china and the revolution
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China and the Revolution. The End of Chinese Imperial Rule. Reasons foreign influence during Age of Imperialism China abused by Western nations China lacked industrialization weak military poor education system. The End of Chinese Imperial Rule. Nationalists - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
China and the Revolution
The End of Chinese Imperial Rule
• Reasons – foreign influence during Age of Imperialism
• China abused by Western nations
– China lacked industrialization – weak military – poor education system
The End of Chinese Imperial Rule
• Nationalists
– Kuomintang (KMT) the nationalist party in China • leader was Sun Yixian (Sun Yat Sen)• leader of China for only 6 weeks
Sun Yixian• "Three Principles of the People"
– Nationalism-- end foreign control
– Democracy-- rights of/by/for the people
– Economic security/freedom for all
• Sun turned control over to Yuan Shikai– Yuan turned China into military dictatorship
– revolution & warlords dominated China .
– peasants & country as a whole suffered
World War I
• Joined Allied side in 1917 – hoped to have foreign influence in China
removed in return
– German-held land in China given to Japan by Versailles Treaty
World War I
• May Fourth Movement (May 1919) – when news of treaty reached China, protests
broke out in China – KMT shared anger of May Fourth Movement but
unable to increase own power or make reforms– Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung) among the young
communists who called for revolution in China– increasing numbers of Chinese turned away from
democracy and toward communism
The Rise of the Communists in China
• Sun Yixian disillusioned by Western nations
– liked Lenin's (Soviet Union's) organization
– Sun asked for/received aid from Soviets
– Soviets sent military aid/advisers/equipment to China• in return for aid communists were allowed to
join the KMT
The Rise of the Communists in China
• Death of Sun Yixian (1925) → Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) taking over – had middle and upper classes on his side – middle & upper classes feared communist
influence on the economy
The Rise of the Communists in China
• Jiang Jieshi worked with communists to put down the warlords – KMT needed more men to fight
• Turned against communists soon after
Shanghai Massacre (April 1927)
• April 1927
• communists nearly eliminated
• Civil War begins
• Jiang Jieshi becomes president of China
• communists flee to western China
Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)
• Jiang loses support of the peasant class– promised reforms were never delivered to
peasants • cities modernized; rural areas ignored
– Mao & communists redistributed land to the peasants
The Long March (1934)
• communists were outnumbered by 6:1– had to retreat to mountains of western
China 6000 miles away
– thousands of communists killed but not whole army • communists live to fight another day-- seals
Jiang's fate
Japan's Invasions of China (1931 & 1937)
• Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 in response to economic problems of the Depression – Japan created puppet state of Manchukuo
Japan's Invasions of China (1931 & 1937)
• Japan invaded remainder of China in 1937
– Japan reasoned China was distracted from defense by Civil War
– invasion brought about uneasy truce b/t communists & KMT • both sides supposed to work together against
Japan • Jiang promised to make needed reforms--he
didn't
The End of the Civil War in China
• The Civil War resumed in 1945 at end of WWII
• Jiang's Nationalists millions received millions in US aid money – money went into Jiang's pockets instead into KMT's
soldiers'
• Jiang had much larger army– did not suffer great losses in war--they let
communists do the fighting
The End of the Civil War in China
• KMT was corrupt, incompetent & offered nothing to the common soldier – KMT soldiers deserted in large numbers – deserters joined communists
• by 1949 communists pushed KMT of mainland China – KMT forced to Taiwan & created Republic of
China – US supported Taiwan & USSR supported People's
Republic of China
China Under Mao
• signed friendship agreement with Soviets in 1950
• Mao began land redistribution program – 10% of population (550 million) owned 70% of
the land – anyone who resisted was killed (about a
million)
China Under Mao
• Agricultural changes – created small collective farms at first
consisting of 200-300 families – success of collective farms led Mao to proclaim
the Great Leap Forward
China Under Mao
• the Great Leap Forward– designed to improve China's agriculture– created communes to build on success of
collective farms – huge farms (25,000 people or more) – failed miserably b/c peasants had no ownership
of anything they produced– crop failures led to death of over 20 million