chief caretaker - mr. e. heinrichslshs.longwood.k12.ny.us/userfiles/servers/server... · lungs....
TRANSCRIPT
Chief Caretaker - Mr. E. Heinrichs
To successfully visit the Virtual Zoo just
click on the location you wish to explore.
Learn all you can then visit the quiz house
to test your knowledge.
Think you know
more than me?
Coelenterates
Aviary
Commissary
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fish
Sponge
Echinoderm
Flatworms
Annelids
Arthropods
Round Worms
Mammals
Quiz House
Included: Hydra, Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemones
Check this out !
Coelenterates have a simple digestive system called the gastrovascular
cavity.
They are made up of three main body layers
1. epidermis: outer body
2. gastroderm: inner surface of the gastrovascular cavity
3. mesoglea: jelly-like material found between layers
Coelenterates feed on small animals captured with their nemotocysts,
(Stinging Cells) which are located on the tentacle.
Coelenterates lack muscles to help them move about.
Most Coelenterates expand and contract the epidermis cells in the
tentacles in order to help them move about.
Coelenterates can reproduce both sexually and asexually. .
Coelenterates have radial symmetry.
Coelenterates - Eating
Nematocysts are poison filled sacs on a spring. When
they are touched, it darts off, explodes and buries itself
into the skin of the animal. The dart paralyzes the prey
so the cnidarian can attack. It uses it's tentacles to shove
the prey into it's mouth. Most of the food is digested, but
some waste is released back out the mouth. Coelenterates
contain a very simple nervous system called a nerve net
that is concentrated around the mouth.
Back to the Map!
General Characteristics:
•Feathers - Modified Scales?
•Spindle shaped body
•Two pair of limbs (Wings & Legs)
•Strong and lightweight bone structure
•Four chambered Heart
More
Back to the Map!
•Horn covered bill or beak
•Excretory system does not contain a urinary bladder
•Internal fertilization / external development
•Warm blooded
Welcome
to the
LHS Virtual Zoo
Commissary
Back to the Map
Tension Breaker
Had to be done!
Amphibians Include: Frogs, Toads, Salamanders and Newts.
General Characteristics:
• Ectothermic – Cold-Blooded
• Reproduction and development must take place in water
• Thin skin that contains mucus-secreting glands
• Two pair of limbs for walking, jumping and swimming
• One pair nostrils connected to the Oral cavity
• Three chambered heart (Two Atria – One Ventricle)
• Metamorphosis during development from juvenile to
adult form
Click on the photo to go there!
Map
Salamanders and Newts • Have Tails even as adults
• Long bodies and tails with four short limbs
• Feed on fish, snails, insects, worms and
other salamanders
• Some are entirely aquatic which never lose
their juvenile gills
• Others live on land in moist regions breathing
with lungs
Salamanders and Newts • Have Tails even as adults
• Long bodies and tails with four short limbs
• Feed on fish, snails, insects, worms and
other salamanders
• Some are entirely aquatic which never lose
their juvenile gills
• Others live on land in moist regions breathing
with lungs
We are really
the same thing
as a salamander!
• No tails
• Adults have short squat bodies
• Strong hind legs well suited for jumping
• Dry, rough, warty skin
• Can survive away from water
• Burrow in daytime to avoid sun
• Hibernate during the winter underground
• Feed on insects and worms
Toads
Frogs
• No tails
• Adults have short squat bodies
• Strong hind legs well suited for jumping
• Thin, moist skin that is loosely attached to their body
• Live near water
• Hibernate during the winter in mud at the bottom of
water body
• Feed on insects and worms
• Larval form called a tadpole
Click for more
about Frogs
Sounds
Frogs and toads protect themselves by;
1. Camouflage
2. Jumping ability
3. Diving underwater or out onto land
4. Unpleasant taste or poison
produced by glands in the skin
What about
Reproduction!
Reproduction of the frog
Frogs mate externally releasing millions of eggs and
sperm into the water. The male will grasp the female with
its front legs helping her squeeze her eggs out and ensuring
his sperm have a better chance of fertilization. After 6 – 9
days eggs hatch into tadpoles. Tadpoles have no legs or
lungs. They breathe with gills and swim with tails. Tadpoles
have a two-chambered heart. Metamorphosis ranges
between three months to several years. During this time the
tadpole reabsorbs the tail, grows legs and develops lungs.
