DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

SYLLABUS FOR

THREE YEARS B.Sc. (Honours)

BIOCHEMISTRY

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

2021-2022

JIS UNIVERSITY

81, NILGUNJ ROAD, AGARPARA, KOLKATA-700109

2

Credit Distribution across the Course

Course Type Total Papers

Credit Total Credit

Theory Practical

CC 14 14×4 = 56 14 × 2 = 28 84

DSE 4 4×4 =16 4×2 = 8 24

GE 4 4×4 =16 4×2 = 8 24

SEC 2 2x2=4 4

AECC 4 4x2=8 8

TOTAL 144

NON-CGPA

SEMINAR/MOOKS/OTHER ACTIVITIES

6 1 6

SKILLX/NSS 6 1 6

Abbreviations used:

CC = CORE COURSES

DSE = DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES

GE = GENERAL ELECTIVES

SEC = SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES

AECC = ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COMPULSORY COURSES

3

List of Core Courses

(14 Papers for the Students of Biochemistry)

Semester

SEMESTER I

CORE I MOLECULES OF LIFE

I

CORE II ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

SEMESTER II

CORE III ENZYMOLOGY

II CORE IV ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

SEMESTER III

CORE V INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

III CORE VI CELL BIOLOGY

CORE VII METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES

SEMESTER IV

CORE VIII PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

IV CORE IX RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

CORE X BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE

SEMESTER V

CORE XI MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

V

CORE XII IMMUNOLOGY

SEMESTER VI

CORE XIII CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

VI

CORE XIV MICROBIOLOGY

4

Choices for DSE

(2 Papers each to be selected by the Students of Biochemistry Sem V and Sem VI)

DSE I BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES XBC5003

DSE II INHERITANCE BIOLOGY XBC5004

DSE III NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY XBC5005

DSE IV BIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES XBC6003

DSE V PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY XBC6004

DSE VI MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS XBC6005

Choices for SEC

(Any one per semester in semesters 3-4)

SEC I HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY XBC3004

SEC II BIOINFORMATICS XBC3005

SEC III BIOENERGETICS AND MEMBRANE BIOLOGY XBC4004

SEC IV BIOSTATISTICS XBC4005

Choices for AECC

(Any one per semester in semesters 1-4)

AECC I English

AECC II Environmental Science

AECC III Entrepreneurship Development

AECC IV Values and Ethics

5

Scheme for Biochemistry (Honours) CBCS Curriculum

SEMESTER COURSE

OPTED

COURSE

CODE

COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT

HOURS

MARKS

I

CORE I XBC1001 MOLECULES OF LIFE 4 4 100

CORE II XBC1002 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I 4 4 100

GE I GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100

CORE I

PRACTICAL XBC1101 MOLECULES OF LIFE LAB 2 3

50

CORE II

PRACTICAL XBC1102 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I LAB 2 3

50

GE I

PRACTICAL

GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT

LAB 2 3

50

AECC I ENGLISH 2 2 50

TOTAL 20 23 500

SEMESTER COURSE

OPTED

COURSE

CODE

COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT

HOURS

MARKS

II

CORE III XBC2001 ENZYMOLOGY 4 4 100

CORE IV XBC2002 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II 4 4 100

GE II GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100

CORE III

PRACTICAL XBC2101

ENZYMOLOGY LAB 2 3

50

CORE IV

PRACTICAL XBC2102

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II LAB 2 3

50

GE II

PRACTICAL

GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT

LAB 2 3

50

AECC II ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2 2 50

TOTAL 20 23 500

6

SEMESTER COURSE

OPTED

COURSE

CODE

COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT

HOURS

MARKS

III

CORE V XBC3001 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4 4 100

CORE VI XBC3002 CELL BIOLOGY 4 4 100

CORE VII XBC3003 METABOLISM OF

MACROMOLECULES 4 4

100

GE III GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100

CORE V

PRACTICAL XBC3101

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB 2 3

50

CORE VI

PRACTICAL XBC3102

CELL BIOLOGY LAB 2 3

50

CORE VII

PRACTICAL XBC3103

METABOLISM OF

MACROMOLECULES LAB 2 3

50

GE III

PRACTICAL GENERAL ELECTIVE LAB 2 3

50

SEC I SKILL ENHANCEMENT

COURSE 2 2

50

AECC III ENTREPRENEURSHIP

DEVELOPMENT 2 2

50

TOTAL 28 32 700

7

SEMESTER COURSE

OPTED

COURSE

CODE

COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT

HOURS

MARKS

IV

CORE VIII XBC4001 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 4 4 100

CORE IX XBC4002 RECOMBINANT DNA

TECHNOLOGY 4 4

100

CORE X XBC4003 BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE 4 4 100

GE IV GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100

CORE V

PRACTICAL XBC4101

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LAB 2 3

50

CORE VI

PRACTICAL XBC4102

RECOMBINANT DNA

TECHNOLOGY LAB 2 3

50

CORE VII

PRACTICAL XBC4103

BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE

LAB 2 3

50

GE III

PRACTICAL GENERAL ELECTIVE LAB 2 3

50

SEC II SKILL ENHANCEMENT

COURSE 2 2

50

AECC IV VALUES AND ETHICS 2 2 50

TOTAL 28 32 700

8

SEMESTER COURSE

OPTED

COURSE

CODE

COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT

HOURS

MARKS

V

CORE XI XBC5001 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 4 4 100

CORE XII XBC5002 IMMUNOLOGY 4 4 100

DSE I DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE I 4 4

100

DSE II DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE II 4 4

100

CORE XI

PRACTICAL XBC5101

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB 2 3

50

CORE XII

PRACTICAL XBC5102

IMMUNOLOGY LAB 2 3

50

DSE I

PRACTICAL

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE I LAB 2 3

50

DSE II

PRACTICAL

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE II LAB 2 3

50

TOTAL 24 28 600

9

SEMESTER COURSE

OPTED

COURS

E

CODE

COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT

HOURS

MARKS

VI

CORE XIII XBC60

01

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 4 4

100

CORE XIV XBC60

02

MICROBIOLOGY 4 4

100

DSE III DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE III 4 4

100

DSE IV DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE IV 4 4

100

CORE XIII

PRACTICAL

XBC61

01

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

LAB 2 3

50

CORE XIV

PRACTICAL

XBC61

02

MICROBIOLOGY LAB 2 3

50

DSE III

PRACTICAL

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE III LAB 2 3

50

DSE IV

PRACTICAL

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

ELECTIVE IV LAB 2 3

50

TOTAL 24 28 600

10

Detailed Syllabus

A) CORE COURSES

CORE I: MOLECULES OF LIFE CREDIT-4

Water: Unique properties, weak interactions in aqueous systems, ionization of water,

buffers,

water as a reactant and fitness of the aqueous environment.

Carbohydrates and glycobiology: Monosaccharides - structure of aldoses and ketoses, ring

structure of sugars, conformations of sugars, mutarotation, anomers, epimers and

enantiomers, structure of biologically important sugar derivatives, oxidation of sugars.

Formation of disaccharides, reducing and non- reducing disaccharides. Polysaccharides –

homo- and heteropolysaccharides, structural and storage polysaccharides. Applications of

carbohydrate.

Introduction to amino acids, peptides and proteins.

Amino acids: Definition, classification & structures. Physico-chemical properties of amino

acids(amphoteric molecules, ionisation, zwitterions, pk values, isoelectric point, Lambert-

Beer’s law, optical density, absorption spectra), titration of amino acids (glycine, glutamic

acid, lysine, histidine), Formol titration of glycine (only reaction and principle), reaction of

amino acids: reaction due to amino groups (reaction with mineral acids,alkyl halides, acetyl

chloride, acetic anhydride in presence of base, nitrous acid, ninhydrin and fluorescamine),

reaction due to carboxylic acid group (reaction with base, alcohol, LiAlH4, metal oxide),

separation and analysis of amino acids by paper & thin layer chromatography and HPLC.

Peptides & Proteins: Peptide bond: Definition, structure and geometry of peptide bond,

example of biologically important peptide and its functions in brief (glutathione-peptide of

non protein origin), Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis using protection/ deprotection

protocol (brief outline). N-terminal amino acid determination (Edman degradation, dansyl

chloride reagent, Sanger’s reagent) and C-terminal amino acid determination

(carboxypeptidase and using hydrazine). Proteins: Definition of structure, primary,

secondary, tertiary and quaternary

structure (definition and example), structure of globular protein (albumin, globulin,

haemoglobin & myoglobin – Structure, function and occurrence in brief) and fibrous protein

11

(keratin, collagen -role of Vitamin C in hydroxylation, elastin- Structure, function and

occurrence in brief ), Forces that stabilise structure of proteins, behaviour of proteins in

solutions, salting in and salting out, absorbance of proteins, example of metalloprotein,

lipoprotein. Biuret and Folin-Lowry test for protein. Biologically important peptides -

hormones, antibiotics and growth factors. Multimeric proteins, conjugated proteins and

metallo-proteins. Diversity of function (Specific examples of Proteins/Peptides may be

included under each category).

Lipids: Building blocks of lipids - fatty acids, glycerol, ceramide. Storage lipids - triacyl

glycerol and waxes. Structural lipids in membranes – glycerophospholipids, galactolipids and

sulpholipids, sphingolipids and sterols, structure, distribution and role of membrane lipids.

