Unit 5

China and Japan

Name: _________________________________

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3

China: Geography Notes

1. China is one of the largest countries in area and population a. (Russia and Canada are larger)

2. Geographic isolation from the rest of the world led China to feel they were the ______________________

of the universe.

a. The Chinese called themselves the _________________ ______________________ ******* Key Regents Concept

Ethnocentrism: The belief in the superiority of your own __________________ or ___________________

Chinese ____________________ ________________________ developed this attitude of ethnocentrism

3 Rivers allowed the development of Ancient China

1. YELLOW RIVER (HUANG HE) a. ____________________ China b. Runs west to east, emptying into the _________________ c. Deposits fertile yellowish-brown soil, known as _______________ d. Also known as China’s Sorrow (because of frequent _____________)

2. YANGTZE RIVER- 3rd longest river in the world a. Navigable for almost 1000 miles b. Located in _____________ China c. Runs west to east, emptying into the ________________ Sea

3. XI Jiang a. Located in ____________________ China b. Runs west to east, emptying into the Pacific Ocea

geographic isolation

caused by

Gobi Desert

Water (Pacific Ocean)

Himalayas (mountains)

mountains and

plateaus

Mountains:

Ranges created an _________________ _________________

o Allowed for development of individual _______________

Himalayas (southwest) Kunlun and Tien Shaw (West)

Deserts:

____________ o Located on the

China/Mongolia border in the north

Coastline: Irregular (many good ___________)

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********Answer the following questions in complete sentences. ********* Use your notes from page 3 to help you!

1. What 3 rivers were important in the development of early Chinese

civilizations?

2. Why did Chinese civilization develop with little foreign influence?

3. What attitude did the Chinese develop because their civilization was isolated?

5

Ch

ina

and

Jap

an

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Label the following things on the map of China

Rivers (blue) Yellow (Huang He)

Yangtze

Xi Jiang

Seas (blue) Yellow sea

South China Sea

East China Sea

Pacific Ocean

Sea of Japan

Locations (red) Mongolia

Japan

Mountains (brown) Himalayas

Tien Shan

Kun Lun

Desert (orange/yellow) Gobi

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Chinese Dynasties

Dynasty: ________________ ________________ o China’s history can, in part, be seen as a _________ of dynasties.

Mandate of Heaven: the divine _________ to ______ was given by ______

The Chinese thought that the dynasties came in _____________. Dynastic Cycle: ______________ _____ _______ ______ ______ ___ ____________

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Loess: fertile, yellowish soil deposited by water Oracle bones: animal bone or shell used by Ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods Mandate of Heaven: divine approval of the ruler Dynastic Cycle: pattern of the rise, fall and replacement of dynasties

Activity Part A directions: Write the correct term in each blank.

1. The Huang He deposits ______________ when it overflows its banks. 2. A Chinese priest would scratch a question for the gods on ______________________. 3. The idea that royal authority came from heaven is called the ___________________________. 4. The overthrow of an old dynasty was part of the _______________________________. Part B directions: Complete the chart using the pages in your textbook.

1. What environmental challenges did China’s early civilizations face? (pp. 50-51)

2. How did the Shang protect their cities? (pg. 52, par. 2)

3. What were the main advantage and disadvantage of the Chinese system of writing? (p. 53, pars 3-4)

Advantage (+)= Disadvantage (-)=

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Shang Dynasty: (1650-1027BC) _______________ dynasty in China used ____________ ____________ to forecast the ______________ ___________________ ____ _____________ ___ _____________ _____________

Chinese characters Zhou Dynasty: (1027- 256 BC) developed the idea of the _________________ _____ _______________

(justified the removal of the Shang dynasty) _________________, Taoism, ________________ developed during this time Discovered how to make _________ from the ______________________

Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty: First dynasty to __________ China Ruler described himself as Shi Huangdi- “_________

__________________” Huangdi (a legalist) kept strict control of _________________,

persecuted _________________ Scholars, and burnt the _________________ Developed a system of weights and measures Built a large section of the _________ ______: built as a

__________________ _______________

I

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The Great Wall of China- Video

Summary: This segment gives a history of the Great Wall of China. Started in 221BC, the Great Wall was still being built when Columbus sailed to America in 1492. It’s a thousand times longer than any other human-made monument. When it was completed, it was the most elaborate national defense system ever. The story of the Great Wall is really a story of China itself- powerful emperors, rival dynasties, and terrifying enemies. Important/Interesting facts from the video: Question: What were the primary reasons for the construction of the Great Wall?

