Chinese Civil war: Phase OneChinese Civil war: Phase One Sun Yixian (Yatsen), Mao Zedong, Sun Yixian (Yatsen), Mao Zedong, & Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) & Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) [Yes, I know what your thinking, [Yes, I know what your thinking,

“What’s up with all those names?”“What’s up with all those names?”

Hussain Al Jaber and Aisha Hussain Al Jaber and Aisha Al-ThaniAl-Thani

Formation of the Chinese RepublicFormation of the Chinese Republic

The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644The people of China, under nationalist leader The people of China, under nationalist leader Sun Yixian, demanded:Sun Yixian, demanded:– ““Nationalism” Nationalism” The end of foreign domination & The end of foreign domination &

influenceinfluence– ““Democracy” Democracy” Formation of a representative Formation of a representative

governmentgovernment– ““People’s Livelihood” People’s Livelihood” A modernized & industrialized A modernized & industrialized

economy to provide security for the people of Chinaeconomy to provide security for the people of China

Formation of the Chinese RepublicFormation of the Chinese Republic

Sun Yixian (Yatsen)Sun Yixian (Yatsen)– Leader of the KuomintangLeader of the Kuomintang

Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party China’s Nationalist PartyOverthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but…China’s first president, but…““The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.”are just a heap of loose sand.”

– Sun could not unite ChinaSun could not unite China– Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns

democratic reformsdemocratic reforms– China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by

warlordswarlords

World War I & The Treaty of World War I & The Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

In 1917, China declares war on GermanyIn 1917, China declares war on Germany– China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end

of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of Chinareturned to the people of China

– Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territoryterritory

May Fourth MovementMay Fourth Movement

On May 4, 1919 over On May 4, 1919 over 3,000 angry Chinese 3,000 angry Chinese students gathered in students gathered in Beijing to protest the Beijing to protest the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles– Demonstrations Demonstrations

spread to other cities spread to other cities throughout Chinathroughout China

– Sun Yixian believes he Sun Yixian believes he can regain power, can regain power, but…but…

The Communist Party in ChinaThe Communist Party in China

Many intellectual Chinese turned against Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the imagine they would considering how the democracies treated Chinademocracies treated China

Communist Party Communist Party – Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao

ZedongZedong– Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

Student of MarxismStudent of Marxism– However, he believed the However, he believed the

communist revolutions would not communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTSbut with RURAL PEASANTS

– ““The force of the peasantry is like The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. The can stand in its way. The peasantry will tear apart all nets peasantry will tear apart all nets which bind it…They will bury which bind it…They will bury beneath them all forces of beneath them all forces of imperialism, militarism, corrupt imperialism, militarism, corrupt officialdom, village bosses and officialdom, village bosses and evil gentry.”evil gentry.”

Jiang Jieshi & the NationalistsJiang Jieshi & the Nationalists

After Sun Yixian’s After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the Jieshi becomes the head of the head of the KuomintangKuomintangJiangJiang– Feared communismFeared communism– Supported by bankers Supported by bankers

and businessmenand businessmen– Over saw a corrupt Over saw a corrupt

governmentgovernment

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communistscommunists– Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the

Communist Party and union members on the city Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghaistreets of Shanghai

Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist PartyNearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party

In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of ChinaJieshi as president of China– The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of

Communist Party in ChinaCommunist Party in China

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasantspeasants– Established themselves in the countryside of Established themselves in the countryside of

south-central Chinasouth-central China– Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help

from Soviet Unionfrom Soviet Union

Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfaredue to guerilla warfare

Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War

The Long MarchThe Long March– Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists

and surrounds themand surrounds them– 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000

mile-journey (The Long March)mile-journey (The Long March)Tens of thousands die due toTens of thousands die due to

– StarvationStarvation– Battle woundsBattle wounds– Exposure to the coldExposure to the cold

– Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China. caves of northwestern China.

Luding Bridge

Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles

Mao on the Long MarchCommunist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

Cave dwellings in ShaanxiRed Army troops crossing the snowy mountains

The Manchurian IncidentThe Manchurian Incident

The Invasion of ManchuriaThe Invasion of ManchuriaSeptember 19, 193: two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened up on the September 19, 193: two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened up on the Chinese garrison nearby.Chinese garrison nearby.– response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway. response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway.

Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed: 500 Japanese troops attacked aprox. 7000 Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed: 500 Japanese troops attacked aprox. 7000 Chinese soldiersChinese soldiers

Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of 500 Chinese and only 2 Japanese lives.Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of 500 Chinese and only 2 Japanese lives.

19 Septembe, Mukden was declared secure.19 Septembe, Mukden was declared secure.

aircraft from the Chosen Army were landing at Mukden airport. aircraft from the Chosen Army were landing at Mukden airport.

Zhang Xueliang, under implicit instructions from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government to Zhang Xueliang, under implicit instructions from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government to stick to a nonresistance policy, stick to a nonresistance policy, – It had already urged his men not put up a fight, and to store away any weapons in case the It had already urged his men not put up a fight, and to store away any weapons in case the

Japanese invaded.Japanese invaded.

Therefore, the Japanese soldiers continued to occupy and garrison the major cities of Therefore, the Japanese soldiers continued to occupy and garrison the major cities of Changchun, Antung, and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty.Changchun, Antung, and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty.