Lipids as signals, cofactors and pigments (preliminary ideas only)

Nucleic acids: Nucleotides - structure and properties. Nucleic acid structure – Watson-Crick

model of DNA. Structure of major species of RNA - mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Nucleic acid

Chemistry - UV absorption, effect of acid and alkali on DNA. Other functions of nucleotides

-

source of energy, component of coenzymes, second messengers (examples & functions only)

Suggested Readings:

1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2013) 6th ed., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., W.H.

Freeman and Company (New York), ISBN: 13: 978-1-4641-0962-1 / ISBN: 10:1-4292-

3414-8.

2. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) 7th ed., Devlin, T.M., John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York), ISBN: 978-0-470-28173-4.

3. Biochemistry (2012) 7th ed., Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer L., W.H. Freeman and

Company (New York), ISBN:10:1-4292-2936-5, ISBN:13:978-1- 4292-2936-4

MOLECULES OF LIFE LAB CREDIT-2

1. Separation of amino acids by thin layer chromatography.

2. Qualitative test for carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids & proteins.

3. Assay of proteins using Lowry method, standard curve preparation

4. SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins (BSA, Lysozyme, Ovalbumin)

12

CORE II: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I CREDIT-4

Unit-1: Fundamental of Organic Chemistry

Physical Effects, Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance

and Hyperconjugation. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis. Structure, shape and

reactivity of organic molecules: Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive Intermediates:

Carbocations, Carbanions and free radicals. Strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative

study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values.

Unit-2: Stereochemistry

Concept of constitution, stereochemical representation: Fischer, Newman, Sawhorse, Flying-

wedge and their inter conversions, Optical Activity, Specific Rotation, Enantiomerism &

Diastereoisomerism, Stereogenic centers involving C=C, C=N; D/L, R/S, E/Z, syn/ anti,

cis/trans, meso/dl,threo/erythro nomenclature with CIP rules. Types of cycloalkanes and their

relative stability, Baeyer strain theory, Conformation analysis of alkanes: Relative stability:

Energy diagrams of cyclohexane: Chair, Boat forms.

Unit-3: Chemistry of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Chemistry of alkanes: Formation of alkanes, Wurtz Reaction, Wurtz-Fittig Reactions, Free

radical substitutions: Halogenation-relative reactivity and selectivity. Formation of alkenes

and alkynes by elimination reactions, Mechanism of E1, E2, E1cb reactions. Saytzeff and

Hofmann eliminations.

Reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic additions their mechanisms (Markownikoff/ Anti-

Markownikoff addition), mechanism of oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-

oxidation, ozonolysis, reduction (catalytic and chemical), syn and anti-hydroxylation

(oxidation). 1,2-and 1,4-addition reactions in conjugated dienes and, Diels-Alder reaction;

Allylic and benzylic bromination and mechanism, e.g. propene, 1-butene, toluene,

ethylbenzene.

Reactions of alkynes: Acidity, Electrophilic and Nucleophilic additions. Hydration to form

carbonyl compounds, Alkylation of terminal alkynes.

Unit-4: Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Aomaticity: Aromaticity: Benzenoids and Hückel’s rule. Hückel’s rule, aromatic character of

arenes, cyclic carbocations/carbanions and heterocyclic compounds with suitable examples.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Craft’s

alkylation/acylation with their mechanism, Directing effects of the groups.

13

Suggested Readings:

1. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.

Ltd. (Pearson Education).

2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.

Ltd.(Pearson Education).

3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry

ofNatural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).

4. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley:

London,1994.

5. Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism, New Age

International,2005.

6. McMurry, J.E. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning

IndiaEdition, 2013.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I LAB CREDIT-2

Group-A

1. Checking the calibration of the thermometer

2. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:

a. Water, b. Alcohol, c. Alcohol-Water

3. Determination of the melting points of above compounds and unknown organic

compounds (electrically heated melting point apparatus)

4. Effect of impurities on the melting point – mixed melting point of two unknown

organiccompounds

5. Determination of boiling point of liquid compounds. (boiling point lower than and

morethan 100 °C by distillation and capillary method)

Group-B

Detection of elements (N, S, Cl/Br) and functional groups (-CO2H, phenolic-OH, -CHO/CO,

-NO2, -NH2, -CONH2) in given known/Unknown organic compounds.

Suggested Readings:

1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education(2009)

2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical

OrganicChemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012)

14

CORE III: ENZYMOLOGY CREDIT-4

Enzymes: Definition, historical perspective, general characteristics, co-factors – coenzymes

and metal ions.

Classification and units of enzymes: Based on IUB with examples. Unit of enzyme activity

– definition of IU, enzyme turn over number and nature of non-enzymatic and enzymatic

catalysis. Specific activity. Enzyme specificity. Concept of active site, ES complex,

specificity,

Theories of enzyme catalysis: Lock and key model, Koshland’s induced fit theory. Enzyme

kinetics: Factors affecting rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Characterization: Effect of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH and

temperature. Michaelis – Menten equation, Lineweaver – Burk(L-B) plot. Determination of

Vmax& Km from L-B plot and their significance. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non-

competitive and uncompetitive. Graphical representation by L-B plot. Evaluation of Km, Ki

and Vmax in presence of inhibitor.

Chemical modification of active site groups. Site directed mutagenesis of enzymes.

Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin

Allosteric enzymes: Sigmoidal curve, positive and negative modulators, qualitative

description of “concerted” & “sequential” models for allosteric enzymes. Half site reactivity,

Flipflop mechanism, positive and negative co-operativity with special reference to aspartate

Trans carbamylase and phosphofructokinase.

Isoenzymes: Detection, nature, importance. Lactate dehydrogenase as an example. Multi

enzyme complex – Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. – Composition, subunits, assembly,

enzymatic reaction functions. RNA as an enzyme. (Ribozymes). Industrial and medical

application of enzymes.

Applications of Enzymes: Enzymes as reagents, Marker enzymes in diagnostics,

Immobilized

enzymes, Industrial applications of enzymes.

Suggested readings:

1. Fundamentals of Enzymology (1999) 3rd ed., Nicholas C.P. and Lewis S., Oxford

University Press Inc. (New York), ISBN:019 850229X.

2. R.K.Murray, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell, HARPER’S

BIOCHEMISTRY, 22nd edn. (1990), Prentice-Hall, International, USA.

15

3. P.K. Stumpf, OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th edn. (1994), Wiley Eastern, New

Delhi, (Chapters7 & 8).

4. Nelson and Cox, LEHNINGER’s PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, (2000), Kalyani

Publishers, Ludhiana /Worth Publishers, Inc., New York.

5. L. Stryer BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1995) W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, USA

6. G.L. Zubay BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1998) W.C. Brown Publishers, USA.

ENZYMOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Isolation of urease and demonstration of its activity

2. Isolation of acid phosphatase and demonstration of its activity

3. Determination of specific activity of salivary amylase by DNS

4. Purification of urease

5. Time course of urease reaction

6. Influence of substrate concentration and pH on the rate of enzymatic reaction

7. Determination of Km and Vmax of salivary amylase

8. Determination of initial velocity [time kinetics] of salivary amylase

9. Determination of optimum temperature of salivary amylase

16

CORE IV: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II CREDIT-4

Unit-1: Carbonyl Chemistry

Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group- Aldehydes and ketones: Addition to HCN,

NaHSO3, water, alcohol, thioalcohol (Umpolung), derivatives of ammonia, ylides (Wittig

reaction), nucleophilic addition to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (general principles).

Quinones, reactions of p-benzoquinone, Hydride addition (LiAlH4, NaBH4 reduction), MPV

reduction, Wolff-Kishner, dissolving metal (Clemenson reduction)

Acidity of α-Hydrogen: Reaction via enols and enolate ion (carbanions), aldol condensation,

Knovenagel reaction, Claisenester condensation, Perkin reactions, Darzen’s reaction,

halogenations of ketones, α-halogenation of acids (HVZ reaction).

Carbonyl compounds without α-Hydrogen: Cannizaro reaction, Tischenko reaction, benzoin

condensation.

Unit-2: Aromatic Substitution

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Mechanism orientation and reactivity (including free

energy profiles) of halogenations, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Craft reactions,

chloromethylation, formylation (Gatterman-Koch, Gatterman, Reimer-Tiemann and

Vilsmeyer-Haack), Kolbe-Schmidt reaction, Houben-Hoesch reaction, IPSO substitution.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Addition-elimination mechanism, reactivity and

orientation in activated aromatic substitutions, elimination-addition, mechanism, benzyne

intermediate, SN1 mechanism.

Unit-3: Organometallics

Preparation of Grignard reagent and organolithium. Reactions: addition of Grignard and

organolithium to carbonyl compounds, substitution on –COX, conjugate addition by Gilman

cuprates, Reformatsky reaction.

Unit-4: Heterocyclic Chemistry

Classification and nomenclature, Structure, aromaticity in 5-numbered and 6-membered rings

containing one heteroatom; Synthesis, reactions and mechanism of substitution reactions of:

furan, pyran, pyridine, pyrrole, furanose, pyranose, purines, pyrimidines.

Suggested Readings:

1. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.

Ltd. (Pearson Education).

2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.

Ltd.(Pearson Education).

17

3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry

ofNatural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).

4. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley:

London,1994.

5. Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism, New Age

International,2005.