Reptiles Include:
Lizards
Snakes
Turtles
Alligators Crocodiles
General Characteristics:
Ectothermic – Cold-Blooded
Live on land (some aquatic)
Internal Fertilization & external development - Lay eggs
Thick leathery eggshell protects egg
No metamorphosis during lifecycle
Dry scaly skin – protects against desiccation
Two pair of legs (*except snakes)
Five clawed toes per foot*
Circulation – three chambered heart
(two Atria – one partially separated Ventricle)
Partial separation restricts mixing of oxygenated &
deoxygenated blood to body cells. Crocodiles and
alligators have four chambered hearts.
Excretion – Nitrogenous waste is excreted as Uric Acid making
the urine a semisolid paste. This adaptation helps
conserve water.
Snakes
• No legs, or ear openings
• Immovable eyelids
• Different size scales
• Found in all biomes
• Feed on many small animals
• Forked tongue contains odor-sensing organs
that pick up scents and deliver them to the
Jacobson’s organs in the roof of the mouth
• Deaf to airborne sounds but feel ground vibrations
• Pit Vipers have heat-detecting organs between
nostrils and eyes
Eating – Some snakes swallow their prey alive while others kill it before
swallowing. Large snakes such as pythons and Boas crush their prey or
suffocate it using their body coils before swallowing. Poisonous snakes
have specialized teeth called fangs that are connected to their salivary
glands where poison or venom is made. Venom is pumped into bite
through hollow or grooved fang.
Neurotoxin – attacks nervous system, paralyzing victim
Hemotoxin – attack RBC and other blood vessels
Snakes can swallow prey many times larger than their mouth by
dislocating their jaw. Teeth are angled backwards to prevent food from
escaping. Ribs expand because they are only attached on one side.
Windpipe is projected forward so the snake can breathe throughout the
long swallowing process. After a large meal a snake can go weeks or even
months without feeding.
Click on
photo for
fullscreen
Always
during
Dinner!
That’s a Gazelle this African Rock
Python is eating!
Crocodiles & Alligators Largest living reptiles
Located in Tropical wetlands
Alligator – Fresh Water only
Crocodile – Both Salt & Fresh
Strong muscular tails used for swimming
Long snout with powerful jaws
Teeth are arranged differently
Alligator – Teeth enclosed
Broad snout
Less aggressive
Crocodile –Teeth exposed
Pointed snout
More aggressive
Feed on animals captured by ambush Website may
take time to
load.
Turtles • Found on land, marine and fresh water
• Body enclosed in protective shell
Carapace
(top)
Plastron
(bottom)
• Feed on plants and small animals
• No teeth – tear food with a hard, sharp beak
• Internal Fertilization & External Development
(Lay eggs on land)
Lizards
• Four legs with claws
• Uniform Scales
• Movable eyelids
• External ear openings
• Live in all biomes
• Feed on varied food
(Insects, small animals, eggs, plants, etc…)
• Defenses vary but include;
removable tails, coloration, poison
Jawless Fish make up
two individual classes
that are the most
primitive vertebrates.
Cartilage Fish -
Sharks and Rays
Bony Fish - Bluefish,
Flounder
Fish – There are Four Classes of fish
Lampreys
•No true jaw.
•Long snake-like bodies with smooth scales on skin.
•Two single dorsal fins and one tailfin.
•Skeleton composed of cartilage.
•External fertilization and development.
•Found in fresh and salt water.
•Most are parasites, attaching to the side of larger
fish with suction cup mouth and gnawing a hole
into the side to drink blood and body fluids.
•Mate in fresh water streams where they remain for
3 to 7 years.
•Adults only live one or two years. See Lamprey’s
feed
Lamprey
Hagfish •Long snake-like bodies with smooth scales on skin.
•Two single dorsal fins and one tail fin.
•No true jaw.
•Skeleton composed of cartilage.
•External fertilization and development.
•Found only in salt water.
•Feed on dead animals at the bottom of the ocean.
• Skin gland produce large quantities of
slime when threatened.
Cartilaginous Fish Include: sharks, rays and skates
•Skeleton completely made of
cartilage.