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Name: ____________________ Date: ____________________ Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:

In 221 B.C., Shi Huangdi began a new dynasty, the Qin (or Ch’in). Shi Huandi was the first Chinese ruler to call himself “emperor”. Shi believed that people were not always good and required a strong ruler to keep control. His beliefs were part of Legalism, a Chinese philosophy based on the belief that people were selfish and required strong rulers to control them. Shi Huangdi established a strong central government, built roads, and introduced a uniform system of writing and measurement throughout the empire. He also joined together several existing walls to form the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall protected China from nomadic peoples to the northwest. Stretching over 1,500 miles, it stood 22 feet high and 15 feet thick and took thousands of laborers many years to complete. Shi Huangdi’s rule was so harsh that his dynasty came to an end just after his death. Questions: A- Who was Shi Huangdi?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B- Describe the Chinese philosophy known as Legalism. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C- What were the most significant accomplishments of Shi Huangdi? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

D- Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall of China? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

E- Describe the Great Wall of China. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12 8. Effect: .

7. Effect/Cause: Unable to restore order, the Zhou Dynasty collapes

6. Effect/Cause: .

5. Cause: Feudal states continue to war against each other

4. Effect: .

3. Effect/Cause: Powerful warlords gain power and set themselves up as kings

2. Effect/Cause: .

1. Cause: Period of peace ends; China expands into Chang Jiang basin.

Activity Recognizing Effects In 221 BC the Qin Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty that had ruled China for about 800 years. To learn

more about the causes and effects of the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, read the passage below. As you read, notice the causes and effects can be both short term and long term and that effects can turn into causes.

Then complete the cause and effect diagram below. Nobles Gain Power The Zhou Dynasty set up a feudal state. Local areas were ruled by nobles

who pledged their loyalty to the king and raised armies to keep order and protect the kingdom.

For the first 300 years, the Zhou Empire remained peaceful and stable.

Beginning in 771 BC, China expanded into the Chang Jiang basin. As a result of expression,

strong nobles began to use their armies to take over the lands of weaker nobles and consolidate their power. As their power grew, the warlords

claimed to be kings in their own territory. Without the loyalty and protection of their feudal

nobles the Zhou Dynasty weakened.

The Qin Dynasty Emerges Beginning around 456 BC, feudal states were at constant war with

one another. The number of feudal states decreased, but those that survived became more

powerful. During this “time of warring states,” traditional Chinese values collapsed. Chaos,

disobedience and bloody warfare replaced love of order, harmony and respect for authority.

Powerless to end the fighting and restore order, the Zhou Dynasty finally collapsed in 256 BC. A

power struggle followed between the kings of the remaining feudal states. In 221 BC, the king of Qin conquered his rivals, seized control of China, and

started a new dynasty.

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1. Which of these three systems stresses the importance of government and a well ordered society?

Directions: As you read through pages 104-106 in your textbook, take notes summarizing the basic ideas of the following Chinese philosophies.

1. Confucianism Ideas about social order: Ideas about government:

Founder:

2. Daoism Ideas about order and harmony:

Ideas about a universal force:

Founder:

3. Legalists Ideas about social order: Ideas about government:

Founder:

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Former Han Dynasty

(206 BC- 9 AD)

• first rule under the Han • dynasty would undergo a brief 14

year overthrow, after which the Han would be restated the throne

• reestablished __________________and it's values as the basis for government

Later Han Dynasty

(23 Ad- 220 AD)

• second rule under the Han • established

____________________throughout Asia, India, Middle East, and Europe

Han Dynasty (206BC- 220AD) →After the downfall of the _________ Dynasty, _____________ established the Han Dynasty

Dynasty had two eras…

-The Han Dynasty lasted for over __________ years

-Often compared to the _____________ Empire

Han government:

