chemical safety report sections 9 & 10 chesar cobalt...

Cobalt dinitrate

CHEMICAL SAFETY REPORT

SECTIONS 9 & 10

CHESAR

Cobalt dinitrate

Draft Report

18 October 2019

Revised version of 29 November 2019

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contained in this Communication.

Cobalt dinitrate

16/10/2019 Generated by Chesar 3.4 Chemical Safety Report 2

Table of Contents

9. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (and related risk characterisation) ................................................... 10 9.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 10 9.0.1. Overview on uses .................................................................................................................. 10 9.0.2. Assessment entity groups ...................................................................................................... 10 9.0.3. Introduction to the assessment for the environment ................................................................ 10 9.0.4. Introduction to the assessment for workers ............................................................................ 13 9.0.5. Introduction to the assessment for consumers ........................................................................ 14 9.1. Exposure scenario 1: Manufacture - Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate .......................................... 15 9.1.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 1) ................................. 15 9.1.2. Env CS 2: Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 1) ............................... 17 9.1.3. Env CS 3: Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 1) ............................. 19 9.1.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 21; PROC 8b) .................................. 21 9.1.5. Worker CS 5: Preparation of raw material (PROC 3, PROC 1) ............................................... 23 9.1.6. Worker CS 6: Wet process (PROC 4, PROC 1) ...................................................................... 25 9.1.7. Worker CS 7: Hot process (PROC 22, PROC 1; PROC 27a) .................................................. 27 9.1.8. Worker CS 8: Further processing (PROC 5, PROC 1) ............................................................ 28 9.1.9. Worker CS 9: Filling of liquids in closed system (PROC 2)...................................................... 30 9.1.10. Worker CS 10: Filling of solutions (PROC 8b)....................................................................... 32 9.1.11. Worker CS 11: Handling of powders with moderate dustiness potential (PROC 26) .............. 34 9.1.12. Worker CS 12: Handling of powders with high dustiness potential (PROC 26) ...................... 35 9.1.13. Worker CS 13: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) ............................................................ 37 9.2. Exposure scenario 2: Manufacture - Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ....................................................................................................................................... 40 9.2.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 1) .......................................................................................................................... 40 9.2.2. Env CS 2: Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 1) .......................................................................................................................... 42 9.2.3. Env CS 3: Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 1) .......................................................................................................................... 44 9.2.4. Worker CS 4: M1 Dissolution of cobalt metal to form cobalt dinitrate (PROC 3, PROC 2; PROC 9) .................................................................................................................................................... 46 9.2.5. Worker CS 5: MNCM: Cleaning and maintenance (PROC 28) ................................................ 48 9.3. Exposure scenario 3: Use at industrial sites - Manufacture of cobalt carboxylates and resinates (intermediate use)............................................................................................................................ 51 9.3.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of cobalt carboxylates and resinates (intermediate use) (ERC 6a) ..... 51 9.3.2. Worker CS 2: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 8b) ................................................... 53 9.3.3. Worker CS 3: Reaction (PROC 4, PROC 1; PROC 3) ............................................................ 55 9.3.4. Worker CS 4: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) ................................................................ 57 9.4. Exposure scenario 4: Use at industrial sites - Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ............................................................................................................... 60 9.4.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 6a) ................................................................................................................. 60 9.4.2. Env CS 2: Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 6a) .............................................................................................................. 62 9.4.3. Env CS 3: Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 6a) ............................................................................................................. 64 9.4.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 8b; PROC 9) .................................... 66

Cobalt dinitrate


9.4.5. Worker CS 5: Mixing/Reaction in vessel/bath (PROC 3, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 4; PROC 5)........................................................................................................................................................ 68 9.4.6. Worker CS 6: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) ................................................................ 70 9.5. Exposure scenario 5: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ................................. 72 9.5.1. Env CS 1: Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 6a) ........................................ 73 9.5.2. Env CS 2: Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 6a) ..................................... 75 9.5.3. Env CS 3: Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 6a) .................................... 77 9.5.4. Worker CS 4: N1: Delivery and storage of cobalt nitrate raw material (PROC 8b, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 9) ........................................................................................................................... 79 9.5.5. Worker CS 5: N2: Dissolution of cobalt nitrate raw material (PROC 3, PROC 9) ..................... 80 9.5.6. Worker CS 6: N3: Impregnation, drying & calcination of cobalt nitrate (PROC 4, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 3) ........................................................................................................................... 82 9.5.7. Worker CS 7: N4: Precipitation of cobalt carbonate from cobalt nitrate solution (PROC 3, PROC 9) .................................................................................................................................................... 84 9.5.8. Worker CS 8: NCM: Cleaning and maintenance (PROC 28) ................................................... 86 9.6. Exposure scenario 6: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ..................................................................................................................................... 88 9.6.1. Env CS 1: Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 2) .................................................................................................................................................... 88 9.6.2. Env CS 2: Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 2) .................................................................................................................................................... 90 9.6.3. Env CS 3: Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 2) ........................................................................................................................................... 92 9.6.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 8b) ................................................... 94 9.6.5. Worker CS 5: Formulation of solutions (PROC 3, PROC 2) .................................................... 96 9.6.6. Worker CS 6: Filling of solutions containing <25 % of cobalt dinitrate (PROC 8b) ................... 98 9.6.7. Worker CS 7: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) ................................................................ 99 9.7. Exposure scenario 7: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment ....... 102 9.7.1. Env CS 1: Passivation processes in surface treatment ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 5) ............ 102 9.7.2. Env CS 2: Passivation processes in surface treatment ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 5) ......... 104 9.7.3. Env CS 3: Passivation processes in surface treatment ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 5) ........ 106 9.7.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (solid input materials) (PROC 5, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 8b)................................................................................................................................................. 108 9.7.5. Worker CS 5: Raw material handling (exclusively aqueous solutions as input materials) (PROC 4, PROC 9) .................................................................................................................................... 110 9.7.6. Worker CS 6: Passivation (PROC 13) .................................................................................. 111 9.7.7. Worker CS 7: Finishing of passivated articles (PROC 21) ..................................................... 113 9.7.8. Worker CS 8: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) .............................................................. 115 9.8. Exposure scenario 8: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ...................................................................................... 118 9.8.1. Env CS 1: Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 5) ........................................................................................ 118 9.8.2. Env CS 2: Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 5) ...................................................................................... 120 9.8.3. Env CS 3: Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 5)..................................................................................... 122 9.8.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (exclusively aqueous solutions as input materials) (PROC 4, PROC 9) .................................................................................................................................... 124 9.8.5. Worker CS 5: Passivation (PROC 2, PROC 13) ................................................................... 126 9.8.6. Worker CS 6: Finishing of passivated articles (PROC 21) ..................................................... 128

