The Chinese The Chinese RevolutionRevolution

By: Janet Pareja, Signature SchoolBy: Janet Pareja, Signature SchoolEvansville, INEvansville, IN

May 4May 4thth Movement Movement

•1919- 3,000 students from Beijing’s universities protested•First true First true nationalist nationalist movement in Chinamovement in China•Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Sun Yat senSun Yat sen • LeaderLeader - - Nationalist Party:Nationalist Party:

((KMTKMT- - KuomintangKuomintang))

• Started to unite a Started to unite a China beset with China beset with warlordswarlords

• Allies: Soviets, Allies: Soviets, Chinese Communist Chinese Communist PartyParty

CHIANG KAI-SHEKCHIANG KAI-SHEK

• New leader of KMT at death of Sun Yatsen.

• ““Northern Expedition” Northern Expedition” militarily UNIFIEDUNIFIED China under Nationalists

Civil WarCivil War • Chiang ordered massacre Chiang ordered massacre of Communist Partyof Communist Party members at Shanghai.

• German advisors helped “eliminate the cancer of Communism”

• Some escaped …including Mao Zedong.

The Long March 1934-1935The Long March 1934-1935

• Communist nationalistsCommunist nationalists forced to fleeflee to countryside:

• Traveled 6,000 miles• Took 370 days • Through 11 provinces Through 11 provinces • Through 18 mountain ranges • 100,000 set out • 4-8,000 survived

Where were they going?Where were they going?• Just running! Along the way

they were unwelcome by local warlords…

• ““Long March” became Long March” became a badge of honor in a badge of honor in the CCP.the CCP.

• Deng Xiaoping was a Long Marcher – one of the last living

• Undisputed leader of the CCP during the Long March

Meanwhile, Japanese Meanwhile, Japanese Occupied Manchuria… Occupied Manchuria…

• Chiang’s generals forced him to ally with the Communists to fight the Japanese.

1937 – 1945 Sino-Japanese War & 1937 – 1945 Sino-Japanese War & World War II World War II

• Japanese occupied major coastal cities• 20 million Chinese died in the war

Non-Traditional WarfareNon-Traditional Warfare

Post World War II: West Post World War II: West Supported NationalistsSupported Nationalists

• Civil War resumed

• Japanese insisted on surrender only to Nationalists, per orders from US

• Nationalists disorganized & corrupt, in debt…• Printed more money to

pay war debt hyperinflation

Nationalists Fled to TaiwanNationalists Fled to Taiwan

After 3 more years of civil war, Mao proclaimed the creation of the

People’s People’s

Republic of Republic of ChinaChina

Economic CHANGE in ChinaEconomic CHANGE in China

• All businesses were All businesses were nationalized!nationalized!

• Land & homes were taken Land & homes were taken from Gentry, redistributed from Gentry, redistributed to peasants!to peasants!

• Peasants’ land was Peasants’ land was collectivized, and they collectivized, and they worked on state owned worked on state owned cooperative farms. cooperative farms.

Mao’s POLITICAL ChangesMao’s POLITICAL Changes

One-party totalitarian state: One-party totalitarian state: Chinese Communist PartyChinese Communist Party

• Sacrifices for “the State”Sacrifices for “the State”

• Government attacked crime & Government attacked crime & corruptioncorruption

Mao’s SOCIAL ChangesMao’s SOCIAL Changes• Peasants encouraged to “speak bitterness” “speak bitterness”

against landlords (10,000 landlords killed as result)

• Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism.Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism. • Political education Political education in new schools.• Health careHealth care workers sent to remote areas.• WomenWomen won equality (but little opportunity in

government, and were paid less than men)• The extended family replaced by Communist The extended family replaced by Communist

comrades & party leaders.comrades & party leaders.

The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward 1958-1960 1958-1960

• Mao’s plan toto increase agricultural increase agricultural & industrial production:& industrial production:

• All life to be All life to be collectivizedcollectivized• Family houses torn down, replaced with community domiciles & farms• Backyard steel furnaces set up, using

scrap metal to make iron & steel

The Great Leap Forward: The Great Leap Forward: FAILURE!FAILURE!