November: Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of Heilongjiang, began resistance with his November: Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of Heilongjiang, began resistance with his provincial arm.provincial arm.

January: Generals Ting Chao and Li Du with their local Jilin provincial forces. January: Generals Ting Chao and Li Du with their local Jilin provincial forces.

Within 5 months of the Mukden Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all major towns Within 5 months of the Mukden Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all major towns and cities in the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. and cities in the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.

Zhang Xuwliang Zhang Xuwliang

Zhang Xuwliang was Born on June 3, 1901 Zhang Xuwliang was Born on June 3, 1901 Zhang Xuwliang, also known as the “Young Zhang Xuwliang, also known as the “Young Marshal“, was the ruler of Manchuria during the Marshal“, was the ruler of Manchuria during the Manchurian Incident.It was troops under his rule Manchurian Incident.It was troops under his rule that were blamed for blowing up the railway.He that were blamed for blowing up the railway.He spent 50 years under house arrest for helping spent 50 years under house arrest for helping start another incident called the X’ian incident start another incident called the X’ian incident but was referred as a hero for this.Instead of but was referred as a hero for this.Instead of fighting the Japanese he surprised them instead fighting the Japanese he surprised them instead by retreating his troops when they invaded.by retreating his troops when they invaded.

Seishiro ItagakiSeishiro Itagaki

Seishiro was ItagakiBorn on January 21, 1885, Seishiro Seishiro was ItagakiBorn on January 21, 1885, Seishiro Itagaki was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army Itagaki was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army during WII. He was born into a samurai class family and during WII. He was born into a samurai class family and graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy on 1904On 1931 he became the chief of the Intelligent on 1904On 1931 he became the chief of the Intelligent Section of the Kwantung Army.This was one of the Section of the Kwantung Army.This was one of the reasons why he was chosen to help plan the Manchurian reasons why he was chosen to help plan the Manchurian IncidentAnother one would be because he was a military IncidentAnother one would be because he was a military advisor for Manchukuo which was a puppet state for advisor for Manchukuo which was a puppet state for Manchuria.This allowed him to have access to all the Manchuria.This allowed him to have access to all the parts of Manchuria including the railways.parts of Manchuria including the railways.

Kanji IshiwaraKanji Ishiwara

Born on January 18, 1889 and died on August 15, 1949, Born on January 18, 1889 and died on August 15, 1949, KanjI Ishiwara, just like Seishiro, was a general of the KanjI Ishiwara, just like Seishiro, was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army. He was born in Tsuruoka and Imperial Japanese Army. He was born in Tsuruoka and lived in a samurai class family.Along with Seishiro, he lived in a samurai class family.Along with Seishiro, he was primarily responsible for the Manchurian Incident.He was primarily responsible for the Manchurian Incident.He studied the military strategies in Germany and came up studied the military strategies in Germany and came up with a basic military theory and doctrine.While leaving with a basic military theory and doctrine.While leaving Germany he converted to Nichiren Buddhism.Germany he converted to Nichiren Buddhism.

Controversy Controversy

• Different opinions still exist as to who blew up the Different opinions still exist as to who blew up the Japanese railroad at Mukden. Japanese railroad at Mukden.

• Strong evidence points to young officers of the Japanese Strong evidence points to young officers of the Japanese Kwantung Army having conspired to cause the blast, Kwantung Army having conspired to cause the blast, with or without direct orders from Tokyo. with or without direct orders from Tokyo.

• Post-war investigations also stated that the original Post-war investigations also stated that the original bomb planted by the Japanese failed to explode and a bomb planted by the Japanese failed to explode and a replacement had to be planted. replacement had to be planted.

• The resulting explosion enabled the Japanese Kwantung The resulting explosion enabled the Japanese Kwantung Army to accomplish their goal of invading Manchuria and Army to accomplish their goal of invading Manchuria and the subsequent establishment of the puppet state of the subsequent establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.Manchukuo.

Chinese Civil War: Japanese Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion Invasion

Time Out!!!Time Out!!!– The Civil War between the The Civil War between the

Nationalists and Red armies Nationalists and Red armies is suspendedis suspended

JAPAN INVADES JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931MANCHURIA IN 1931By 1937 Japan invades all of By 1937 Japan invades all of ChinaChinaNationalists and Communists Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese unite to repel Japanese invasion invasion

TO BE CONTINUED TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…AFTER WORLD WAR II…

Japanese troops entering Shenyang

Bibliography Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident#Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident#Background

http://www.slideshare.net/jcrowder/the-manchurian-incidenthttp://www.slideshare.net/jcrowder/the-manchurian-incident

http://www.answers.com/topic/mukden-incidenthttp://www.answers.com/topic/mukden-incident

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Mukden_Incidenthttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Mukden_Incident

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kanji_Ishiwara2.JPG/93px-Kanji_Ishiwara2.JPGKanji_Ishiwara2.JPG/93px-Kanji_Ishiwara2.JPG

http://image1.findagrave.com/photos/http://image1.findagrave.com/photos/2009/363/46159984_126223126210.jpg2009/363/46159984_126223126210.jpg