Cobalt dinitrate


9.9. Exposure scenario 9: Use at industrial sites - Plating processes in surface treatment .............. 130 9.9.1. Env CS 1: Plating processes in surface treatment ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 5) ................... 130 9.9.2. Env CS 2: Plating processes in surface treatment ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 5) ................. 132 9.9.3. Env CS 3: Plating processes in surface treatment ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 5) ............... 134 9.9.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (solid input materials) (PROC 5, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 8b)................................................................................................................................................. 136 9.9.5. Worker CS 5: Raw material handling (exclusively aqueous solutions as input materials) (PROC 4, PROC 9) .................................................................................................................................... 138 9.9.6. Worker CS 6: Plating (PROC 13) ......................................................................................... 139 9.9.7. Worker CS 7: Manual brush plating (PROC 10) .................................................................... 141 9.9.8. Worker CS 8: Finishing of coated/plated articles (PROC 21) ................................................ 143 9.9.9. Worker CS 9: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) .............................................................. 145 9.10. Exposure scenario 10: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Industrial handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) ................................................................................................ 148 9.10.1. Env CS 1: Handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) (ERC 12a) .................... 148 9.10.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of articles (PROC 21)..................................................................... 149 9.11. Exposure scenario 11: Service life (professional worker) - Professional handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) ................................................................................................ 152 9.11.1. Env CS 1: Handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) (ERC 10a) .................... 152 9.11.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of articles (PROC 21)..................................................................... 153 9.12. Exposure scenario 12: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors......................................................................................... 156 9.12.1. Env CS 1: Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 2) ......................................................................................................... 156 9.12.2. Env CS 2: Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 2) ....................................................................................................... 158 9.12.3. Env CS 3: Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 2) ..................................................................................................... 160 9.12.4. Worker CS 4: Formulation (PROC 26, PROC 15; PROC 2; PROC 4; PROC 5; PROC 8b; PROC 9) ....................................................................................................................................... 162 9.12.5. Worker CS 5: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) ............................................................ 164 9.13. Exposure scenario 13: Use at industrial sites - Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ..................................................................................................... 167 9.13.1. Env CS 1: Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 6b) ............................................................................................................... 167 9.13.2. Env CS 2: Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 6b) ............................................................................................................ 169 9.13.3. Env CS 3: Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 6b) ........................................................................................................... 171 9.13.4. Worker CS 4: Use of formulation (PROC 8b, PROC 2) ....................................................... 173 9.14. Exposure scenario 14: Use at industrial sites - Battery production (intermediate use) ............ 176 9.14.1. Env CS 1: Battery production (intermediate use) ES1 Direct Discharge (ERC 5)................. 176 9.14.2. Env CS 2: Battery production (intermediate use) ES2 Marine Discharge (ERC 5) ............... 178 9.14.3. Worker CS 3: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 8b) ................. 180 9.14.4. Worker CS 4: Mix preparation (PROC 5, PROC 3) ............................................................. 182 9.14.5. Worker CS 5: Further processing (PROC 13, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 5; PROC 6; PROC 9)...................................................................................................................................................... 184 9.14.6. Worker CS 6: Final processing and handling (PROC 14, PROC 21) ................................... 185 9.14.7. Worker CS 7: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) ............................................................ 186 9.15. Exposure scenario 15: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Service life of cobalt-containing industrial batteries in industrial settings .......................................................................................... 189 9.15.1. Env CS 1: Service life of cobalt-containing industrial batteries in industrial settings (ERC 12a)...................................................................................................................................................... 189 9.15.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of closed containers (PROC 21)..................................................... 190

