non-selective muscarinic receptor blocker• Selective M1 receptor blocker• Cholinesterase enzyme reactivator• Cholinomimetic alkaloid
![Page 37: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Following are the drugs effective in glaucoma, EXCEPT
• Dipivefrine• Pilocarpine• Timolol• Dopamine
![Page 38: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ipratropium bromide inhalation is preferred over atropine as bronchodilator because
• Does not affect the mucociliary secretion• Not absorbed when it is swallowed• Lack of CNS effects• All of the above
![Page 39: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
In which condition atropine is contraindicated?• Heart block• Peptic ulcer• Hypertrophy of prostrate• Bronchial asthma
![Page 40: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Post operative muscle soreness may be a side effect of the following neuromuscular blocker– d-Tubocurarine – Succinyl choline– Pancuronium
-Atracurium
![Page 41: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Which of the following drugs undergoes “Hoffmann” elimination.– Succinyl choline– Pancuronium– Vecuronium
-Atracurium
![Page 42: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pseudocholinesterase can metabolize the following drugs, EXCEPT
• Succinylcholine• Procaine• Acetylcholine• Bethanechol
![Page 43: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Timolol reduces the intraocular pressure by• Reducing the aqueous humor secretion• Producing miosis• Producing mydriasis• Constricting the ciliary blood vessels
![Page 44: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The anticholinesterase agent not useful in Alzheimer’s disease
• Rivastigmine• Donepezil• Pyridostigmine • Galantamine
![Page 45: Cholinergic System Model Questions & Answers](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061103/5410b3bd7bef0a47758b49ad/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
All of the following drugs are clinically used in myasthenia gravis EXCEPT
• Neostigmine• Prednisolone • Pyridostigmine• Pilocarpine