Emperor relied on a large, complex ________________________________ to rule

o Bureaucracy: establishment of a number of _____________ who help govern ________

Used a _______________________ to determine qualified candidates to help run government

o Government jobs that civilians obtained by taking _____________________

o Examinations could be taken by anyone and required memorization of Confucian

__________________

Social Structure (Highest to Lowest):

Expansion under the Han:

Encouraged ___________________________ of conquered people

o Assimilation: process of making conquered people apart of Chinese Culture

Sent Chinese farmers out to conquered areas to ___________________, teach

____________________ techniques

Government officials set up _____________________ to train people in Confucian philosophy

Accomplishments:

Established ____________________________________ as the accepted philosophy in China

Introduced ______________________________________

Learned how to make _______________, invented _________________________

Used seismograph to detect magnitude of ______________________________

Emperor (semi divine

ruler)

King and Governers

(appointed by emperor

State officals, nobles, and scholars

(helped kings within the empire)

Peasants (backbone of

Chinese society)

Artisans and Merchants

Soldiers (kept in low status to prevent

revolts) slaves

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assimilation: process of making conquered people part of the conquering nation centralized government: government that concentrates power in a central authority (uniting an area) civil service: government jobs that civilians obtain by taking an examination Han Dynasty: Chinese dynasty that ruled for most of the period from 202 BC to AD 220 monopoly: one group’s complete control over the production and distribution of certain goods

Activity Han Empire Directions: Write the correct term in each blank.

Liu Bang, the first emperor of the 1. ______________________ came to power in 202

BC. He unified China by establishing a 2.__________________________, in which all

provincial leaders reported to the emperor. Wudi, another Han emperor, began

the 3._______________________ system so that government officials would be

educated in Confucianism. The Han government exerted its control over the

Chinese economy as well. For example, the government had a 4.

_________________________ on the mining of salt. As the Han empire expanded, it

encouraged 5._____________________________ of conquered peoples by sending

Chinese farmers into colonized areas.

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The Silk Road

Began during the __________________________ stretched halfway through Asia and linked East Asia with the Mediterranean World Used for over a thousand years Caravans moved from ___________________________ to _______________________________ China carried _______, _____________, and ________________ westward in exchange for goods

in India (including ______________________), _____________ from Persia and _________________ from the Roman Empire

Created the first known worldwide _____________________________ network.

Practice Questions: 1. Before the use of the Silk Road, how did geography affect early China?

1. the mountains and deserts in western and southwestern China slowed the exchange of ideas.

2. The northwestern region provided many fertile areas suitable for farming

3. The three major river systems provided barriers against invasion

4. The lack of deep water ports on the eastern coast prevented China from developing trade with other nations

2. The exchange of silks and spices and the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads are examples of

1. Self-sufficiency 2. Ethnocentrism 3. Cultural diffusion 4. desertification

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Word Bank: Dynasty, Examination, Great Wall, Unified, Legalism, Buddhism, Han, Silk Road, Mountains, Confucius

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China following the Han

*Following the fall of the Han Dynasty, China suffers through a period of ______________________ Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD) Reunites northern and southern China

o Strong ________________ government

Completed the ________________________

o Linked ____________ to ___________

o Brought needed southern agriculture to northern

cities

There were ________________ conditions building the Grand

Canal and Great Wall

o Led to ______________ and a new dynasty

The Golden Age of China Tang and Song Dynasties

The Tang Dynasties (618-907AD) ___________ and _____________ sophistication

Founded by ______________________________

Wu Zhoa

o Only _______ to assume the title ________

Revived the __________ ________ system of the Han

Dynasty

Era of heavy ____________________ Influence

Traded with India, West Asia and Europe

o The __________________ flourished

Inventions…

_________________

•developed in late 700s •bone-hard, white

ceramic made of special clay

•became a valuable export

mechanical __________

•clock in which machinery, driven by running water, regulated the movements

•short lived invention

____________________

•printers carved words of a whole page into a large block

•spread to Japan and Korea

________________

•made from a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, andcharcoal

•first used for fireworks, then weapons

•technology spread west within 30 years

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Song Dynasty (960-1279) Reunified ______________ after 60 years Skillful _________________________________ established a central ______________________________ Because of private _______________, ____________________ class grew

o Exchanged goods via the __________________________ Revived interest in ___________________________ ____________________________ of the Song Dynasty…