Cobalt dinitrate


9.16. Exposure scenario 16: Service life (professional worker) - Service life of cobalt-containing portable batteries in professional settings ...................................................................................... 192 9.16.1. Env CS 1: Service life of cobalt-containing portable batteries in professional settings (ERC 10a) ............................................................................................................................................... 192 9.16.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of closed containers (PROC 21)..................................................... 193 9.17. Exposure scenario 17: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ..................................................................................................................................... 195 9.17.1. Env CS 1: Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 2)...................................................................................................................................................... 195 9.17.2. Env CS 2: Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 2)...................................................................................................................................................... 197 9.17.3. Env CS 3: Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 2) .................................................................................................................................................. 199 9.17.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26) ................................................................ 201 9.17.5. Worker CS 5: Formulation of solutions (PROC 3) ............................................................... 203 9.17.6. Worker CS 6: Production of solid formulations (PROC 3).................................................... 205 9.17.7. Worker CS 7: Filling of solutions containing <1 % of cobalt dinitrate (PROC 8b) ................. 206 9.17.8. Worker CS 8: Packaging of solid formulations containing <1 % of cobalt dinitrate (PROC 26)...................................................................................................................................................... 208 9.17.9. Worker CS 9: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28) ............................................................ 210 9.18. Exposure scenario 18: Use at industrial sites - Use in biogas production ............................... 213 9.18.1. Env CS 1: Use in biogas production ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 4) ...................................... 213 9.18.2. Env CS 2: Use in biogas production ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 4) ................................... 215 9.18.3. Env CS 3: Use in biogas production ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 4) .................................. 217 9.18.4. Worker CS 4: Dosing of solid material (PROC 26) .............................................................. 219 9.18.5. Worker CS 5: Dosing of liquid material (PROC 8b, PROC 9) .............................................. 221 9.19. Exposure scenario 19: Widespread use by professional workers - Professional use of formulations in biogas production ................................................................................................... 223 9.19.1. Env CS 1: Professional use of formulations in biogas production (ERC 8e) ........................ 223 9.19.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of sealed bags (PROC 8b) ............................................................. 224 9.20. Exposure scenario 20: Use at industrial sites - Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ....................................................................................... 227 9.20.1. Env CS 1: Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 4) ............................................................................................ 227 9.20.2. Env CS 2: Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 4) ......................................................................................... 229 9.20.3. Env CS 3: Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 4) ........................................................................................ 231 9.20.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 9, PROC 26; PROC 8b) ................................ 233 9.20.5. Worker CS 5: Operations in closed systems (PROC 3, PROC 1; PROC 2) ......................... 235 9.20.6. Worker CS 6: Handling at laboratory scale (PROC 15) ....................................................... 237 9.20.7. Worker CS 7: Handling of liquid stock solution (PROC 5, PROC 3; PROC 8b; PROC 9) ..... 239 10. RISK CHARACTERISATION RELATED TO COMBINED EXPOSURE .................................... 241 10.1. Human health ....................................................................................................................... 241 10.1.1. Workers ............................................................................................................................. 241 10.1.2. Consumer .......................................................................................................................... 242 10.2. Environment (combined for all emission sources) .................................................................. 242 10.2.1. All uses (regional scale) ..................................................................................................... 242 10.2.2. Regional assessment ......................................................................................................... 243

Cobalt dinitrate


List of Tables

Table 9.1. Tonnage for assessment ................................................................................................. 10 Table 9.2. Type of risk characterisation required for the environment ............................................... 10 Table 9.3. Substance key phys-chem and fate properties................................................................. 11 Table 9.4. Type of risk characterisation required for man via the environment .................................. 12 Table 9.5. Type of risk characterisation required for workers ............................................................ 13 Table 9.6. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................... 16 Table 9.7. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment ..... 17 Table 9.8. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................... 18 Table 9.9. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment ..... 19 Table 9.10. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 20 Table 9.11. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 20 Table 9.12. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 23 Table 9.13. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 24 Table 9.14. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 26 Table 9.15. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 28 Table 9.16. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 30 Table 9.17. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 32 Table 9.18. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 33 Table 9.19. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 35 Table 9.20. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 37 Table 9.21. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 39 Table 9.22. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 41 Table 9.23. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 42 Table 9.24. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 43 Table 9.25. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 44 Table 9.26. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 45 Table 9.27. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 46 Table 9.28. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 48 Table 9.29. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 50 Table 9.30. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 52 Table 9.31. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 53 Table 9.32. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 55 Table 9.33. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 57 Table 9.34. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 59 Table 9.35. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 61 Table 9.36. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 62 Table 9.37. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 63 Table 9.38. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 64 Table 9.39. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 65 Table 9.40. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 65 Table 9.41. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 68 Table 9.42. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 69 Table 9.43. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 71 Table 9.44. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 73 Table 9.45. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 74 Table 9.46. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 75 Table 9.47. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 76