•Movable upper and lower jaws
with sharp teeth.
•Two chambered hearts.
•Feed on a variety of food.
Cartilaginous Fish - Skates and Rays
• Flattened wing like bodies with whip-like tails
• Live on ocean floor
• Feed on worms, mollusks and crustaceans
• Defense includes; poison stingers,
electric charges
Sharks
•Streamlined fish that move with their tails
•Swimming forces water over gills and out five
or seven pairs of gill slits. If a shark
stops moving it will die due to lack of
oxygen.
•Internal Fertilization and both internal and
external development
•Well-developed sense of smell and vibration
•Most Feed on fish and some feed on Plankton
•Skin covered with placoid scales (tough, tooth-
like scales)
Bony Fish
•Largest class of vertebrates.
•Skeleton made of bone.
•Paired fins.
•Protective, overlapping scales.
•Body form varies from the eel to the Seahorse with
most following the streamlined body construction as
in the Perch.
•Fins made of bone and cartilage connected with skin
webbing.
•Fins aid maintaining balance and movement.
Bony Fish (Cont.)
Gills provide oxygen but unlike sharks fish can draw water
over gills.
Two Chambered heart (One Atria & One Ventricle)
Swim Bladder helps fish maintain buoyancy
Fertilization and development are external
Defense includes; sharp spines, inflation, flying,
strong electric charge, poison, etc
Sponge
•Simplest of all animals
•Contain many pores through which
water flows continuously
•All sponges are aquatic
•Adults are sessile (don’t move)
•Larvae are free swimming
•Size and shape vary widely
•Many different colors
Click me
You’re a
good Sport
and
Hopefully
your
learning a
thing or
two!
•Three layer body composition
Outer layer composed of thin epidermal cells
Middle layer filled with gel and amebocytes
(Wandering cells)
Amebocytes secrete spicules which
provide support
Inner layer contains collar cells and have a
flagellum for food gathering
•The beating of the collar cells and their flagellum
create a current drawing water through sponge
and out the Osculum (top)
•Respiration is by diffusion
•Reproduction either asexual (budding) or sexual
(gametes)
Echinoderms (Spiny Skinned Animals)
Includes;
Starfish, Sea Cucumbers and Sand Dollars
I am NOT a Fish!
More
•All Marine living on the ocean floor
•Larva have Bilateral Symmetry
•Adults have Radial Symmetry (demonstration)
•Internal skeleton which provides support and
protection
•Skeleton composed of hard calcified plates
embedded in the body wall
•Spiny projections stick out the body wall
Sea Star
•Most have five arms radiating from a central disk
(can have as many as 20)
•Respiration is conducted by diffusion across the skin gills
•Fertilization and development are external
•Sea Stars can regenerate lost body parts
OUCH !! That’s Better
Regeneration Click
Feed on clams and oysters, prying the prey open using its tube
feet. It then inserts stomach through opening. Enzymes are
secreted partially digesting the prey which is reabsorbed by the
stomach and fully digested in the arms of the sea star.
Move utilizing a water-vascular system
Dorsal surface has a Sieve plate into which sea water
enters traveling through a series of canals to the tube feet on
each radial arm. If water is pumped out of the tube feet the
sea star creates a suction within the cup and can grasp the
object. If water is pumped into the tube feet the sea star
releases its suction and therefore lets go.
Flat Worms
Include;
Free living flatworms (planarian),
Parasitic flukes,
Parasitic tapeworms
General Characteristics
Bilateral symmetry
Flattened bodies
Three body layers
Ectoderm – outside
Mesoderm – middle
Endoderm – inside
Planarian
Flukes
Tapeworm
Planarian •Live in fresh water
•Gray, brown or black in color
•Triangular head with eyespots
(detect light intensity)
•When eating pharynx is projected out the
mouth and sucks small bits of food in
•Excretion occurs through the oral cavity
•No skeletal, respiratory or circulatory
systems (Diffusion)
•Hermaphroditic with no self-fertilization
•Internal fertilization and external
development
Flukes
•Parasitic
•Body covered with thick cuticle, which protects it from host’s
Immune System.