6. McMurry, J.E. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning

IndiaEdition, 2013.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II LAB CREDIT-2

Organic Preparations: (at least six experiments should be conducted)

i. Acetylation of one of the following compounds: amines (aniline, o-, m-, ptoluidinesand o-,

m-, p-anisidine) and phenols (β-naphthol, vanillin, salicylicacid) by any one method:

a. Using conventional method.

b. Using green approach

ii. Benzolyation of one of the following amines (aniline, o-, m-, p- toluidines and o-,m-, p-

anisidine) and one of the following phenols (β-naphthol, resorcinol, pcresol)by Schotten-

Baumann reaction.

iii. Oxidation of ethanol/ isopropanol (Iodo form reaction).

iv. Bromination of any one of the following: a. Acetanilide by conventional methods, b.

Acetanilide using green approach (Bromate-bromide method)

v. Nitration of any one of the following:a. Acetanilide/nitrobenzene by conventional method,

b. Salicylic acid by green approach (using ceric ammonium nitrate).

vi. Selective reduction of metadinitrobenzene to m-nitroaniline.

vii. Reduction of p-nitrobenzaldehyde by sodium borohydride.

viii. Hydrolysis of amides and esters.

ix. Semicarbazone of any one of the following compounds: acetone, ethyl methylketone,

cyclohexanone, benzaldehyde.

x. Aldol condensation using either conventional or green method.

xi. Benzil-Benzilic acid rearrangement.

The above derivatives should be prepared using 0.5-1g of the organic compound. The solid

samples must be collected and may be used for recrystallization, melting point and TLC.

Suggested Readings:

1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education(2009)

2. Furniss, B.S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G. & Tatchell, A.R. Practical

OrganicChemistry, 5th Ed. Pearson (2012)

3. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:

Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press (2000).

18

CORE V: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY CREDIT-4

Unit-1: Atomic Structure

Review of: Bohr’s theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de

Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra. Need of a new

approach to Atomic structure.

What is Quantum mechanics? Time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of

various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ2, Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial

and angular parts of the hydogenic wavefunctions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s,

2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Radial and angular nodes and

their significance. Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum

numbers ml and ms. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes, Electronic

configurations of the atoms.

Unit-2: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic

bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability

and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for calculation of

lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability.

Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and

percentage ionic character.

Covalent bonding:

VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and

hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral,

trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements, Concept of resonance.

MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their

characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination

of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st and 2nd periods

(including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and

NO+. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

Unit-3: Coordination Chemistry

IUPAC Nomenclature, Werner’s theory, isomerism, Chelate effect, polynuclear complexes,

labile and inert complexes, stereochemistry of coordination compounds with coordination

noumbers 4, 5 and 6.

19

Sedgwick’s EAN concept and Valence Bond theory (inner and outer orbital complexes),

electroneutrality principle and back bonding, limitations of valence bond theory, crystal-field

theory, measurement of 10 Dq (Δo), CFSE in weak and strong fields, pairing energies, factors

affecting the magnitude of 10 Dq (Δo, Δt), Jahn-Teller theorem.

Unit-4: Bioinorganic Chemistry

Metal ions present in biological systems, classification of elements according to their action

in biological system, Geochemical effect on the distribution of metals. Sodium / K-pump,

carbonic anhydrase and carboxypeptidase, Excess and deficiency of some trace metals.

Toxicity of metal ions (Hg, Pb, Cd and As), reasons for toxicity, Use of chelating agents in

medicine. Iron and its application in bio-systems, Haemoglobin; Storage and transfer of iron.

Unit-5: Redox Reaction

Complementary/non-complementary redox reactions, standard/formal electrode potentials,

influence of pH, complex formation and precipitation reaction on formal potential, principles

of redox titration, redox indicator, disproportionation, comproportionation.

Suggested Readings:

1.Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J. D. Lee, 5th Edition (1996), Chapman & Hall, London.

2 Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter and R.L. Keiter.

3. Inorganic Chemistry, Asim K. Das

4. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, F. A Cotton, G. Wilkinson, and Paul L. Gaus, 3rd Edition

(1995),John Wiley & Sons, New York.

5. Inorganic Chemistry, A. G. Sharpe, 3rd International Student Edition (1999), ELBS

/Longman, U.K.

6.Inorganic Chemistry, D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, 3rd Edition (1999), ELBS, London

CORE V: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2

A. Titrimetric Analysis

(i) Calibration and use of apparatus

(ii) Preparation of solutions of different Molarity/Normality of titrants

B. Acid-Base Titrations

(i) Estimation of carbonate and hydroxide present together in mixture.

(ii) Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate present together in a mixture.

(iii) Estimation of free alkali present in different soaps/detergents

20

C. Oxidation-Reduction Titrimetry

(i) Estimation of Fe(II) and oxalic acid using standardized KMnO4 solution.

(ii) Estimation of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate in a given mixture.

(iii) Estimation of Fe(II) with K2Cr2O7 using internal (diphenylamine, anthranilicacid) and

external indicator.

D. Inorganic Preparations: (any two)

(a) Tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4.H2O

(b) Cis and trans K[Cr(C2O4)2.(H2O)2] Potassium dioxalatodiaquachromate (III)

(c) Tetraamminecarbonatocobalt (III) ion

(d) Potassium tris(oxalate)ferrate(III)

Suggested Readings:

1. Mendham, J., A. I. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Pearson, 2009.

2. Ghosal, Mahaparta and Nad, An Advanced Course in Practical chemistry

3. G. N. Mukherjee, Handbook of Practical Chemistry

21

CORE VI: CELL BIOLOGY CREDIT-4

Origin of life, Cell theory- Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Differences in

Animal and Plant cell. Mycoplasma, viruses, viroids, prions.

Structure and function of subcellular organelles –Composition of biological membranes.

Nucleus: Structure of nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex nucleolus and chromatin.

Endoplasmic Reticulum: RER - Brief overview of co-translational and post-translational

transport of proteins; SER – Lipid synthesis, brief overview of export of proteins from ER;

Golgi apparatus: organization, brief overview of glycosylation of proteins within Golgi, lipid

and polysaccharide metabolism in Golgi apparatus.

Cell Fractionation techniques- Centrifugation, Sedimentation Coefficient, Differential and

Density Gradient (isopycnic and rate zonal) centrifugation. Cell Visualization techniques:

Principle of Light microscope, Phase Contrast microscope, Fluorescence microscope,

Confocal microscope and Electron microscope; Staining techniques for microscopy studies.

Principles of identification of sub cellular organelles.

Lysosomes- Different forms of lysosomes, role in cellular digestion, lysosomal storage

diseases.

Peroxisomes: assembly, functions, glyoxysomes.

Mitochondria: structure, endosymbiont theory, genome.

Chloroplast: structure, endosymbiont theory, genome.

Cell Wall: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell wall; ECM components– proteins,

polysaccharides and adhesion proteins; concept of anchoring junctions, tight junctions and

communication junctions (gap junctions and plasmodesmata).

Cytoskeleton. Microtubules: Axonemal and cytoplasmic microtubules (cilia, flagella,

centrioles, basal bodies). Microfilaments: Actin and Myosin Filaments. Role of cytoskeletal

elements in the entry of infectious agents.

Cell Cycle, Cell Division (mitosis and meiosis); Apoptosis and necrosis; Types and potency

of Stem Cells, Cancer – types, salient features of a transformed cell, causes of cancer.

Apoptotic death in relation to cell cycle.

Suggested Readings:

1. The Cell: A Molecular Approach (2013) 6th ed., Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E., ASM

Press & Sunderland (Washington DC), Sinauer Associates, MA, ISBN:978-0- 87893-300- 6.

2. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. (2010). Karp, G., 6th ed. John

Wiley and Sons. Inc. ISBN: 978-1-118-65322-7

3. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: - Ed. K. Wilson and J.

Walker, Cambridge University Press.

22

4. Physical Biochemistry- Application to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Friefelder D.

WH Freeman and Company.

5. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017) 7th ed., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. W.H.

Freeman & Company (New York), ISBN:13: 9781464126116 / ISBN:10- 1464126119.

6. Molecular Biology of the Gene (2008) 6th ed., Watson, J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann,

A., Levine, M. and Losick, R., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor

(New York), ISBN:0-321-50781 / ISBN: 978-0-321-50781-5.

CELL BIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2

1. To study different parts of microscope

2. Cytochemical staining of proteins by Methylene blue

3. Cytochemical staining of polysaccharides by PAS

4. Cytochemical staining of RNA by Methyl Green

5. Study of stages of Mitosis using onion root tip

6. Study of stages of Meiosis in onion flower buds/ grasshopper testes

7. To study cell organelles using electron micrographs

8. To study the effect of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on cells

23

CORE VII: METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES CREDIT-4

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway and Glycogen metabolism:

Glycolysis - a universal pathway, reactions of glycolysis, fermentation, fates of pyruvate,

feeder pathways for glycolysis, galactosemia. Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate

sources, reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway

and its importance. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, regulation of glycogen metabolism,

glycogen storage diseases.

Citric acid cycle: Production of acetyl CoA, reactions of citric acid cycle, anaplerotic

reactions, amphibolic role, regulation of citric acid cycle, glyoxalate pathway, coordinated

regulation of glyoxalate and citric acid pathways.

Fatty acid oxidation: Digestion, mobilisation and transport of cholesterol and triacyl

glycerols, fatty acid transport to mitochondria, β oxidation of saturated, unsaturated, odd and

even numbered and branched chain fatty acids, regulation of fatty acid oxidation,

peroxisomal oxidation, ω oxidation, ketone body’s metabolism, ketoacidosis.

Fatty acid synthesis: Fatty acid synthase complex. Synthesis of saturated, unsaturated, odd

and even chain fatty acids and regulation. Eicosanoids, cholesterol, steroids and isoprenoids

Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of prostagladins, leukotrienes

and thromboxanes. Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of

Cholesterol, steroids and isoprenoids.