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 9.48. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 77 Table 9.49. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 78 Table 9.50. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 80 Table 9.51. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 82 Table 9.52. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 84 Table 9.53. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 85 Table 9.54. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 87 Table 9.55. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 89 Table 9.56. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 89 Table 9.57. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 91 Table 9.58. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 91 Table 9.59. Local releases to the environment ................................................................................. 93 Table 9.60. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.... 93 Table 9.61. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 96 Table 9.62. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 97 Table 9.63. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .............................................................. 99 Table 9.64. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 101 Table 9.65. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 103 Table 9.66. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 104 Table 9.67. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 105 Table 9.68. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 105 Table 9.69. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 107 Table 9.70. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 107 Table 9.71. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 109 Table 9.72. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 111 Table 9.73. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 113 Table 9.74. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 115 Table 9.75. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 116 Table 9.76. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 119 Table 9.77. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 120 Table 9.78. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 121 Table 9.79. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 122 Table 9.80. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 123 Table 9.81. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 123 Table 9.82. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 125 Table 9.83. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 127 Table 9.84. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 129 Table 9.85. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 131 Table 9.86. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 132 Table 9.87. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 133 Table 9.88. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 133 Table 9.89. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 135 Table 9.90. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment.. 135 Table 9.91. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 137 Table 9.92. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 139 Table 9.93. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 141 Table 9.94. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 143 Table 9.95. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 145 Table 9.96. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 147 Table 9.97. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 149 Table 9.98. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers ............................................................ 151

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 9.99. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................... 152 Table 9.100. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 155 Table 9.101. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 157 Table 9.102. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 158 Table 9.103. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 159 Table 9.104. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 160 Table 9.105. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 161 Table 9.106. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 161 Table 9.107. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 164 Table 9.108. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 165 Table 9.109. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 168 Table 9.110. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 168 Table 9.111. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 170 Table 9.112. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 170 Table 9.113. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 172 Table 9.114. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 172 Table 9.115. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 174 Table 9.116. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 177 Table 9.117. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 178 Table 9.118. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 179 Table 9.119. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 180 Table 9.120. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 182 Table 9.121. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 184 Table 9.122. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 185 Table 9.123. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 186 Table 9.124. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 188 Table 9.125. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 189 Table 9.126. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 191 Table 9.127. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 192 Table 9.128. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 194 Table 9.129. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 196 Table 9.130. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 197 Table 9.131. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 198 Table 9.132. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 199 Table 9.133. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 200 Table 9.134. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 200 Table 9.135. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 203 Table 9.136. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 204 Table 9.137. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 206 Table 9.138. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 208 Table 9.139. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 210 Table 9.140. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 211 Table 9.141. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 214 Table 9.142. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 214 Table 9.143. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 216 Table 9.144. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 217 Table 9.145. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 218 Table 9.146. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 219 Table 9.147. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 220 Table 9.148. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 222 Table 9.149. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 223

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 9.150. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 225 Table 9.151. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 228 Table 9.152. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 229 Table 9.153. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 230 Table 9.154. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 231 Table 9.155. Local releases to the environment ............................................................................. 232 Table 9.156. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment 233 Table 9.157. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 235 Table 9.158. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 237 Table 9.159. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 239 Table 9.160. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers .......................................................... 240 Table 10.1. Summary of maximum RCRs and sums of RCRs per ES ............................................. 242 Table 10.2. Total releases to the environment per year from all life cycle stages ............................ 243 Table 10.3. Predicted regional exposure concentrations (Regional PEC) and risks for the environment...................................................................................................................................................... 243 Table 10.4. Regional emission of cobalt (kg Co/year) to the different environmental compartments 244 Table 10.5. Continental (EU-27 + Norway) emission of cobalt (kg Co/year) to the different environmental compartments ......................................................................................................... 245 Table 10.6. Calculated PECadd regional for the different environmental compartments.................. 246

Table 10.7. Baseline cobalt concentrations (in g/L) in European surface water (data from FOREGS Geochemical Baseline Program).................................................................................................... 247 Table 10.8.Baseline cobalt concentrations (in mg/kg) in European freshwater sediments (data from FOREGS Geochemical Baseline Program) .................................................................................... 248 Table 10.9. Measured regional PEC values for natural soils in different countries ........................... 249 Table 10.10. Measured regional PEC values for the freshwater in different countries. .................... 250 Table 10.11. Measured regional PEC values for the marine water at different locations.................. 250 Table 10.12. Measured regional PEC values for the freshwater sediments in different countries .... 251 Table 10.13. Measured regional PEC values for the marine sediments at different locations .......... 252 Table 10.14. Measured regional PEC values for grazing soils in different countries ........................ 253 Table 10.15. Measured regional PEC values for agricultural soils in different countries .................. 254

Cobalt dinitrate


9. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (and related risk characterisation) The sections 9 and 10 of this CSR have been generated with Chesar 3.4.

9.0. Introduction

9.0.1. Overview on uses

See the description of the various uses in section 2 of the CSR.

9.0.2. Assessment entity groups

Not applicable.

9.0.3. Introduction to the assessment for the environment

9.0.3.1. Tonnage

Not applicable.

Table 9.1. Tonnage for assessment

Not applicable.

