chemistry of life and metabolism
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CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
Lecture 2 MBB1The Fundamentals!
!1. Chemistry of Life!2. The cellular and the acellular world!3. Functional Anatomy of Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes!4. Metabolism!
!
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• CHEMISTRY!
• the science that deals with the interaction between atoms and molecules
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
knowledgeclass.blogspot.com
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• THE ATOMS!
• the smallest unit of chemical elements that are involved in chemical reactions
• consist of nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons moving around the nucleus
• Atomic Number = number of protons
• Atomic Weight = number of protons and neutrons
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
chemistry.tutorvista.com
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• THE ATOMS: Electronic Configurations!
• in an atom, electrons are arranged around the nucleus in electron shells
• each shell can hold a characteristic maximum number of electrons
• THUS: chemical properties of an atom is due largely to the number of electrons in its outermost shell
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
≤ 2 e
≤ 8 e
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• THE ATOMS: Electronic Configurations
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
chemistry.tutorvista.com
The combining capacity of an atom (VALENCE) is the number of EXTRA or MISSING electrons in the outermost shell.
Example: C = 4 (4); N = 5 (3); O = 6 (2); H = 1(1)
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• ATOMS TO MOLECULES: CHEMICAL BONDS!
• Compounds are molecules made up of two or more atoms
• NOTE: compounds are formed to fill the outermost shell (unfilled spaces)
• Chemical Bonds are attractive forces that bind atomic nuclei of two atoms together
• e.g. Ionic, Covalent, H-bonds
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• IONIC BONDS!
• chemical attraction between ions of opposite charge
• electron donor and electron acceptor
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• COVALENT BONDS!
• atoms share pair of electrons
• stronger than ionic bonds and more common in organisms
• determine POLARITY
• polar -unequal sharing
• non-polar - equal sharing
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• HYDROGEN BONDS!
• exists when a hydrogen atom COVALENTLY bonded with oxygen or nitrogen atoms are ATTRACTED to another oxygen or nitrogen atom
• form WEAK links between molecules
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
The H-bonds of LIFE
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• MOLECULAR WEIGHT and the MOLES!
• sum of atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule
• Application in the lab: MW = g/L or g/mole
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
Example: Tris base used to make Tris-HCL buffer !
If MW = 121.14 g/mole… you need 121.14 g per Liter of buffer to be prepared (1M)
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• CHEMICAL REACTIONS!
• Synthesis - combines to form a larger molecule
• A + B AB!
• Decomposition - large molecule broken down into smaller components
• AB A + B
• Exchange - two molecules are decomposed and their subunits are used to synthesize two new molecules
• AB + CD AC + BD
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTION
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong www.umich.edu
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS!
• Inorganic compounds are small ionically-bonded molecules
• Water
• Acids, Bases and Salts
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• WATER!
• most abundant substance in cells
• polar THUS an excellent solvent and a temperature buffer
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong bio1151.nicerweb.com
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• ACID, BASES & SALTS!
• ACID dissociates into H+ and anions
• HCl = H+ and Cl -
• BASE dissociates into OH - and cations
• NaOH = Na+ and OH -
• SALT dissociates into negative and positive ions
• NaCl = Na+ and Cl -
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
• pH is the concentration of H+ in a solution
academic.cuesta.edu
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS!
• organic compounds always contain C and H
• mostly covalently bonded
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong www.proprofs.com
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
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THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• CARBOHYDRATES (CHOs)!
• contains C, H, O
• examples: sugars and starches
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong bodybuilding-wizard.com
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and Polysaccharide
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong bioserv.fiu.edu
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• LIPIDS!
• insoluble in water
• simple lipid (fat) = glycerol + 3 FA
• unsaturated FA - one or more double bonds
• saturated FA - no double bonds between carbon atoms (have higher melting points)
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• saturated versus unsaturated FA
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
www.dradvice.co.uk
www.tackleacne.com
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• PROTEINS!
• amino acids are the building blocks of proteins (C, H, O, N, sometimes S)
• peptide bonds link amino acids to form proteins
• primary (sequence), secondary (helices or pleats), tertiary (overall 3D structure) and quaternary (2 or more polypeptide chains) structures
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong www.womens-protein.com
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• NUCLEIC ACIDS!
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• NUCLEOTIDE = pentose + phosphate group + nitrogen-containing base
• NUCLEOSIDE = pentose + nitrogen-containing base
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• DNA versus RNA
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• NUCLEOTIDE versus NUCLEOSIDE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong www.siumed.edu
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• ATP!
• stores chemical energy for various cellular activities
• hydrolysis of ATP will release energy
• energy from oxidation reaction will form ATP from ADP and Pi
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong www.abc.net.au
THE DOMAINS OF LIFE
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faculty.southwest.tn.edu
THE VIRUSES: ACELLULAR
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong www.emporia.edu
PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
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www.phschool.com
PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
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ANIMAL CELLS
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hubpages.com
PLANT CELLS
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hubpages.com
BACTERIAL CELLS
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micro.magnet.fsu.edu
indianapublicmedia.org
YEAST CELLS
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong cnx.org
sharon-taxonomy2009-p3.wikispaces.com
METABOLISM
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
www.elmhurst.edu
CATABOLISM & ANABOLISM
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
library.med.utah.edu
RESPIRATION & FERMENTATION
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classes.midlandstech.edu