Membrane lipids: Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of of

membrane phospholipids in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respiratory distress syndrome,

Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of triacylglycerol,

plasmalogens, sphingolipids and glycolipids, lipid storage diseases.

Suggested Readings:

1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2013) 6th ed., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., W.H.

Freeman and Company (New York), ISBN: 13:978-1-4641-0962-1 / ISBN: 10:1-4641- 0962-

1.

2. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) 7th ed., Devlin, T.M., John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New Jersey), ISBN: 978-0-470-28173-4.

3. Biochemistry (2012) 7th ed., Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer L., W.H. Freeman and

Company (New York), ISBN:10:1-4292-2936-5, ISBN:13:978-1- 4292-2936-4

24

METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES LAB CREDIT-2

1. Assay of amylase by Kit method.

2. Estimation of cholesterol from known source (Mustard oil)

3. Isolation of serum LDH by kit method.

4. Estimation of pure glucose by Nelson-Somogyi method.

25

CORE VIII: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CREDIT-4

Unit-1: Thermodynamics

Introduction, systems: (isolated, closed, open) and surrounding, diathermal and adiabatic wall,

extensive and intensive properties, different processes, state function and path function, concept of

thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

First law of thermodynamics: concept of heat, work, internal energy and statement of first law,

IUPAC sign convention of heat and work, nature of work: reversible, irreversible, isothermal and

adiabatic, Joule's experiment and its consequences, enthalpy, heat capacities, relation between CP and

CV for ideal gas, van der Wall’s gas, and for all state of matter, Thermo-chemistry.

Second law of thermodynamics: limitation of first law, spontaneous processes and statement of the

second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle and refrigeration, Carnot’s theorem, thermodynamic

scale of temperature, concept of entropy, entropy changes of an ideal gas in different processes,

entropy of an ideal gas, entropy changes in mixture of ideal gases, entropy and unavailable work,

Joule-Thomson’s experiment and its consequences, inversion temperature, Gibbs and Helmholtz

energy, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, criteria for spontaneity and equilibrium, free energy of mixing,

Maxwell's relations, thermodynamic equation of state, Clapeyron-Clausius equation and its

applications, chemical potential.

Third Law of thermodynamics: Statement of Nernst heat theorem and third law, concept of residual

entropy.

Unit-2: Chemical Equilibrium and Ionic Equilibrium

Chemical Equilibrium: Law of mass action, criteria of thermodynamic equilibrium, degree of

advancement of reaction and Le-Chatelier’s principle, various equilibrium constants (Kp, Kc and Kx)

from thermodynamics and their quantitative dependence on temperature, pressure and concentration,

van’t Hoff isotherm, isobar and isochore.

Ionic Equilibrium: Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting

degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and

bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of

hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly

soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle.

Unit-3: Chemical Kinetics &Catalysis

Kinetics: Order and molecularity, rate law, integrated rate law, kinetics of zero, first, second and

fractional order reactions, determination of order by half-life and differential method, opposing,

consecutive and parallel reactions, concept of steady state and rate determining step, chain reactions,

temperature dependence of reaction rates, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, collision theory of

bimolecular reactions, Lindemann theory, theory of absolute reaction rate and its thermodynamic

formulation, primary kinetic salt effect.

26

Catalysis: Types of catalyst, specificity and selectivity, mechanisms of catalyzed reactions at solid

surfaces, effect of particle size and efficiency of nanoparticles as catalysts, acid-base catalysis, and

Enzyme catalysis: Properties of enzymes, Michaelis–Menten equation, Lineweaver–Burk equation,

turnover frequency, catalytic efficiency, effect of temperature and pH.

Unit-4: Electrochemistry

Conductance: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for

weak and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law, Transport number, Ionic mobility. Applications of

conductance measurements: determination, conductometric titrations.

Cell: Reversible and irreversible cells, Concept of EMF of a cell, Measurement of EMF of a cell,

Nernst equation and its importance, Types of electrodes, Standard electrode potential,

Electrochemical series, Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic

properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data.

Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone

electrode. Potentiometric titrations.

Suggested Readings:

1. P. W. Atkins, & J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry 8th Ed., Oxford University Press

(2006).

2. G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).

3. R. G. Mortimer, Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed. Elsevier: NOIDA, UP (2009).

4. P.C. Rakshit, Physical Chemistry 7th Ed. Sarat book distributors, Calcutta (2001)

5. Rastogi, R.P. Mishra, An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics.

6. K.J. Lailder, Chemical Kinetics, 3rd Edition, Pearson

7. Samuel Glasstone, An Introduction To Electrochemistry, Affiliated East-West

Press Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi (2000)

CORE VIII: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2

Thermochemistry

(a) Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter for different volumes using change of

enthalpy data of a known system (method of back calculation of heat capacity of calorimeter

from known enthalpy of solution or enthalpy of neutralization).

(b) Determination of heat capacity of the calorimeter and enthalpy of neutralization of

hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide

pH-metry

(a) Study the effect on pH of addition of HCl/NaOH to solutions of acetic acid,sodium

acetate and their mixtures

(b) Preparation of buffer solutions of different pH

27

(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid

(ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide

(c) pH metric titration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base, (ii) weak acid vs. strong base

Kinetics

(a) Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid

(b) Saponification of ethyl acetate

Conductometry

(a) Determination of cell constant

(b) Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation constant

of a weak acid.

(c) Perform the conductometric titration: Strong acid vs. strong base; Weak acid vs. strong

base

Suggested Readings:

1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R.Chand

& Co.: New Delhi (2011).

2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical

Chemistry8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York (2003).

3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.;

W.H.Freeman & Co.: New York (2003).

4. Ghosal, Mahaparta and Nad, An Advanced Course in Practical chemistry

28

CORE IX: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY CREDIT-4

Molecular tools and applications- restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, alkaline

phosphatase. Gene Recombination and Gene transfer: Transformation, Episomes, Plasmids

and other cloning vectors (Bacteriophage-derived vectors, artificial chromosomes),

Microinjection, Electroporation, Ultrasonication, Principle and applications of Polymerase

chain reaction (PCR), primer-design, and RT- (Reverse transcription) PCR.

Restriction and modification system, restriction mapping. Southern and Northern

hybridization. Preparation and comparison of Genomic and cDNA library, screening of

recombinants, reverse transcription,. Genome mapping, DNA fingerprinting, Applications of

Genetic Engineering.

Genetic engineering in animals: Production and applications of transgenic mice, role of ES

cells in gene targeting in mice, Therapeutic products produced by genetic engineering-blood

proteins, human hormones, immune modulators and vaccines (one example each).

Random and site-directed mutagenesis: Primer extension and PCR based methods of site

directed mutagenesis, Random mutagenesis, Gene shuffling, production of chimeric proteins,

Protein engineering concepts and examples (any two).

Genetic engineering in plants: Use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, Ti

plasmids, Strategies for gene transfer to plant cells, Direct DNA transfer to plants, Gene

targeting in plants, Use of plant viruses as episomal expression vectors.

Suggested Readings:

1. Brown TA. (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 5th edition. Blackwell Publishing,

Oxford, U.K.

2. Clark DP and Pazdernik NJ. (2009). Biotechnology-Applying the Genetic Revolution.

Elsevier Academic Press, USA.

3. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications

of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington

4. Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics,

7th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.

5. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF and Maniatis T. (2001). Molecular Cloning-A Laboratory Manual.

3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Isolation of chromosomal DNA from plant cells

2. Isolation of chromosomal DNA from E.coli

29

3. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA using spectrophotometer

4. Plasmid DNA isolation

5. Restriction digestion of DNA

6. Making competent cells

7. Transformation of competent cells.

8. Demonstration of PCR

30

CORE X: BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE CREDIT-4

Chromatography: General Principles of chromatography – adsorption and partition.

Techniques: Paper chromatography –Ascending, descending and circular, 2D –

chromatography, Rf values, column chromatography, principle of gel filtration, ion-exchange

chromatography, affinity chromatography, gas chromatography, HPLC. Thin layer

chromatography (TLC) – Principle, procedure and applications.

Electrophoresis, Paper and gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, 2D gel electrophoresis

Centrifugation: Principle of differential centrifugation. Types of Rotors, Ultra centrifuge –

construction and applications in sub-cellular fractionation.

Radiochemistry: Natural and artificial radioactivity, characteristics of radioactive elements,

units of radioactivity, disintegration constant, half-life, α, β and γ radiation. Detection of

radioactivity by GM counter. Applications of radioisotopes – 3H, 14C, 131I, 60Co and 32P.

Biological effects of radiations. Safety measure in handling radio isotopes.

Spectrometry–Beer and Lamberts law, Principals of colorimeter, spectrophotometer.

Nephelometry and turbidimetry and its applications. Basics of CD, IR, NMR, Mass

spectroscopy.

Suggested Readings:

1.Biophysical Chemistry, Principles & Techniques – Upadhyay, Upadhyay and Nath –

Himalaya Publ. House.

2. Principles & Techniques of Practical Biochemistry – Wilson, Walker- Cambridge Univ.

Press.

3. Chromatography – G. Abbott.

4. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: - Ed. K. Wilson and J.

Walker, Cambridge University Press.

BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE LAB CREDIT-2

1. Identification of amino acids by paper chromatography.

2. Ascending paper chromatography of amino acids.

3. Separation of plant pigments using paper chromatography.

4. Separation of plant pigments by column chromatography using silica gel-G.

5. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins.