•Suckers help it attach to host intestinal blood vessels
•Eat pre-digested food
•Reproduction
1. Eggs laid in and removed by host excretory system
2. Eggs hatch into free swimming larvae in water
3. Larvae enter snails and reproduce asexually
4. New organisms leave snail and infect water sources
5. Flukes bore into host through skin
Cause; loss of blood, diarrhea, severe pain
Tapeworm
•Parasitic
•Long ribbon-like body form
•Four to nine meters in length
•Contain excretory, nervous and highly developed reproductive
systems
•Lack mouths and digestive systems
•Scolex (head) contain hooks and/or suckers to hold themselves
in the intestinal tract of host
•Digested food diffuse into tapeworm’s body
Reproduction
•Reproduction
1. Beneath head is a region of reproduction which makes
more segments
2. Hermaphroditic and can self fertilize
3. End sections filled with 100,000 fertilized eggs break off
and are removed through host excretory system
4. If contaminated food is eaten by cattle or pigs, larvae
embed themselves in the muscle fibers forming a
dormant capsule
5. Humans eat undercooked, contaminated meat releasing
the tapeworm
Causes; nutrient deprivation, blockage of intestinal tract
Annelida – Segmented Worms
Include;
Clam Worm Leech Earthworm
Segmented Worms
Body composed of a series of segments
•Found in marine, fresh water or land
•Nervous system – concentrated at anterior end
Cerebral ganglia (primitive brain)
Turns into ventral nerve cord passing
posteriorly
•Digestive system – straight, tubular, muscular canal
which can function independently from body wall.
Coelom (Fluid filled cavity) separate alimentary
canal from body wall.
Think you remember the
internal structures? Try Me
Clam Worm (Sand Worm)–
Live in intertidal zone
Feeds at night - burrows during the day
Eats by extending pharynx out mouth exposing jaws that grasp food
Fertilization and development external
Leech Freshwater parasite
Segmentation difficult to see
Attach to host using anterior and posterior suckers
Anterior sucker contains mouth and jaws which cut host skin
Enzymes prevent blood clotting as leech sucks up blood
Fertilization is internal in hermaphroditic leeches
Development is external
Earthworm Quiz
Word Bank
Crop
Gizzard
Pharynx
Esophagus
Seminal Vesicles
Seminal Receptacles
Intestine
Dorsal Blood vessel
Aortic Arch
Nephridia
Nerve Cord
Answers
Earthworm Quiz
Word Bank
Crop………………... F
Gizzard……………... G
Pharynx……………..A
Esophagus…………. B
Seminal Vesicles….. C
Seminal Receptacles.. D
Intestine…….……… H
Dorsal Blood vessel... I
Aortic Arch………….E
Nephridia…………... K
Nerve Cord………….J
Answers
* Click on class names *
Arthropods
•Most Biologically successful group of animals
•There are more species of Arthropods than all
other organisms put together!
•All have bilateral symmetry
•All have jointed legs
•All have exoskeleton (made of protein and Chitin)
Must molt to grow
•Segmented into Head, Thorax and Abdomen
•Well-developed nervous system including; sense organs
(eyes, antennae, hearing)
•Open circulatory system
•Divided into Five Classes –
•Crustaceans, Centipedes, Millipedes, Arachnids and Insects
Crustaceans
Include; Lobsters, Crabs, Crayfish,
Shrimp, Barnacles, Water fleas and others
•Two pair antennae on their head
•Exoskeleton – hardened with lime
•Head and Thorax fused into a cephalothorax
(Carapace – upper portion)
•Paired appendages have specific function
Antennae – taste, smell, touch, balance
Mandibles – Crush, taste, handle food
Chelipeds – grasping, catching food, defense
Walking legs – four pair
Swimmerets – Swimming, Carry eggs(female)
Telson/Uropods – backwards movement
More
•Regeneration of lost or damaged parts
•Open circulatory system
•Gills provide oxygen to body cells
•Complex nervous system
Brain connected to eyes, antennules and antennae
Sensory organs include compound eyes on moveable
stalks
Sensory hair detect touch and chemicals
Statocysts – manage equilibrium utilizing sand grains
obtained during molt
•Reproduction – Sperm transferred to female using
swimmerets, where it remains until spring. Female lays
hundreds of eggs which are held by her through several molts
and released.