Practice:

pap

er _

____

____

___ • replaced string of

metal cash used by merchants

• contributed to the large scale _____________________ __________________ in China

mo

veab

le _

____

____

_ • printer could arrange blocks of individual characters in a frame to make up a __________________ _____________________

• not see in Europe until 1400s

mag

net

ic _

____

____

___ • floating

magnetized needle that always points north-south

• adapted by __________________to use at sea

• allowed China to become a major ________ _________________

According to the map, which conclusion about China

during the Tang and Song dynasties is accurate?

1. Most trade routes began in Beijing.

2. China's overland trade routes connected China to

Japan.

3. The areas under the control of these dynasties did

not change.

4. China traded extensively with other nations and

regions.

Which statement about the Tang dynasty is a fact rather than an opinion?

1. Technical advances would have been greater if the Tang dynasty had lasted

longer.

2. China’s best emperors came from the Tang dynasty.

3. The Tang emperors granted government jobs to scholars who passed

examinations.

4. The culture of the Tang dynasty was superior to that of the Han dynasty.

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The Mongol Empire Who are the Mongols? People located on the _______________________ or steppes of central ________ _________________ people who lived in portable ___________ Traveled in kinship groups, known as ______________

Temujin (1162-1227 AD) United all the steppe people into one _________ ___________ under one ____________ Became known as ________________ _____________

o “_____________ _______________” Achievements of Ghengis Khan Created the notion of an _____________ __________ or __________ _________ and greatly ______________ the Mongol _____________ Unified all _____________ into a code known as ____________ Took over China, leading to the development of the _________ Dynasty Within 50 years after he assumed rule, Mongols conquered territory from

China to Poland, creating the _________________________________________

_______________: Following the death of Ghengis Khan, his ________ and _____________ continued the

campaign of _____________ Because the empire was so large, the land was _________ into 4 regions called ________

o Run by _____________ of Ghengis Khan

____________ Khan (1260-1294 AD) Brought peace and stability to the eastern point of the empire Established the ____________ Dynasty to China

o united all of China under 1 ruler Encouraged ______________

o Allowed Italian merchant __________ ___________ to stay in Peking for 17 years

Pax Mongolica: period of __________ and law and ________ across Eurasia (mid 1200s -1300s AD)

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Name: _____________________________ Date: ____________ Part A: Match each word with it’s definition. Write the correct definition in the blank.

1. _____ clan

2. _____ Genghis Khan

3. _____ khan

4. _____ khanate

5. _____ nomad

6. _____ Pax Mongolica

7. _____ steppe

Part B: Put a plus (+) in the column if the feature applies to the empire. Enlarged

through conquest

Unified different people

Built trade network

Known for church building

1. Byzantine

Empire

2. Tang and

Song

Dynasties

3. Mongol

Empire

a. Kinship group in which the member have a

common ancestor

b. Mongol leader who unified the Mongols and

conquered much of Asia

c. Mongol title meaning “universal ruler”

d. Person who constantly moves in search of good

pasture or food

e. One of the four regions in the Mongol Empire

f. Period from the mid 1200s to the mid-1300s

during which the Mongols imposed stability,

law, and order across much of Eurasia

g. Dry grassland in Eurasia

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Practice Multiple Choice 1. The dynasty that restored unity to China after Shi Huandi’s government crumbled

was the

a. Han

b. Qin

c. Ming

d. Zhou 2. The first emperor of this dynasty was

a. Shi Huangdi

b. Xiang Yu

c. Liu bang

d. Wudi 3. A government in which a main authority controls the running of the state is a

a. Democracy

b. Oligarchy

c. Republican government

d. Centralized government 4. Government jobs that Chinese civilians obtained by taking examinations were

known as

a. Confucianism

b. The Civil Service

c. A bureaucracy

d. Scholar-officials 5. A group that has exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain

goods is called a

a. Dynasty

b. Monopoly

c. Civil service

d. Democracy

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The _________ Dynasty (1368 AD- 1644 AD)