9.0.3.2. Scope and type of assessment for the environment

The scope of exposure assessment and type of risk characterisation required for the environment are described in the following table based on the hazard conclusions presented in section 7.

Table 9.2. Type of risk characterisation required for the environment

Protection target Risk characterisation type

Hazard conclusion (see section 7)

Fresh water Quantitative PNEC aqua (freshwater) = 0.62 µg/L

Sediment (freshwater) Quantitative PNEC sediment (freshwater) = 53.8 mg/kg sediment dw

Marine water Quantitative PNEC aqua (marine water) = 2.36 µg/L

Sediment (marine water)

Quantitative PNEC sediment (marine water) = 69.8 mg/kg sediment dw

Sewage Treatment Plant

Quantitative PNEC STP = 0.37 mg/L

Air Not needed No hazard identified

Agricultural soil Quantitative PNEC soil = 10.9 mg/kg soil dw

Predator’s prey (freshwater)

Not needed No potential for bioaccumulation

Predator’s prey (marine water)


Top predator’s prey (marine water)


Predator’s prey (terrestrial)


9.0.3.3. Fate and distribution parameters

Physicochemical properties used for exposure estimation

The following substance properties are used in the fate estimation done by EUSES. They correspond

Cobalt dinitrate


to the “value used for CSA” reported in sections 1 and 4.

Table 9.3. Substance key phys-chem and fate properties

Substance property Value

Molecular weight ≥ 182.9

Molecular weight used for the assessment 182.9

Vapour pressure 1E-12 Pa at 20 °C

Water solubility 669.6 g/L at 20 °C

Biodegradation in water: screening tests under test conditions no biodegradation observed

Log Kp (solids-water in soil) 3.47

Log Kp (solids water in sediment) 2.94

Log Kp (solids-water in suspended matter) 4.59

Fate (release percentage) in the modelled biological sewage treatment plant

In a standard (modelled) biological STP, the emissions are distributed in the following way:

Release to water 60%

Release to air 0%

Release to sludge 40%

Release degraded 0%

The fractions reported in the above table have been set by the assessor . Explanation: Based on measured release rates.

9.0.3.4. Comments on assessment approach for the environment

The regional concentrations are reported in section 10.2.1.1. The local Predicted Exposure Concentrations (PECs) reported for each contributing scenario correspond to the sum of the local concentrations (Clocal) and the regional concentrations (PEC regional).

ADDED RISK APPROACH Guidance on the how to deal with natural background issues is provided in the Appendix R.7.12-2 guidance document on the ‘Environmental risk for metals and metal compounds’ (ECHA, 2008). In order to deal with the presence of a natural background, various concepts have been developed, such as the Added Risk approach (Added RA) and the Total Risk approach (Total RA) concepts. In essence the Added RA assumes that species are fully adapted to the natural background concentration and therefore that only the anthropogenic added fraction should be regulated or controlled. The Total RA assumes that “exposure” and “effects” should be compared on the combination of the natural background and the added anthropogenic concentrations. According to the FOREGS database, natural background concentrations in the different environmental compartments are very close or even below their respective PNEC values. Indeed, the median background concentration in the EU surface waters (i.e. 0.44 µg/l) is very close to the realistic worst case PNECtotal of 0.70 µg/l; the median background concentration in the EU soils (i.e. 16.1 mg/kg) is above the PNECtotal of 10.1 mg/kg. In those situations where it is expected that background metals concentrations are a significant portion of the derived PNEC, the Added Risk Approach should be applied, therefore the added risk approach was selected in this CSR. Although the median background concentration in the EU freshwater sediment (i.e. 16.5 mg/kg) is below the PNECtotal of 69.8 mg/kg, the Added Risk Approach is also applied for consistency reasons. In the present environmental exposure assessment, the use of the added risk approach implies that the PECadd values have been calculated from cobalt emissions due to anthropogenic activities. Thus, the PECadd is the anthropogenic part of the cobalt concentration in the environment. The predicted cobalt concentrations in the environment with EUSES, which is based on the anthropogenic emissions, therefore reflect the “added” part of the cobalt concentration in the environment. Measured cobalt concentrations could also serve as the basis for the derivation of added environmental exposure concentrations. However, it is known from literature that the natural background

Cobalt dinitrate


concentrations of metals may substantially vary seasonally over different geographic regions, therefore hampering the establishment of a “default background concentration” and therefore also the “added risk approach”. In the environmental effects assessment, the use of the added risk approach implies that the PNECadd has been derived from toxicity data that are based on the added cobalt concentration in the tests. Finally, in the environmental risk characterisation, the use of the added risk approach implies the evaluation of the PECadd / PNECadd ratios.

9.0.3.5. Scope and type of assessment for man via environment

The scope of exposure assessment and type of risk characterisation required for man via the environment are described in the following table based on the hazard conclusions presented in section 5.11.