31

6. SDS-PAGE

7. Demonstration of separation of lipids by TLC.

8. Demonstration of two-dimensional chromatography of amino acids

32

CORE XI: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CREDIT-4

DNA structure and replication: DNA as genetic material, Structure of DNA, Types of

DNA, Replication of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Semiconservative nature of DNA

replication, Bi-directional replication, DNA polymerases, The replication complex: Pre-

primming proteins, primosome, replisome, Rolling circle replication, Unique aspects of

eukaryotic chromosome replication, Fidelity of replication.

DNA damage, repair and homologous recombination: DNA damage and repair: causes

and types of DNA damage, mechanism of DNA repair: Photoreactivation, base excision

repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, translesion synthesis, recombinational

repair, nonhomologous end joining. Homologous recombination: models and mechanism.

Transcription and RNA processing: RNA structure and types of RNA, Transcription in

prokaryotes: Prokaryotic RNA polymerase, role of sigma factor, promoter, Initiation,

elongation and termination of RNA chains

Transcription in eukaryotes: Eukaryotic RNA polymerases, transcription factors,

promoters, enhancers, mechanism of transcription initiation, promoter clearance and

elongation RNA splicing and processing: processing of pre-mRNA: 5’ cap formation,

polyadenylation, splicing, rRNA and tRNA splicing.

Regulation of gene expression and translation: Regulation of gene expression in

prokaryotes: Operon concept (inducible and repressible system), Genetic code and its

characteristics, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation: ribosome structure and assembly,

Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, Mechanism of initiation, elongation and

termination of polypeptides, Fidelity of translation, Inhibitors of translation.,Posttranslational

modifications of proteins.

Suggested Reading:

1. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VI Edition. John

Wiley & Sons. Inc.

2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. VIII

Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.

3. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World of the

Cell. VII Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

4. Watson, J. D., Baker T.A., Bell, S. P., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losick, R., (2008)

Molecular Biology of the Gene (VI Edition.). Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Pearson Pub.

33

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Preparation of solutions for Molecular Biology experiments.

2. Isolation of chromosomal DNA from bacterial cells.

3. Isolation of Plasmid DNA by alkaline lysis method

4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA & plasmid DNA

5. Preparation of restriction enzyme digests of DNA samples

6. Demonstration of AMES test or reverse mutation for carcinogenicity

34

CORE XII: IMMUNOLOGY CREDIT-4

Immune Response - An overview, components of mammalian immune system, molecular

structure of Immuno-globulins or Antibodies, Humoral & Cellular immune responses, T

lymphocytes & immune response (cytotoxic T-cell, helper T-cell, suppressor T-cells), T-cell

receptors, genome rearrangements during B-lymphocyte differentiation, Antibody affinity

maturation class switching, assembly of T-cell receptor genes by somatic recombination.

Regulation of immunoglobulin gene expression – clonal selection theory, allotypes &

idiotypes, allelic exclusion, immunologic memory, heavy chain gene transcription, genetic

basis of antibody diversity, hypotheses (germ line & somatic mutation), antibody diversity.

Major Histocompatibility complexes – class I & class II MHC antigens, antigen processing.

Immunity to infection – immunity to different organisms, pathogen defense strategies,

avoidance of recognition. Autoimmune diseases , Immunodeficiency-AIDS.

Vaccines & Vaccination – adjuvants, cytokines, DNA vaccines, recombinant vaccines,

bacterial vaccines, viral vaccines, vaccines to other infectious agents, passive & active

immunization. Introduction to immunodiagnostics – RIA, ELISA.

Suggested Reading:

1. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. (2007). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6 th

edition Saunders Publication, Philadelphia.

2. Delves P, Martin S, Burton D, Roitt IM. (2006). Roitt’s Essential Immunology. 11th edition

Wiley-Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.

3. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. (2007). Kuby’s Immunology. 6th edition W.H.

Freeman and Company, New York.

4. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. (2008). Janeway’s Immunobiology. 7th edition Garland

Science Publishers, New York.

5. Peakman M, and Vergani D. (2009). Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd edition

Churchill Livingstone Publishers, Edinberg.

6. Richard C and Geiffrey S. (2009). Immunology. 6th edition. Wiley Blackwell Publication.

35

IMMUNOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Isolation of lymphocytes from blood / spleen.

2. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (DID)

3. Radial immunodiffusion

4. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis

5. Demonstration of Western Blotting

6. Assays based on agglutination reactions - Blood typing (active) and passive agglutination.

7. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) & DOT ELISA

36

CORE XIII: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY CREDIT-4

Urine: Normal composition of urine – volume, pH, colour, specific gravity. Constituents-

urea,

uric acid, creatinine, pigment. Abnormal constituents – glucose, albumin, ketone bodies,

variations in urea, creatinine, pigments and their clinical significance in brief.

Abnormalities in Nitrogen Metabolism – Uremia, hyperuricemia, porphyria and factors

affecting nitrogen balance.

Blood: Normal constituents of blood and their variation in pathological conditions - urea, uric

acid, creatinine, glucose, bilirubin, total protein, albumin/globulin ratio. Lipid profile –

cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins - HDL and LDL.

Blood Clotting – Disturbances in blood clotting mechanisms – haemorrhagic disorders –

haemophilia, von Willebrand’s disease, purpura, Rendu-Osler-Werber disease, thrombotic

thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acquired prothrombin

complex disorders, circulating anticoagulants.

Diagnostic Enzymes – Enzymes in health and diseases. Biochemical diagnosis of diseases

by

enzyme assays – SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, CPK, cholinesterase, LDH

Disorders of liver and kidney – Jaundice, fatty liver, normal and abnormal functions of liver

and kidney. Inulin and urea clearance.

Electrolytes and acid-base balance – Regulation of electrolyte content of body fluids and

maintenance of pH, reabsorption of electrolytes.

Biochemistry of Cancer, Cellular differentiation in cancer, carcinogens and cancer therapy

Inborn errors of metabolism: Sickle cell anaemia, phenyl ketonuria, Neimann – Pick

disease

and Gaucher’s disease.

Suggested Readings:

1. Concise Medical Physiology – Choudhary – New Central Book Agency – Calcutta.

2. TextBook of Medical Physiology – Guyton – Prism Books Pvt. Ltd. – Bangalore.

3. Harper’s Biochemistry – Murray, Granner, Mayes, and Rodwell – Prentice Hall

International Inc.

37

4. Textbook of medical physiology: A. C. Gyton, and J. E HallSaunders Elsevier

Publications, A division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt .Ltd.New Delhi ISBN 81-8147-084-2

5. T.M. Delvin (editor), Text book of biochemistry with clinical correlation, (1982), John

Wiley & Sons Inc. USA.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine : proteins, Bence-Jones proteins, Cl-, Ca

2. Qualitative analysis of abnormal constituents in urine - glucose, albumin, bile pigments,

bile salts and ketone bodies.

3. Experiments on blood

(a) Estimation of haemoglobin by cyanmethemoglobin method

(b) Determination of A/G ratio in serum

4. Isolation and estimation of serum cholesterol

5. Serum enzyme assays: alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT

6. Gel Electrophoresis of serum proteins

38

CORE XIV: MICROBIOLOGY CREDIT-4

Morphology and structure of bacteria, gram positive and gram-negative organisms.

Microscopy (Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast and Fluorescence microscopy),

sterilization, nutritional requirements and growth characteristics of bacteria, media for

growing bacteria and fungi.

Staining of micro-organisms – principle and procedure of gram stain and acid-fast stain.

Microbial nutrition: Growth of micro-organisms, measurement of growth, factors

influencing growth – Nutrition, carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH and oxygen.

Batch and continuous culture. Growth curve, phases of growth curve. Synchronous growth.

Bacterial toxins – Classification, structure and mode of action of bacterial protein toxins

Industrial microbiology: Production and importance – Alchoholic beverages (Beer and

wine), fermented products of milk cheese, antibiotic production – penicillin, single cell

protein – Spirulina. Fermentors – types and components.

Antibiotics: Definition, mechanism of action of penicillin streptomycin, and

chloramphenicol, antibiotic resistance in brief.

Viruses: Classification based on genetic material with examples. Plant viruses – TMV,

morphology, general characteristics and its replication.

Bacteriophages: Morphology, general characteristics, life cycle (lysogeny and lytic cycle) of

T-even bacteriophage.

Suggested Readings:

1. M. Pelczar, E.C.S. Chan and M.R. Krieg, MICROBIOLOGY, McGraw Hill Inc.,

Singapore (1997).

2. General Microbiology, Vol. I & II – Powar, Daginawala – Himalaya Publishing House.

(2015).

3. General Microbiology – Stanier, Adelberg, Ingraham – The Macmillan Press – London

(1987)

39

MICROBIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Preparation and sterilization of culture media

2. To perform culture transfer techniques: Solid to solid (streaking), liquid to solid

(spreading), liquid to liquid, solid to liquid and determine CFU/ml

3. To stain bacteria using methylene blue.

4. To perform gram staining

5. Isolation of microbes from soil and sewage water.

6. To prepare temporary mount of algae (Spirogyra)

7. To prepare temporary mount of fungi (Penicillium)

8. Study of different shapes of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa using permanent slides

9. To prepare growth curve of bacteria.

40

B) DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES

DSE I: BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES CREDIT-4

Hormones: Chemical classification of hormones, Functions of hormones and their

regulation. Chemical signaling - endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, intracrine and

neuroendocrine mechanisms. General introduction to Endocrinology. Hormone receptors -

extracellular and intracellular. Receptor - hormone binding, G protein coupled receptors,

second messengers - cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+, Effector systems - adenylcyclase,

guanylcyclase, PDE, PLC. Protein kinases (PKA, PKB, PKC, PKG). Receptor tyrosine

kinases - EGF, insulin and Ras - MAP kinase cascade. Non receptor tyrosine kinase-

erythropoietin receptor JAK - STAT pathway. Steroid hormone Receptor. Receptor

regulation and crosstalk.