Natural disasters, rebellions and ____________ ____________ led to the fall of ____________ Dynasty. Hongwu: (1368 AD- 1398AD)

___________ _______________________ who led a rebellion against the _______________ Established himself as emperor- Ming Hung Wu

o Ming=_______________________ Yonglo:

Moved imperial capital to Beijing Ordered construction of the ___________________________ __________________

o Home to China’s _________________________ Commissioned 7 voyages of exploration to assert dominance of Ming Chinese power

Zheng He:

Chinese Muslim Admiral who led all sea voyages under Yongle ________________ __________ __________________ from southeast Asia and eastern Africa Distributed gifts of silver and silk to show Chinese superiority

o 16 countries sent tribute back to Ming Court For reasons unknown, the Ming Dynasty turned to _______________________________. Citizens were forbidden from ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

The _________ Dynasty (1644- 1911 AD)

Coming from Manchuria, the ____________ armies moved south and conquered China in 1644 Dynasty Qing= ___________

Kangxi (1654- 1722 Ad)

First emperor of the Qing o Ruled for over 60 years

Offered ____________________________ positions in government Learned about _______________________ developments in Europe through Jesuits at court

Qian-Long (1736- 1795 AD)

Brought Qing to the height of ________________________________________________ o ___________________________ China’s borders to include Taiwan, parts of central Asia, Mongolia

and Tibet Maintained __________________________________ policy of the Ming until pressure from western nations came in the 1800s

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Japanese Religions Shintoism

-"way of the gods"

-worshipped kami (_________found in

all living and nonliving things)

-deep respect for _______________

Confucianism

-Japan adopted ideas of

_____________, _____________________ ___________________ honoring parents and ______________, and respect for

___________________

Buddhism -introduced from

Korea

- idea of gaining _______________through _______________________

appealed to Japanese

Zen Buddhism -introduced by Chinese monks

-used meditation to achieve enlightenment

but also included _____________________,

painting, training to use weapons

-important to Samurai

Japan Geography: _________________: group of islands under control of one government

Japanese Feudalism: (1100s-1870s AD) Feudalism: system of government where ____________ _____________ (nobles)

were given __________ in exchange for _______________ ______________ and ________________ to higher classes o Emperor still ruled in name, but did not have any real power o Small ruling class was superior to their subjects o All members of Japanese society had a defined place

Feudal structure

Emperor- stood at the top of society, but considered a _________________________ Shogun- ___________________ and __________________ ruler of society Daimyo- _______________, elite samurai who served the shogun in ____________________ and ___________________ Japan Samurai- small nobility class of ____________ Peasants- produced _______ for all of Japan Merchants- although wealthier than peasants, viewed as lowest for ________ ____ ________________________ to society as a whole

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Feudalism in Japan

The feudal period in Japan lasted for 700 years. During this time Japan was ruled by warrior aristocrats under a feudal system very similar to that in Europe. But European feudalism ended with the Renaissance, while that of Japan stretched for another 300 years until 1868. By then, the West had gone through both the French and American Revolutions, and was well into the Industrial Revolution.

In Japan, however, the long feudal period was by no means the “dark ages” as in Europe. In Japan, culture and education thrived, although they were firmly subordinated to the martial arts and to a political structure in which loyalty to one’s “daimyo,” or feudal lord, was the ultimate virtue and obligation.

The decline of power of the Emperor in Japan occurred in the late 12th century, when court rivals sought to reinforce their position by calling in help from two outside military houses which successively seized the real power from the Emperor. This period is written about in many tales of romantic and fearless feats of valor. (Murasaki Shikibu’s Tale of Genji is an example.)

In 1192, the chief military Minato clan, Yoritomo, received the title of Seii-tai-shogun, which means “barbarian-subduing generalissimo.” The Shogun became the real ruler of Japan, while the Emperor was only a figurehead-valued as the ultimate source of legitimacy, but became almost powerless.

Japanese feudalism was based on fiefs given to noble warriors for their performance of military duties for the lord. With this came the development of “bushido” or the “Way of the Warrior,” similar to the code of chivalry in medieval Europe. This bushido demanded that the Samurai warrior does the fighting rather than surrender, because “death is lighter than a feather, but duty is weightier than a mountain.”