• Initial production statistics were inflated to show progress

• Backyard furnaces did not turn out iron of acceptable quality

• Bad weather of 1950’s – 60’s contributed to low farm production

•16 million Chinese starved16 million Chinese starved

Korean War - 1950Korean War - 1950

• China allied with North KoreaChina allied with North Korea• By 1953 - War over but North and South By 1953 - War over but North and South

remain enemiesremain enemies

Break with USSR - 1962Break with USSR - 1962

• Marxism, Leninism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism… Stalinism, Maoism…

• Considered the USSR too revisionist – too much capitalism

• USSR consider CCP too revisionist – too agricultural

• Both “Exported Both “Exported Communism.”Communism.”

Cultural Revolution – 1960’sCultural Revolution – 1960’s• Mao called upon studentsstudents to rebel against to rebel against

authority to form units of the Red Guardauthority to form units of the Red Guard. • Chaos in cities & rural areas• Destruction of Temples• Schools & offices closed• Transportation disrupted

According to Mao:According to Mao:“Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to use the old ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the exploiting classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds, and endeavor to stage a comeback. The proletariat must do just the opposite: It must meet head-on every challenge of the bourgeoisie in the ideological field and use the new ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the proletariat to change the mental outlook of the whole of society. At present, our objective is to struggle against and crush those persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic "authorities" and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to transform education, literature and art, and all other parts of the superstructure that do not correspond to the socialist economic base, so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist system.”

Cultural Revolution- 1960’sCultural Revolution- 1960’s““Relationship between Teacher & student is as important as between family members” • Cultural revolutionaries

• assembled in large groups, • held "great debates," and • wrote educational plays.

• Western art, music, Western art, music, philosophy, literature was philosophy, literature was banned; artists were banned; artists were “reformed.”“reformed.”

• Those who could not reform were exiled, purged, rehabilitated, disappeared…

Mao Purges the PartyMao Purges the Party

• Cult of Personality Cult of Personality – • Mao compares himself to the first emperor of China

• Party officials not considered loyal sent to work in labor camps in countryside.

• Gang of FourGang of Four • Mao’s loyal followers vs. other factions in the Party

U.S. “Opening” with ChinaU.S. “Opening” with China• February 21, 1972, at 10:30

P.M., EST, Richard M. Richard M. NixonNixon stepped down from Air Force One alone, and offered his hand to Premier Chou En-lai, to consummate one of the most historic handshakes in diplomatic history.

Later that day, Nixon met the Later that day, Nixon met the aging Chairman, Mao Tse-tungaging Chairman, Mao Tse-tung

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Change in Chinese LeadershipChange in Chinese Leadership

New Leader: Deng XiaopingNew Leader: Deng Xiaoping

• Launched economic reforms• Agricultural first• ““It does not matter if the cat It does not matter if the cat

is black or white; what is black or white; what matters is how well it matters is how well it catches mice.”catches mice.”

• Direct contrast to ideology of Mao, whose favorite saying was “Better Red than expert.”

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

• Economic reforms Question of political reform

• Tiananmen Square, May, 1989May, 1989• Leaders of the Party saw

student protest as an attack on their power

• Officially, only 200 demonstrators died

After Deng….After Deng….

• 1997 • Jiang ZeminJiang Zemin

• economic growth at all economic growth at all costscosts

• widening gap between widening gap between rich and poor in China,rich and poor in China,

• social costssocial costs absorbed by absorbed by those left behind by those left behind by economic reform. economic reform.

New Leadership:New Leadership:Hu JintaoHu Jintao

• Addressing the imbalances: • Development v. environment,• Rich v. poor• Health issues

• Spring 2006 – Spent several days with Microsoft’s Bill Gates & with Boeing Airlines’ executives on the West Coast of the U.S.

• Traveled to several college campuses over a week’s time.

• Spent an afternoon with US president, George Bush, before returning to China.

Chinese – US Relations TodayChinese – US Relations Today

• Help with North Korea!

• Permanent Seat on Security Council of UN

• Imbalance of Trade w US ( our major creditor!)

The Role of Women in Russian & The Role of Women in Russian & Chinese RevolutionsChinese Revolutions

Russia• Served in Red Army• 65% of factory workers• Government ordered

equal pay (though not enforced

• Maternity leave with full pay

• Women entered professions

China• New marriage law forbade

arranged marriage (met w/ resistance

• Worked alongside men in factories

• State-run nurseries to care for children

• Party leadership male• Efforts to end foot binding

What will the future bring between What will the future bring between the US and China?the US and China?

Hint: If you plan to go into business or government, you should study Chinese language and culture…