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial system, Pituitary: anatomy, histology, vasculature and

secretions. Physiological and biochemical actions of hypothalamic hormones and anterior

pituitary hormones; Feed- back regulation.Posterior pituitary hormones – structure,

physiology and biochemical actions of AVP and Oxytocin.

Thyroid gland - Histology; Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone and its regulation: Role of TRH

and TSH in T4 synthesis and response. Physiological and biochemical action of Thyroxine.

Pathophysiology of thyroxine secretion: Hyper and hypothyroidism, Goiter, Graves’ disease,

Cretinism, Myxoedema.

Regulation of calcium homeostasis: PTH, Vitamin D and calcitonin. Mechanism of Ca2+

regulation. Regulation of Growth: growth hormone and somatomedin, Endocrine disorders -

gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, pygmies. Physiology and biochemical actions of Growth

factors- EGF, PDGF and Erythropoietin.

Hormones of adrenal gland: Physiology and action of Aldosterone; the Renin Angiotensin

System. Physiology and Biochemical actions of Cortisol. Adrenal medullary Hormones:

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. General adaptation syndrome: acute and chronic stress

response. Pathophysiology – Addison’s disease, Conn’s syndrome.

Cells involved in the release of gastrointestinal hormones; the gastrin family of hormones

and CCK: the secretin family of hormones; Incretins; Ghrelin; Summary of hormone

metabolite control of GI function. Hormones of the Pancreas: Structure, synthesis, physiology

and biochemical actions of insulin and glucagon. Adipocyte hormones: Adiponectin and

leptin; Appetite and satiety control.

41

Male and female sex hormones. Hormones during ovarian and uterine phases of menstrual

cycle; Placental hormones; role of hormones during parturition and lactation.

Suggested readings:

1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017)7th ed Nelson,D.L.andCox,M.M. W.H.

Freeman & Company (New York

2. Vander’sHumanPhysiology(2019)15thed.,Widmaier,E.P.,Raff,H.andStrang, K.T. McGraw

Hill International Publications (USA)

3. Endocrinology (2007) 6thed., Hadley, M.C. and Levine, J.E. Pearson Education (New

Delhi), Inc.

4. The Cell: A Molecular Approach (2009) 5th Ed. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. ASM

Press & Sunderland, (Washington DC), Sinauer Associates. (MA).

BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES LAB CREDIT-2

1. Estimation of serumCa2+.

2. Estimation of serum T4

3. HCG based pregnancy test.

4. Estimation of serum electrolytes.

5. Case studies

42

DSE II: INHERITANCE BIOLOGY CREDIT-4

Mendelism & Chromosome Theory – Mendel’s principles, applications of Mendel’s

principles, Chromosome Theory of Heredity (Sutton-Boveri), Inheritance patterns,

phenomenon of Dominance, Inheritance patterns in Human (Sex-linked, Autosomal,

Mitochondrial, Unifactorial, Multi-factorial). Pedigree analysis – Symbols of Pedigree,

Pedigrees of Sex-linked & Autosomal (dominant & recessive), Mitochondrial, Incomplete

dominance & Penetrance.

Extension of Mendelism – Deviation from Mendel’s Dihybrid phenotype, Linkage, Sutton’s

view on linkage, Morgan’s view on linkage, Bateson & Punnet’s Coupling & Repulsion

hypothesis.

Linkage & Crossing over - Chromosome theory of Linkage, kinds of linkage, linkage

groups, types of Crossing over, mechanism of Meiotic Crossing over, kinds of Crossing over,

theories about the mechanism of Crossing over, cytological detection of Crossing over,

significance of Crossing over.

Allelic Variation & Gene function – Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epiststic

interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, Penetrance

(complete & incomplete), Expressivity, Pleiotropism, Modifier/Modifying genes.

Non-Mendelian inheritance – Evidences for Cytoplasmic factors, cytoplasmic inheritance,

extranuclear inheritance (mitochondrial, chloroplast), non-chromosomal inheritance, maternal

inheritance, uniparental inheritance.

Chromosomal variation in Number & Structure – Euploidy, Non-disjunction &

Aneuploidy, Aneuploid segregation in plants, Aneuploidy in Human, Polyploidy in Plants &

Animals, Induced Polyploidy, applications of Polyploidy, Chromosomal Mosaics, Polytene

chromosome in Diptera, Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Position Effect,

Centromeric & Non-centromeric breaks in chromosomes, chromosomal rearrangements in

Human being, Chromosomal aberrations & evolution.

Chromosome Mapping - Haploid mapping (2 point & 3point cross), Diploid mapping

(Tetrad analysis), determination of linkage groups, determination of map distance,

determination of gene order, cytological mapping.

Human Cyto-Genetics – Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of

Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous

abortions, viable monosomies & trisomies, chromosomal deletions & duplications, genetics

of chromosomal inversions & translocations, human traits, Genomic position effects on Gene

expression.

43

Suggested Reading:

1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (2006). Principles of Genetics. VIII Edition

John Wiley & Sons.

2. Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. (2009). Principles of Genetics. V Edition. John Wiley and

Sons Inc.

3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. IX Edition.

Benjamin Cummings.

4. Russell, P. J. (2009). Genetics- A Molecular Approach. III Edition. Benjamin Cummings.

5. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Lewontin, R.C. and Carroll, S.B. IX Edition. Introduction

to Genetic Analysis, W. H. Freeman & Co.

INHERITANCE BIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Permanent and temporary mount of mitosis.

2. Permanent and temporary mount of meiosis.

3. Mendelian deviations in dihybrid crosses

4. Demonstration of - Barr Body -Rhoeo translocation.

5. Karyotyping with the help of photographs

6. Pedigree charts of some common characters like blood group, color blindness and PTC

tasting.

7. Study of polyploidy in onion root tip by colchicine treatment.

44

DSE III: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY CREDIT-4

Basic concepts of nutrition, Nutrients,Function of nutrients. Measurement of the fuel values

of foods. Basal metabolic rate: factors affecting BMR, measurement and calculation of BMR.

Elements of nutrition – Dietary requirement of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Balanced

diet, Concept of protein quality. Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and their

physiological functions.

Minerals – Nutritional significance of dietary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, iodine,

zinc and copper.

Vitamins – Dietary sources, biochemical functions, requirements and deficiency diseases

associated with vitamin B complex, C and A, D, E and K vitamins.

Malnutrition –Recommended dietary allowances, nutritive value of common foods. Protein-

calorie malnutrition.

Obesity – Definition, Genetic and environmental factors leading to obesity.

Suggested readings:

1. Nutritional Biochemistry. Author, Tom Brody. Edition, 2. Publisher, Harcourt Braces,

1999.

2. Principles of Nutritional Assessment (2005) Rosalind Gibson. Oxford University Press.

3. Krause’s Food and Nutrition Care process.(2012);Mahan, L.K Strings, S.E, Raymond, J.

Elsevier’s Publications.

4. The vitamins, Fundamental aspects in Nutrition and Health (2008); G.F. Coombs Jr.

Elsevier’s Publications.

NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Determination of moisture content of foods

2. Determination of Vitamin C content in lemon juice

3. Estimation of minerals in food samples

4. Estimation of amino acid by titration.

5. Estimation of reducing sugars by Hedgedon and Jensen method.

6. Determination of saponification value of oil or fat.

7. Determination of iodine value of oil.

45

DSE IV: BIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CREDIT-4

Infectious diseases: Classification, Nosocomial infections; Past and present emerging and re-

emerging infectious diseases and pathogens. Source, reservoir and transmission of pathogens.

Safety measures when working with pathogens, biosafety levels, infection and evasion.

Bacterial diseases: classification of bacterial pathogens, virulence factors and host pathogen

interaction. Bacterial toxins, enterotoxins and their mode of action, diarrhea, cholera;

Tuberculosis, infection and pathogenicity, diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, drug

resistance. Other bacterial diseases such as - Typhoid, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus,

Botulism Anthrax and Pneumonia; their virulence factors and host pathogen interactions.

Viral diseases: Structure and classification of viruses, viral virulence factors, host pathogen

interactions; AIDS: history, causative agent, pathogenesis, diagnostics, drugs; Other viral

diseases such as Hepatitis, Influenza, Rabies, Dengue and Polio; Chicken Pox, Herpes Virus.

Parasitic diseases: Classes of parasites and diseases caused by them, Malaria: causative

agents, vectors, etiology, diagnostics, drugs, vaccine development. Leishmaniasis and

Amoebiasis, Giardiasis and Trypanosoma infections.

Fungal diseases: Etiology, characteristics and diagnosis of Candidiasis, Sporotrichosis,

Aspergillosis and Ring worm.

Role of drugs, vaccines and sanitation in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Suggested Readings:

1. Jawetz, Melnick and Adelbergs Medical Microbiology 27th ed., McGraw Hill Education

2. Klien's Microbiology (2008) 7th ed., Prescott, Harley, Wiley, J.M., Sherwood, L.M.,

Woolverton, C.J. McGraw Hill International Edition (New York)

3. Sherris Medical Microbiology: An introduction to infectious diseases (2010) Kenneth J.

Ryan, C.,George Ray, Publisher: McGraw-Hill.