Centipedes
•Typically have 30 to 35 pair of legs
•Segmented body
•All segments have legs
•Feed on insects caught with poison claws
Millipedes
•Typically more than 300 pair of legs
•Segmented body
•Two pair of legs per segment
•No poison claws
•Slower than centipedes
•Feed on decaying plant material
Arachnids
Include; Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks, Mites
•Body composed of cephalothorax and abdomen
•No antennae
•Cheliceras – fangs deliver toxins which paralyze
victim as “Sucking Stomach” ingests body fluids
•Pedipalps – Sensitive to chemicals and touch and
are used for holding food. Male delivers sperm to
female with the palipalps. More
•Six walking legs
•Breathe with book lungs located on the
lower abdomen (leaf-like plates)
•Internal fertilization & external
development
•Female lays eggs and wraps them in a
cocoon, which is carried, deposited in the
ground or laid into other animals.
•Spinnerets – spin silk (fluid protein) from
silk glands in abdomen
•Web used to; construct webs, line nests,
make cocoons for eggs, elevating
themselves, and escape danger
Insects
Include; More than 900,000 known species.
WHY?
- Only invertebrate capable of flight
( food search, mating, predator escape)
- Short life cycle & high reproductive rate
( increases adaptation)
- Small size ( require small habitats)
M
O
R
E
General Characteristics
•Three body sections (Head, Thorax, Abdomen)
•One pair antennae
•Compound eyes
•Three pair walking legs
•Some have wings
•Variation of mouthparts to their food source
Chewing – grasshopper
Sucking – Bee
Needle-like – Mosquito
Coiled Siphon – Butterfly
Sponging & Lapping – Fly
More
Reproduce sexually, most undergoing a metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis – Egg, Nymph, Adult
ex. Grasshopper
Complete Metamorphosis – Eggs, Larvae(caterpillar),
Pupa, Adult ex. Butterfly
Round Worms
Include; Trichina, Filaria, Pinworms, and hookworm
•Bilateral symmetry
•Two opening digestive tract
•Elongated, cylindrical bodies tapered at each end
•Covered with a tough cuticle
•Free-living or parasitic
•Live in all regions (aquatic or terrestrial)
•No circulatory or respiratory systems
•Move in a whip-like fashion
•Internal fertilization and external development
Click
for
diseases
•Most are parasites causing diseases
•Can be controlled with good hygiene, proper sanitation,
proper cooking and drugs
Diseases;
Trichina - Trichinosis
Filaria - Elephantiasis
Pinworms – itching
Hookworm – suck blood from intestine after trip
through lung
Elephantiasis
What is the
LARGEST phylum
of animals?
a. Birds b. Arthropods c. Mammals
Try Again
Which of the following is
NOT an Annelid?
A. Clamworm B. Earthworm
C. Ringworm D. Leech
Next Question
Try Again
Next
How many different types
of Mammals are there?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 15 D. 26
Try Again
Next Question
What is an Echinoderm?
A. A spiny skinned animal.
B. A type of mammal.
C. A marine creature similar to an Octopus.
D. A Skin Disease.
Next Question
Try Again
Which of the following is not a Cartilage Fish?
Shark Ray Bluefish
Next Question
Try Again
Is this an Alligator or a Crocodile?
Alligator
Crocodile
Next Question
Try Again
Return
Which of the following is Ectothermic?
a. Amphibian
b. Bird
c. Mammal
d. All of the above
Go Back
Next Question
What is the difference between a spider
and an insect?
A. Spiders have six legs. B. Spiders have eight legs.
C. Insects don’t have antennae. D. Spiders are Icky!
Next Question
Go Back
Go Back
What is the Simplest of all animals?
Human Jellyfish Sponge
Moving on…
Defrost
Which of the following is a true statement
concerning Birds?
A. They don’t have a Urinary Bladder.
B. They have a 4 chambered heart.
C. They are spindle shaped.
D. All of the above.
Answer
Answer
Answer
Answer
Guess Away
Next Question
General Characteristics:
•Most are terrestrial
•All have Hair (Amount varies)
•Warm Blooded
•Four chambered heart
•Highly developed Cerebrum (part of the brain)
•Highly differentiated teeth
•Give birth to live young (except Monotremes)
•Nourish their young with milk produced in mammary glands
Onward !
