chemistry/ biochemistry presentation

8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation

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Chemistry & BiochemistryChapters 2 & 3

Honors Biology

Mrs. Gutierrez


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Why studychemistry in

a biologyclass?

Even the most

basic units oflife, cells , aremade of smallerand smallersubunits

The structureand function ofall living thingsare governed bythe laws ofchemistry


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What is Chemistry?

The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of a substance.

All life processes involve chemical changes. Digestion Reproduction Growth

Respiration

Once chemical changes are understood, life processes can be better understood.


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matter energy

atoms mass

elements

92109

molecule

compound

structure

proton neutron electron

nucleus isotope ion

hydrogen

pH

acid base

kineticheat

movement Activationenergy

reactions

potential

position

stored

battery ATP

chemical

bonds

ionic

covalenthydrogen


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What is pH?

pH stands for the potential/power of thehydrogen ion (H +)

pOH is the potential/power of thehydroxide ion (OH -)

pH and pOH add up to14 Ex: if the pOH of a

solution is 7, what is the pH?

A pH of 7 is considered

neutral


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http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html

pH scale quantified
http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html


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pH Concentrations

What type of a solution has a pH of 5? Acid

Which is a stronger acid, pH 5 or pH 2? pH 2

How much stronger? 103 or 1,000 times stronger The pH scale is logarithmic, each increment being a

multiple of 10 The increments are then multiplied


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Indicators indicate the concentration of a substance

by color. Universal indicator is only one example.
http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htm


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ttp: www. g .org g customresources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/scien

ce/acids/index.htm Read the Help section to review Chose Litmus Reactions Type your FULL name Follow directions
http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htm


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Reaction of Various Materials to

pH & Litmus PapersMaterialTested

Reaction toRed Litmus

Reaction toBlue Litmus

pH accordingto pH paper

HCl

NaOH

H2O


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Other ways of measuring pH

pH meter Hand-held device

pH probe Uses a computer

interface


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pH Lab

You will be using atechnique called titration

An acid or base will be placed in a buret andslowly added to the testsolution Water Buffer Cell homogenate

The computer will assistin recording any changesin pH

Acid or

base

Test soln.


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Chemical Buffers

Chemical substances thatneutralize small amountsor either acid or base

added to a solution BUFFERS DO NOT

NECESSARILY NEUTRALIZE THESOLUTION TO A PH 7!

Ex: stomach acid remainsat a pH of 2 regardless ofwhether you ingest acidicor basic substances


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Application of Buffers

Chemicalreactions willonly occurnormally in asystem thatresists a changein pH

This is part of a process knownas homeostasi s

The pH of many living things tends to be around neutral.


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Monomer vs. Polymer Mono = 1 A monomer is the

basic building block

poly = many A polymer is made up

of many monomers

How do the 2boxcars jointogether to form

a long train?


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Dehydration Synthesis or

Condensation Reaction


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Condensation/Hydrolysis

Demonstration http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi

oac/biochem/condense.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm


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Note: Glucose and fructose are isomers


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Review

Monosaccharide #2Monosaccharide #1

Disaccharide


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Formation of a polysaccharide

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html


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LipidsType of

Compound

Examples Elements Subunit

(monomer)

Functions

Triglycerides Fats,

Oils

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen

3 fatty acids and aglycerol

Stored energy(9Cal/g), insulation,nerve impulses,

protectionSecondary solvent ofcell

Waxes Ear wax Same 1 fatty acid andalcohol chain

Protection,waterproofing

Steroids Hormones,

cholesterol

Same Fused carbon rings Regulate chemical

reactions

Phospholipids Cellmembranes

same 2 fatty acids and aglycerol

Regulates what entersand leaves a cell


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Formation of a Triglyceride

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htm


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P i


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ProteinsType ofCompound

Examples Elements Subunit(monomer)

Functions

Hemoglobin

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen

Amino acid General function of a protein is building andrepair. (May be used asan energy source as alast resort (4Cal/g)?Binds gases in red

blood cellsInsulin Same Same Regulates blood sugar

levels

Albumin Same Same Nourishing componentof egg whites

Keratin Same Same Structural componentof hair, skin, and nails

Enzymes Same Same Act as a catalyst byregulating chemical

reaction rates


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Formation of a polypeptide

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htm


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Enzymes

Most enzyme are proteins Three characteristics

Reusable Specific Catalyst (lower the activation energy (E a)of a

reaction) http://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/C

ontrol_Systems.htm (read from theintroduction to the definition of homeostasis)

ttp: www m e com p yssc c
http://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/lockandkeymodel.gif&imgrefurl=http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell_respiration_bi.htm&h=94&w=81&sz=3&tbnid=AkaohPO76zcJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=64&hl=en&start=36&prev=/images%3Fq%3Denzyme%2Bsubstrate%2Bcomplex%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swf


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ttp: www.m e.com p yssc cemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/

activa2.swf Short video clip of exothermic reactions.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swf


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2H 2O2 2H 2O + O 2

catalase


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Catalase An enzyme found in any

living tissue, plant oranimal

Catalase works best underconstant conditions(homeostasis) oftemperature and pH

Predict what the graphwould look like if the

liver, containing catalase,is Boiled Acidified


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Type ofcompound

Examples Elements Subunits(monomers)

Functions

Nucleic Acids DNA

RNA

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,

phosphorus

Nucleotide Stores geneticinformation formaking proteins

Directlyinvolved in

proteinsynthesis

Water Ice, liquidwater,vapor

Hydrogen,oxygen

H2O Primary solventof the cell

-polar

-cohesive

-adhesive

ttp: programs nort an co ege
http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html


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ttp: programs.nort an co ege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animati

ons/hydrogenbonds.html Short video clip about waters polarity and

hydrogen bonding properties.
http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html


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chemistry/ biochemistry presentation

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