Rather than surrender or accept disgrace, a Samurai was expected to commit suicide by seppuku, also known as hara-kiri.

A Samurai’s two outstanding virtues were an indifference to suffering or even death and a great capacity for unswerving personal loyalty.

The new warrior state was soon put to an epic test as Japan faced the only serious external threat in its history until 1945. The great Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan, whose absolute rule extended 5,000 miles from distant Kiev to the ports of Korea, mounted two powerful invasions of Japan. The first invasion was beaten off in 1274, but the Khan returned seven years later with the greatest armada the world would see until World War II: 4,000 ships carrying an army of 150,000 men. They secured a beachhead on Japan’s southern island of Kyushu, where Japan’s warriors fought the invaders desperately for 53 days of almost uninterrupted battle, until a sudden typhoon nearly destroyed the Mongol fleet. Feeling this was divine intervention, the samurai wiped out the invading force. In Japanese history, this timely typhoon was called a “kamikaze” or “divine wind” - a name which was to become familiar six centuries later to the U.S. Navy.

What ever the shortcoming of feudalism there is little doubt that without the martial arts of the samurai, Japan would probably have lost to the massive Mongol invasion.

Indifference: Lack of interest or concern Armanda: fleet of ships Shortcoming: weakness or flaw

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Name: ____________________________

Reading Questions

Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. How long did feudalism last in Japan?

2. What happened in the last 300 years of feudalism in Japan in the rest of the world?

3. To whom did samurai owe allegiance?

4. What title did the Emperor give the Minamoto clan in 1192?

5. Give an example of a country in today’s world that have figureheads in control

6. Explain the saying, “death is lighter than a feather, but duty is weightier than a mountain.”

7. What are the two virtues of a samurai?

8. What ended the Mongol invasion of Japan?

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Vocabulary Activity

1. Japan’s earliest religion, called ______________________________, was based on the belief that divine spirits were in nature.

2. The samurai code that emphasized bravery, honor, and loyalty was called ______________________________.

3. The ________________________________ developed a reputation as fearsome fighters.

4. The title ____________________________ means “supreme general of the emperor’s army.”

5. Under ______________________________, local rule by warlords took the place of a central government.

Bushido: the samurai code of behavior Feudalism: political system in which local warlords gained land and power in return for providing protection to landowners Samurai: members of Japan’s warrior class Shinto: Japanese religion based on respect for nature and on the worship of ancestors Shogun: Japanese military force

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Tokugawa Shogunate (1603 -1867)

Tokugawa Shoguns: Created a __________________________ _________________________

government Maintained strict ____________________________ and ___________________ Brought _____________________ and stability to Japan by bringing

____________________ ____________________________ under control Tokugawa Ieyasu (Shogun in 1603) Moved capital to _____________ (today _____________________) Completed _____________________________ of Japan In order to control the daimyos, they were _________________________ to

live In Edo for part of the year, instead of their own estates o Became known sankin-kotai

Shogun kept an eye on families Held ____________________

This policy kept daimyo ______________________ and _____________________ Less able to __________________ against government

Social Structure

______________

__________________

__________________

___________________

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Tokugawa Seclusion Policy

Problems

Japan ___________to keep up with European __________________in

science, technology and military power

RESULT: Japan is susceptible to _____________

Effects

Gave Japan a long period of ____________and _________________

Cultural advances:

• Growth of Zen _____________________(landscape, gardening, tea ceremony)

• Advances in Japanese art and theater (_____________)

• Literature: stories, poetry (_______________)

Economic prosperity

• Growth of cities and population (better farming)

• _______________trade increased • Merchants became _________________

• Cities became linked roads

Result 1614 AD: Ieyasu banned

Christianity in Japan

Tokugawa officials rounded up ________________and killed them

1638 AD: Shoguns barred all ______________ merchants

and prohibited ________________ people from

travelling abroad

For the next 200 years, Japan remained

____________________to Europe

Cause:

Increase in Portuguese

_______________

(arrived in 1453)

Many Japanese converted to _________________-Seen as a

threat

Spain controls Philippine Island

-Japan became worried about _____________ ______________