Table 9.4. Type of risk characterisation required for man via the environment

Route of exposure and type of effects

Risk characterisation type

Hazard conclusion (see section 5.11)

Inhalation: Long term, local*

Quantitative DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) = 19.6 µg/m³ DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) = 6.3 µg Co/m³ **

Oral: Long term, Systemic

Quantitative DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) = 92.5 µg/kg bw/day DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) = 29.8 µg Co/kg bw/day**

* The DNEL for long-term inhalation exposure, systemic effects was not derived, because systemic impacts in

long-term rodent inhalation studies are considered to be secondary to local pulmonary toxicity. It is assumed that

the low long-term inhalation DNEL for local effects will prevent significant systemic exposure. No combined risk

characterisation will be provided.

** The exposure assessment is based on the cobalt ion, as this is the toxic species, as such for the risk

characterisation the DNELs based on cobalt will be used.

9.0.3.6. Comments on assessment approach for man via the environment

For a detailed description of the methodology used for the indirect exposure assessment for men via the environment and the evaluation of data, please refer to the document attached in IUCLID section 13. A brief description is given below:The sources of human exposure to cobalt handled under indirect exposure via the environment are food, water and air. The assessment has been based on cobalt, since this is the toxic species. Cobalt is released to the environment through air effluents and wastewater from manufacture, formulation, processing, use and disposal of cobalt containing products. Cobalt is also a naturally occurring element. Therefore, its presence in the environment, and thereby also indirect in water, food and beverages produced from agricultural goods, may also be attributed to natural sources. Furthermore, cobalt constitutes 4% by weight of vitamin B12, an essential human nutrient.Regarding the ingestion of food, the conventional partitioning-based TGD methodology for determining air-to-soil and soil-to-plant factors in the assessment of human uptake pathways may be considered as mostly inapplicable to metals. Therefore, the HERAG FACT Sheet on indirect exposure via the environment has been considered as guidance. The concentrations in environmental compartments and intake media which are used to derive the daily intake are preferably based on monitored data, since the alternative route by modelling of environmental concentrations is associated with much higher uncertainties and also difficult to apply for metals. In deviation from the TGD food basket approach for the exposure route “ingestion of food”, an assessment of measured and publicly available data on cobalt in the diet was performed and the following study designs have been considered: duplicate meal studies, total diet studies and market basket studies. In duplicate meal studies, duplicate samples of meals, snacks and beverages are collected and analysed. In total diet studies, food items are processed for consumption and are analysed individually or in food groups. Cobalt intake is calculated as the product of the cobalt level in the food and the corresponding amount consumed. In market basket studies, individual food items are sampled from retail outlets (according to typical daily market basket determined from national databases) and subsequently analysed. Based on these cobalt levels and on estimated consumption, total cobalt intake is calculated.EXPOSURE FROM

Cobalt dinitrate


FOODAll available published dietary intake studies are based on cobalt levels in food and consumption patterns. As duplicate meal studies were only available for special subpopulations the exposure assessment of cobalt via the diet for adults has been based on the UK total diet study from 1994.- typical exposure: the median value, i.e. 12 µg Co/day - worst-case: the 97.5th percentile, i.e 19 µg Co/day EXPOSURE VIA DRINKING WATERThe concentrations in drinking water are normally taken from regional and local environmental exposure assessment. However, these values refer to surface waters, which are normally not used directly for human consumption. Therefore, cobalt concentrations in drinking water in Europe (regional) are based on measured data which are more precise. An assessment of publicly available data on cobalt in drinking water was performed. The most recent and very comprehensive data source is from Reimann & Birke 2010. In a wide geographical distribution of water sources across 40 European countries, the bottled mineral, drinking and tap waters are characterized. The median (0.023 µg/L) derived in this dataset has been used as a typical cobalt concentration in drinking water in Europe.EXPOSURE VIA AIRCobalt concentrations in air were taken from (a) calculated industrial site emission data (local) and (b) ambient monitoring data (regional), which were taken from the environmental risk assessment.

9.0.4. Introduction to the assessment for workers

9.0.4.1. Scope and type of assessment for workers

The scope of exposure assessment and type of risk characterisation required for workers are described in the following table based on the hazard conclusions presented in section 5.11.

Table 9.5. Type of risk characterisation required for workers

Route Type of effect Risk characterisation type

Hazard conclusion (see section 5.11)

Inhalation

Systemic effects - long term

Not needed No hazard identified

Systemic effects - acute


Local effects - long term

Quantitative DNEL (Derived No Effect Level) = 124.2 µg/m³

Local effects - acute

Qualitative High hazard (no threshold derived)

Dermal

Systemic effects - long term


Systemic effects - acute


Local effects - long term

Qualitative Medium hazard (no threshold derived)

Local effects - acute

Qualitative Medium hazard (no threshold derived)

Eye Local effects Qualitative Medium hazard (no threshold derived)

9.0.4.2. Comments on assessment approach for workers

Assessment approach related to toxicological hazard:

QUANTITATIVE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodologies used for the worker contributing scenarios below. QUALITATIVE RISK CHARACTERISATION FOR LOCAL EFFECTS ON THE SKIN AND TO THE EYES In addition to the quantitative risk characterisation, demonstrating that prescribed operational conditions and risk management measures effectively control exposure well below the respective chronic DNELs, residual exposure concentrations may theoretically still cause local effects. As a precautionary measure, it is therefore prescribed to use personal protective equipment in situations in which such