Monotremes – “Egg laying mammals”
Platypus Spiny Anteater
•Only live in Australia.
•Most primitive of the mammals.
Marsupials – “Pouched Animals”
Give birth to very young, immature offspring which
must climb into mothers pouch without assistance.
Kangaroo Koala Bear Opossum
Placental Mammals – Young remain in the
uterus of the mother until development is complete. Types of…
•Even Number of toes
•Herbivores
•Feeds in herds
•Flat teeth for grinding plants
•Examples;
Pigs, Deer, Antelope,
Sheep, Cattle, Giraffe and Camels (pictured)
Next >
Next
Enlarged claw that forms hoof.
Walk on their toes.
Most live in Grasslands or Savannahs.
Lg. grooved molars to grind grasses.
Examples;
Horse, Tapir,
Rhinoceros
Odd
Number
of Toes
Nex
t Include: feline, canine, ursidae (bear)
Predatory
Flesh eating.
Dental arrangements determine
families.
Next Mammal
See an
Elephant Skull
Only Two Species left alive!
African Elephant and Indian Elephant INFO
Thick Skin.
Matriarchal Social Structure.
Babies cared for several years.
Males live solitary lives.
Trunk extremely flexible, muscular organ.
Trunk Uses:
~ Exploration ~ Friendly wrestling matches
~ Feeding ~ Grab & throw objects
~ Drinking ~ Smell
Elephant Skull Elephant Foot
Order – Edentata “Mammals without teeth”
Include; Anteaters
Armadillos (Pictured)
Sloth (pictured below)
These mammals have either very
small teeth or no teeth at all.
Next
Examples - Shrew, Hedgehog, Moles
There’s More?
•Eat insects
•Long Narrow snout
•Small eyes and external ear openings
•Hibernate during winter
•5 clawed digits
Next
Herbivore
Short Tails
Incisors (Front teeth) grow throughout life.
Want to
see a
Rabbit skull?
Elongated ears and hind limbs
Back
- Highly Adaptable - Single pair of razor sharp incisors grow continuously.
- Opportunists - High reproductive rate
Next
MORE? Closest biological relative.
Highly organized cerebral cortex
200 Known species
MORE?
Opposable Thumbs.
Fingernails not claws.
Sensitive pads on underside of fingers.
Teeth vary considerably.
Increased Brain size.
Upright posture.
Social grouping.
Stereoscopic vision (allows depth perception).
Pictures
What are
you
Looking
At?
More Still!
•Only Flying Mammal.
•Pollinate Plants
•Disperse Seed
•Feed on Insect pests
(Up to 600per hour)
•Nocturnal – Roost in
colonies
Vampires!!!
Vampire bats usually feed on livestock, although humans
may occasionally be unwilling blood donors. They make
a small, painless incision in the skin and lap up the blood
with their tongues while anti-coagulant chemicals in
their saliva ensure that the blood meal continues
flowing.
Moving on…
Two types
Mysticeti
(Baleen
Whales)
Odontoceti
(Toothed
Whales)
oLargest Animals on Planet
oBaleen Plates instead of teeth
oBaleen made of Keratin (Same
thing as fingernails and hair)
oEat Krill, Plankton & Sm. Fish
o2 Blowholes
oSymmetrical Skull
oNo Echolocation
Types: Blue, Gray,
Humpback, Fin, Right,
Minke, Bowhead
Photos of Narwhals
oTeeth (2- 250 depends on species)
oEat fish, squid, marine mammals
oSmaller than mysticeti
o1 Blowhole
oEcholocation
oAsymmetrical Skull
Types: Sperm, Killer,
Beaked, Pilot, Beluga,
Dolphins, Porpoise,
Narwhal
That Horn is
really a tooth!
Keep them coming
o Aquatic Carnivores
o Evolutionary split from Ursidae (Bears)
o Fore flippers and Tusks
o Skillful divers & Swimmers
o Eat Krill, crustaceans, mollusks
and fish.
That’s a lot of
Mammals!
Manatee Skull
•Slow, passive animals
•Tropical waters
•Herbivores
•Eat 30 Lbs. food
daily
•Forelimbs modified
into flippers
•Vestigial pelvis
•Flattened tail
•Mammary gland
under front flipper
“The
Mermaids”
Back