46

BIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LAB CREDIT-2

1. Grams staining for bacteria

2. Isolation and culture of bacteria from water/sewage samples.

3. Demonstration of various media for bacterial culture

4. Isolation and enumeration of bacteriophages (PFU) from water/sewage samples

5. WIDAL test

6. Acid fast staining

7. Permanent slides of pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania, Plasmodium

falciparum

8. Fungal staining

47

DSE V: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY CREDIT-4

Electron transport system in plants: oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial respiratory

complexes, order and organization of electron carriers, electrochemical gradient,

chemiosmotic theory, ATP synthase and mechanism of ATP synthesis.

Nitrogen metabolism: assimilation of nitrate,structural features of nitrate reductase and

nitrite reductase, incorporation of ammonia into organic compounds, regulation of nitrate

assimilation. Biological nitrogen fixation by free living and in symbiotic association;

structure and function of the enzyme nitrogenase.

Photosynthesis – Photosynthetic apparatus, pigments of photosynthesis, role of carotenoids,

photosystems I and II, their location; Hill reaction, photosynthetic electron transport and

generation of NADPH & ATP, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylations, complexes

associated with thylakoid membranes; light harvesting complexes, path of carbon in

photosynthesis – C3 and C4 pathway of carbon reduction and its regulation, Photorespiration.

Special features of secondary plant metabolism, terpenes (classification, biosynthesis),

lignin, tannins, pigments, phytochrome, waxes, alkaloids, biosynthesis of nicotine, functions

of alkaloids, cell wall components.

Toxins of plant origin – mycotoxins, phytohemagglutinins, lathyrogens, nitriles, protease

inhibitors, protein toxins.

Stress metabolism in plants – Environmental stresses, salinity, water stress, heat, chilling,

anaerobiosis, pathogenesis, heavy metals, radiations and their impact on plant growth and

metabolism, criteria of stress tolerance.

Antioxidative defense system in plants – reactive oxygen species and their generation,

enzymic and non-enzymic components of antioxidative defense mechanism.

Suggested readings:

1. Buchann (2015), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2nded. Publisher: I

KInternational. ISBN-10: 8188237116, ISBN- 978047 0714218

2. Taiz and Zeiger, Plant Physiology, 5thedition, Sinauer Associates Inc.ISBN-13: 978-

0878938667, ISBN-10:0878938664

3. Caroline Bowsher, Martin steer, Alyson Tobin (2008), Plant Biochemistry, Garland

science ISBN978-0-8153-4121-5.

4. P.M Dey and J.B. Harborne (Editors) (1997), Plant Biochemistry, Publisher: Academic

Press ISBN-10:0122146743,ISBN-13:978-0122146749

48

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2

1. Estimation of chlorophylls and carotenoids from grass/spinach leaves

2. Estimation of ascorbic acid, phenols, tannins in fruits and vegetables

3. Determination of radical scavenging activity of plant extracts

4. Estimation of hydrogen peroxide in tissue extracts

5. Extraction and assay of urease from Jackbean

6. Separation of photosynthetic pigments by TLC and determination of absorption Spectra

49

DSE VI: MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CREDIT-4

Diagnostic Enzymes: Principles of diagnostic enzymology; Clinical significance of aspartate

aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase,

enzyme tests in determination of myocardial infarction, enzymes of pancreatic origin and

billiary tract.

Immunodiagnostics: Introduction, antigen-antibody binding and assays; Immunoassays –

types [RIA, ELISA, Chemiluminescent IA, FIA] and specific applications;

Immunohistochemistry-principle and techniques. Immunodiagnostics for detection of

infectious agents, cancer, and autoimmune diseases; Immunosensors.

Molecular Diagnostics: Introduction to DNA based diagnostic techniques; Polymerase chain

reaction in diagnostics and analysis; Analysis of DNA in forensic science and archaeology.

Applications of DNA finger printing, Techniques of chromosome analysis. Application of

genetic test. Karyotyping, chromosome banding and fluorescence In-situ hybridization

techniques.

Disease identification and Genetic tests for following disorders: Thalassemia, Sickle Cell

anemia, Down Syndrome, Sex-linked inherited disorders, Allelic susceptibility test for

multifactorial disorders (Male infertility).

Suggested readings:

1. Medical Laboratory Technology - a Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests Vol. I

(2010), Mukherjee, K.L., Tata Mc Graw–Hill Publishing Company Limited (New Delhi).

ISBN:9780070076594 / ISBN:9780070076631

2. Medical Biochemistry (2005) 2nd ed., Baynes, J.W. and Dominiczak, M.H., Elsevier

Mosby Ltd. (Philadelphia), ISBN:0-7234-3341-0.

3. Recombinant DNA by Watson

4. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student Companion

5. Harper's Biochemistry

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS LAB CREDIT-4

1. Estimation of Surface antigen of Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C virus.

2. Lipid profile: triglycerides and total cholesterol.

3. Permanent slides of pathogens: Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum

4. Estimation of serum Alkaline phosphatase and Acid phosphatase.

50

C) SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES

SEC I: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY CREDIT-2

Neurotransmission: Types of neurons, generalized structure of multipolar neuron. Resting

membrane potential, Action potential, Transmission of nerve impulse along an axon and

across a synapse. Neurotransmitters and inhibitors of neurotransmission.

Muscle: Types of muscles and their structure. Ultra structure of skeletal muscle. Contractile

and regulatory proteins of muscle. Sliding filament model of skeletal muscle contraction.

Bone: Composition and structure of long bone, growth and remodelling of long bone. Factors

affecting its growth.

Excretory system: Structure of the nephron, formation of urine – Glomerular filtration,

tubular reabsorption and secretions.

Body fluids: Blood volume, composition and functions, RBC, WBC and platelets, their

structure and functions. Mechanism of blood coagulation. Biochemical events in transport of

CO2 and O2 in blood. Cerebrospinal fluid, lymph and its function. Blood brain barrier.

Heart and lungs –Structure and function of cardiac tissue and lungs

Endocrine system: Endocrine organs, classification of hormones. Hierarchy, interplay and

dynamic balance and regulation of hormone secretions. Functions of the hormones of

hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas and gonads.

Suggested Readings:

1. Human Physiology, Vol. I & II, - C. C. Chatterjee – Medical Allied Agency – Calcutta.

2. Concise Medical Physiology – Choudhary – New Central Book Agency – Calcutta.

3. TextBook of Medical Physiology – Guyton – Prism Books Pvt. Ltd. – Bangalore.

4. Harper’s Biochemistry – Murray, Granner, Mayes, and Rodwell – Prentice Hall

International Inc.

5. Textbook of medical physiology: A. C. Gyton, and J. E HallSaunders Elsevier

Publications, A division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt .Ltd.New Delhi ISBN 81-8147-084-2

6. Human physiology: Chatterjee, Medical Allied Agency.

51

SEC II: BIOINFORMATICS CREDIT-2

Bioinformatics: Introduction, Basics of Computer and operating systems, Hardware,

Software, Introduction to programming Languages and Paradigms, PERL/R programming,

role of supercomputers in biology,

Scope of bioinformatics - Genomics, Proteomics, comparative and functional genomics,

Genome annotation, gene prediction approaches and tools. Transcriptome and Proteome,

Tools of proteome analysis. DNA microarray: understanding of microarray data and

correlation of gene expression data to biological processes and computational analysis tools.

Computer aided drug design (CADD) and Systems Biology.

Biological databases: Introduction to biological databases - primary, secondary and

composite databases, useful programs, ClustalW, BLASTp. NCBI, EBI, ExPaSy nucleic acid

databases (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, NDB), protein databases (PIR, Swiss-Prot,TrEMBL,

PDB), metabolic pathway database (KEGG, EcoCyc).

Sequence alignment: Similarity, identity and homology. Concept of Alignment – Pair-wise

sequence alignment, gaps, gap-penalties, scoring matrices, PAM250, BLOSUM62, local and

global sequence alignment, multiple sequence alignment, Progressive Alignment Algorithm,

Application of multiple sequence alignment. BLAST and CLUSTALW.

Protein Structure: Methods for prediction of Protein structure, Homology modeling, Fold

recognition and ab-initio methods.

52

SEC III: BIOENERGETICS AND MEMBRANE BIOLOGY CREDIT-2

Bioenergetics: Concepts of free energy, state functions, equilibrium constant. Coupled

reactions, energy charge, ATP cycle, phosphorylation potential. Standard energy of

hydrolysis of ATP, PEP, 1,3 BPG and thioesters. Redox reactions, standard redox potentials

and Nernst equation. Universal electron carriers.

Biomembranes: Historical background, membrane models. Membrane functions.

Composition of biomembranes: Lipids -Phospholipids, Glycolipids, sterols; Proteins -

Peripheral Proteins, Integral Membrane Proteins and Lipid-Anchored proteins, and

carbohydrates. Comparison of the composition of various cellular and subcellular

membranes. Role of Flippase, Floppase and Scramblase.

Model systems to study membranes: Lipid Monolayers, Planar Bilayer and Liposome, and

their application. Polymorphic Lipid-Water Systems. The various determinants of

polymorphic phases: CMC, lipid shape, critical packing parameter.

Membrane fluidity: lateral, transverse and rotational motion of lipids and proteins. Factors

affecting membrane fluidity- composition, barriers (tight junctions), cytoskeleton

interactions, microdomains – rafts, caveolae. Fence and gate model. Techniques to study

membrane dynamics: FRAP, TNBS, SPT.