Cobalt dinitrate


residual exposure concentrations cannot be excluded. The risk of local effects is therefore adequately controlled. QUALITATIVE RISK CHARACTERISATION FOR LOCAL ACUTE EFFECTS VIA INHALATION For acute local effects via inhalation, a semi-quantitative risk assessment was conducted. As a role of thumb, the guidance suggests in such cases to multiply the corresponding chronic DNEL by a factor of 2 in order to derive a surrogate threshold value. Thus, when extrapolating from full-shift exposure levels to peak exposure levels (i.e. multiplying 90th percentile exposure values by a factor of 2 according to ECHA guidance R.14) the same RCR would be calculated for acute effects when compared to peak exposure levels. In addition, RPE is always prescribed on a precautionary basis by taking a minimum assigned protection factor (APF) of 10 available from EN 529 for specific RPE, so that any potential extreme peak exposure levels are also covered.

Assessment approach related to physicochemical hazard:

The substance has oxidising properties, and should not be contacted with acids, reducing agents, flammable materials, combustible material, powdered metal salts and Polyvinylchloride.

9.0.5. Introduction to the assessment for consumers

Exposure assessment is not applicable as there are no consumer-related uses for the substance.

Cobalt dinitrate


9.1. Exposure scenario 1: Manufacture - Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate Environment contributing scenario(s):

CS 1 Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES1 STP Discharge ERC 1

CS 2 Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES2 Direct Discharge ERC 1

CS 3 Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES3 Marine Discharge ERC 1

Worker contributing scenario(s):

CS 4 Raw material handling PROC 26, PROC 21; PROC 8b

CS 5 Preparation of raw material PROC 3, PROC 1

CS 6 Wet process PROC 4, PROC 1

CS 7 Hot process PROC 22, PROC 1; PROC 27a

CS 8 Further processing PROC 5, PROC 1

CS 9 Filling of liquids in closed system PROC 2

CS 10 Filling of solutions PROC 8b

CS 11 Handling of powders with moderate dustiness potential PROC 26

CS 12 Handling of powders with high dustiness potential PROC 26

CS 13 Cleaning & Maintenance PROC 28

Explanation on the approach taken for the ES:

Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that exposure from process steps with feed materials other than the substance is merely reported for the sake of completeness. Please refer to information on safe use for the handling of the individual raw materials for process steps preceding the chemical transformation step.

9.1.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 1)

9.1.1.1. Conditions of use

Amount used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)

• Daily use amount at site: <= 1.11 tonnes/day The tonnage and further exposure is always expressed in cobalt.

• Annual use amount at site: <= 400 tonnes/year For the generic exposure scenario a tonnage covering 50% of the sector tonnages was selected.

• Number of release days per year: >= 360 days/year The selected number of production days per year is the median value based on data from 9 companies.

Technical and organisational conditions and measures

• Risk management measures to limit releases to air: One or more of the following measures should be present to reduce emissions to air: Electrostatic precipitators, Wet electrostatic precipitators, Cyclones as primary collector, Fabric or bag filters, Ceramic/Metal mesh filters or Wet scrubbers.

• Risk management measures to limit releases to water: One or more of the following measures should be present to reduce emissions to water: Chemical precipitation, Sedimentation, Filtration, Electrolysis, Reverse osmosis or Ion exchange.

Conditions and measures related to biological sewage treatment plant

Cobalt dinitrate


• Biological STP: Standard [Effectiveness Water: 40%]

• Discharge rate of STP: >= 2E3 m3/day

• Application of the STP sludge on agricultural soil: Yes

Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)

• Particular considerations on the waste treatment operations: No (low amount) Wastes from onsite risk management measures and solid or liquid wastes from production, use and cleaning processes should be disposed of separately or/and with other cobalt compounds waste to hazardous waste incineration plants or hazardous waste landfills as hazardous waste. Releases to the floor, water and soil are to be prevented. If the cobalt content of the waste is elevated enough, internal or external recovery/recycling might be considered. Appropriate waste codes: 01 03 07*, 02 01 10*, 06 05 02*, 06 03 13*, 06 03 15*, 06 04 05*, 10 08 04, 10 10 03, 10 10 05*, 10 10 07*, 10 10 10, 10 10 11*, 11 02 07*, 12 01 03*, 12 01 04, 15 01 04*, 15 01 10*, 16 01 04*, 16 01 06*, 16 01 18*, 16 03 03*, 16 06 02*, 16 06 05, 16 08 02*, 16 08 03, 16 10 01*, 17 04 07*, 17 04 09*, 17 09 04*, 19 10 02*, 19 12 03*,… Suitable disposal: Keep separate and dispose of to either - Hazardous waste incineration operated according to Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste and the Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration of August 2006. - Hazardous landfill operated under Directive 1999/31/EC. A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)

Other conditions affecting environmental exposure

• Discharge to: Freshwater only

• Dilution factor to freshwater: <= 1E3

9.1.1.2. Releases

The local releases to the environment are reported in the following table. Note that the releases reported do not account for the removal in the modelled biological STP.