Transport across membranes: Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Passive transport-

glucose transporter and anion transporter. Primary active transporters- P type ATPases, V

type ATPases, F type ATPases. Secondary active transporters – lactose permease, Na+ -

glucose symporter. ABC family of transporters – MDR and CFTR. Bacteriorhodopsin. Ion

channels: voltage-gated ion channels (Na+ /K+ voltage-gated channel) and ligand-gated ion

channels (acetyl choline receptor), and aquaporins. Ionophores: valinomycin, gramicidin.

Oxidative phosphorylation: The electron transport chain - its organization and function.

Sequence of electron transport, Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotictheory and Proton gradient.

FoF1 ATP synthase, mechanism of ATP synthesis. Transporters in mitochondria. Regulation

of oxidative phosphorylation.

53

SEC IV: BIOSTATISTICS CREDIT-2

Data Collection and Presentation: Biological data management using statistical tools.

Concepts of population and sample, advantages of sampling, Basic concepts in sampling and

designing experiments, Estimation of sample size for biological experiments, sources of

errors. Sampling schemes – Simple Random sampling, Systemic sampling, Stratified

sampling, Cluster sampling, Non probability sampling; Estimation of mean proportion and

standard error in cluster sampling, Multistage and multiphase sampling, Types of numerical

data – nominal data, ordinal data, ranked data, discrete data, continuous data; Modes of

presenting data: Frequency distributions, Relative frequency.

Analysis of variance: Mean, median, mode; Co-efficient of variation and standard deviation;

Range and interquartile range; Grouped mean and grouped variance; Frequency distributions;

One-way ANOVA; Two-way ANOVA; AMOVA; student’s t test.

Probability: Operations on events, Venn diagrams, Conditional Probability; Probability

distributions.

Hypothesis testing: General concepts – Null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, Rejection of

hypothesis; Type I and Type II errors; P value and sample size estimation.

Regression and Correlation: Chi Square Test – Observed and expected frequencies,

Calculating p values, assumptions of a chi square goodness of fit;

Correlation –Two-way scatter plot, Pearson’s correlation coefficient; Regression –

regression concepts, simple linear regression; Calculation of R2 and ρ.

54

D) ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COMPULSORY COURSES

AECC I: ENGLISH CREDIT-4

Unit 1: Communication: Interface in a Globalized World

a .Definition of Communication& Scope of Communication

b. Process of Communication—Models and Types

c. Verbal—Non-Verbal Communication, Channels of Communication

d. Barriers to Communication & surmounting them [to be delivered through case studies

involving intercultural communication]

Unit 2: Vocabulary and Reading

a. Word origin—Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes, Word Families, Homonyms and Homophones

b. Antonyms and Synonyms, One-word substitution

c. Reading—Purposes and Skills

d. Reading Sub-Skills—Skimming, Scanning, Intensive Reading

e. Comprehension Practice (Fiction and Non fictional Prose/Poetry)

Texts:

(i) Isaac Asimov, I Robot (“Robbie” OR “Little Lost Robot”)

(ii) George Orwell, “Shooting an Elephant”

(iii) Ruskin Bond, “The Cherry Tree” OR “The Night Train at Deoli”

(iv) Robert Frost, “Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening.”

f. Precis Writing (Use of daily newspapers for reading practice is recommended)

Unit 3: Functional Grammar and Usage

a. Articles, Prepositions, Verbs

b. Verb-Subject Agreement

c. Comparison of Adjectives

d. Tenses and their Use

e. Transformation of Sentences (Singular-Plural, Active-Passive, Direct-Indirect, Degrees of

Comparison)

f. Error Correction

Unit 4: Business writing [10L]

a. Business Communication in the Present-day scenario

b. Business Letters (Letters of Inquiry, Sales Letters, Complaint and Adjustment Letters, Job

Application Letters)

c. Drafting of a CV and Résumé

55

d. Memo, Notice, Advertisement, Agenda, Minutes of Meetings

e. E-mails (format, types, jargons, conventions)

AECC II: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CREDIT-4

UNIT 1. General

1.1 Natural Resources: Forest Resource, water resource, mineral resource, energy resources

(renewable,non-renewable, potentially renewable)

1.2 Population Growth: Exponential Growth, logistic growth, Maximum sustainable yield

1.3 Disaster Management: Types of disasters (Natural & Man-made), Floods,

Earthquake, Tsunamis, Cyclones, landslides (cause, effect & control)

1.4 Ecology & Ecosystem: Elements of ecology, definition of ecosystem- components

types and function, Food chain & Food web,

Structure and function of the following ecosystem: Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem,

Desert ecosystem, Aquatic ecosystems

1.5 Environmental Management: Environmental impact assessment, Environmental laws and

protection act of India, Different international environmental agreement.

UNIT 2. Air pollution and control

2.1 Sources of Pollutants: point sources, nonpoint sources and manmade sources primary

& secondary pollutant

2.2 Types of air pollutants: primary & secondary pollutant ; Suspended particulate

matter, oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur, particulate, PAN, Smog

(Photochemical smog and London smog),

2.3 Effects on human health & climate: Greenhouse effect, Global Warming, Acid rain,

Ozone Layer Depletion

2.4 Air pollution and meteorology: Ambient Lapse Rate, Adiabatic Lapse Rate, Atmospheric

stability & Temperature inversion

2.5 control of air pollution (ESP, cyclone separator, bag house, catalytic converter, scrubber

(ventury),

UNIT 3. Water Pollution

3.1 Classification of water (Ground & surface water)

56

3.2 Pollutants of water, their origin and effects: Oxygen demanding wastes, pathogens,

nutrients, Salts, heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds.

3.3 Surface water quality parameters: pH, DO, 5 day BOD test, BOD reaction rate constants,

COD. Numerical related to BOD Lake: Eutrophication [Definition, source and effect].

3.4 Ground water: Aquifers, hydraulic gradient, ground water flow (Definition only),ground

water pollution (Arsenic & Fluoride; sources, effects, control)

3.5 Quality of Boiler fed water: DO, hardness , alkalinity, TDS and Chloride

3.7 Layout of waste water treatment plant (scheme only).

UNIT 4. Land Pollution

4.1 Types of Solid Waste: Municipal, industrial, commercial, agricultural, domestic,

hazardous solid wastes (bio-medical), E-waste

4.2 Solid waste disposal method: Open dumping, Land filling, incineration, composting,

recycling (Advantages and disadvantages).

UNIT 5. Noise Pollution

5.1 Definition of noise, effect of noise pollution on human health,

5.2 Average Noise level of some common noise sources

5.3 Definition of noise frequency, noise pressure, noise intensity, noise threshold limit value,

equivalent noise level, L10 (18 hr Index) .

5.4 Noise pollution control.

57

AECC III: ENTERPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT CREDIT-4

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION

Meaning, Needs and Importance of Entrepreneurship, Promotion of entrepreneurship, Factors

influencing entrepreneurship, Features of a successful Entrepreneurship.

UNIT II: ESTABLISHING AN ENTERPRISE

Forms of Business Organization, Project Identification, Selection of the product, Project

formulation, Assessment of project feasibility.

UNIT III: FINANCING THE ENTERPRISE

Importance of finance / loans and repayments, Characteristics of Business finance, Fixed

capital management: Sources of fixed capital, working capital its sources and how to move

for loans, Inventory direct and indirect raw materials and its management.

UNIT IV: MARKETING MANAGEMENT

Meaning and Importance, Marketing-mix, product management – Product line, Product mix,

stages of product like cycle, marketing Research and Importance of survey, Physical

Distribution and Stock Management.

UNIT V: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Meaning of International business, Selection of a product, Selection of a market for

international business, Export financing, Institutional support for exports.

58

AECC IV: VALUES AND ETHICS CREDIT-4

Unit – 1: Ethics and Human Values – Definition – Good Behaviour, Conduct and Character;

Importance, Respects for Elders, Use and Relevance in Present-day Society.

Unit – 2: Indian Constitution and Values – Fundamental Rights and Duties -Freedom,

Equality, Fraternity, Justice; Directive Principles of State Policy; Our National Emblem.

Unit – 3: Individual and Society – Desirable Basic Human Characters - Honesty,

Truthfulness, Respect, Punctuality, Responsibility, Courtesy, Discipline, Kindness, courage,

Character, Forgiveness, Friendship, Compassion, Consideration, Contentedness, Simplicity,

Empathy, Avoiding Greed; Family responsibilities; Duties as a Member of the Society;

Social Concerns – Evils of Dowry, Caste System, Racial Discrimination; Participation in

NCC, NSS, Scouts & Guides, NGC.

Unit – 4: Life Skills – Goal-setting; Self-esteem and Self-Confidence; Problem Solving;

Decision Making; Time Management; Stress Management; Positive Thinking; Assertiveness;

Teamwork; Interpersonal Relationships; Coping with Life Stresses; Suicidal Tendencies;

Peer Pressure; Substance Abuse and Addiction.

Unit – 5: Environmental Concerns – Respect for Natural Environment – Land, Trees, Air,

Water, Animals; Unethical Practices – Depletion of Natural Resources (Soil Erosion,

Pollution, Mining, Deforestation); Use of Plastics and Pesticides; EcoClubs.

Unit – 6: Professional Ethics–Need and Importance – Goals – Dignity of Labour – Ethical

Values in Different Professions – Management, Business, Teaching, Civil Services, Politics,

Medicine, Policing, Judiciary.

Unit – 7: Ethics, Values and Thinking–Right Thinking, Right Understanding, Reflective

Thinking, Rational / Critical Thinking, Creative Thinking.