Table 9.6. Local releases to the environment

Release Release estimation method

Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 7.5E-3% Release factor after on site RMM: 7.5E-3% Local release rate: 0.083 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment. The selected value is the 50th percentile of 9 companies.

Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 4.52E-3% Release factor after on site RMM: 4.52E-3% Local release rate: 0.05 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment. The selected value is the 50th percentile of 6 companies.

Non agricultural soil

Estimated release factor Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Explanation: No direct release to soil.

Releases to waste

Release factor to external waste: 0.1 % A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)

9.1.1.3. Exposure and risks for the environment and man via the environment

Cobalt dinitrate


The exposure concentrations and risk characterisation ratios (RCR) are reported in the following table. The exposure estimates have been obtained with EUSES 2.1.2 unless stated otherwise.

Table 9.7. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the environment

Protection target Exposure concentration Risk quantification

Fresh water Local PEC: 1.16E-4 mg/L RCR = 0.187

Sediment (freshwater) Local PEC: 4.87 mg/kg dw Clocal: 0.61 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))

RCR = 0.091

Sewage Treatment Plant Local PEC: 0.025 mg/L RCR = 0.068

Agricultural soil Local PEC: 0.946 mg/kg dw RCR = 0.087

Man via environment - Inhalation

Concentration in air: 1.38E-5 mg/m³ RCR < 0.01

Man via Environment - Oral Exposure via food consumption: 0.317 µg/kg/d

RCR = 0.011

Man via environment - combined routes

Not required (local and systemic effects)

Risk characterisation

MAN VIA ENVIRONMENT: The use of EUSES to predict the concentration in food is difficult to apply for metals and associated with much higher uncertainties than using measured data. Therefore, deviations from the TGD food basket approach for the exposure route “ingestion of food”, have been applied as shortly described in the introductory section 9.0.. The oral exposure concentration in µg/kg bw/day has been derived by taking 2L of drinking water (PEC freshwater taken from the local environmental exposure assessment) + the worst case exposure from food (see introductory section 9.0.) and a default body weight of 60kg into account. Furthermore, the exposure assessment is based on the cobalt ion, as this is the toxic species, as such for the risk characterisation the DNELs based on cobalt were used.

9.1.2. Env CS 2: Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 1)










• Biological STP: None [Effectiveness Water: 0%]

Cobalt dinitrate





• Discharge rate of effluent: >= 2E3 m3/day



9.1.2.2. Releases




Explanations





Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.098





RCR = 0.011





9.1.3. Env CS 3: Manufacture of cobalt dinitrate ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 1)












• Particular considerations on the waste treatment operations: No (low amount) Wastes from onsite risk management measures and solid or liquid wastes from production, use

Cobalt dinitrate


and cleaning processes should be disposed of separately or/and with other cobalt compounds waste to hazardous waste incineration plants or hazardous waste landfills as hazardous waste. Releases to the floor, water and soil are to be prevented. If the cobalt content of the waste is elevated enough, internal or external recovery/recycling might be considered. Appropriate waste codes: 01 03 07*, 02 01 10*, 06 05 02*, 06 03 13*, 06 03 15*, 06 04 05*, 10 08 04, 10 10 03, 10 10 05*, 10 10 07*, 10 10 10, 10 10 11*, 11 02 07*, 12 01 03*, 12 01 04, 15 01 04*, 15 01 10*, 16 01 04*, 16 01 06*, 16 01 18*, 16 03 03*, 16 06 02*, 16 06 05, 16 08 02*, 16 08 03, 16 10 01*, 17 04 07*, 17 04 09*, 17 09 04*, 19 10 02*, 19 12 03*,… Suitable disposal: Keep separate and dispose of to either - Hazardous waste incineration operated according to Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste and the Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration of August 2006. - Hazardous landfill operated under Directive 1999/31/EC. A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)



• Discharge to: Marine water only

• Dilution factor to marine water: <= 100

9.1.3.2. Releases




Explanations





Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate



Marine water Local PEC: 0.195 µg/L Clocal: 0.18 µg/L (estimated by Clocal calculation with Kp susp. matter marine (logKp = 4.94))

RCR = 0.083

Sediment (marine water) Local PEC: 30.43 mg/kg dw Clocal: 15.73 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))

RCR = 0.436





RCR = 0.011





9.1.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 21;

PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Loading of reaction vessel, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method

Product (article) characteristics

• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Medium Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.)

Monitoring data

• Content in preparation: Not restricted [Effectiveness Inhalation: 0%, Dermal: 0%]

Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Solid, powder / dust Monitoring data

• Additional physical form of substance: Massive object Metal chips

Monitoring data

• Additional physical form of substance: Aqueous solution Monitoring data

Amount used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure

• Duration per shift: <= 93 min Monitoring data

• Shifts per year: <= 121 Shifts/year Typical number of shifts per year during which this task is conducted considering a single worker. This value has been taken into account in the calculation of excess cancer risk.

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method


• Process temperature: Ambient Monitoring data

Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation

• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.

• Chemical protective suit according to EN 13982 In cases where direct contact with the substance cannot be avoided, a protective suit conforming to EN 13982 should be worn.

• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 10 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum any combination of particle filter class P2 with mask according to EN 140, EN 1827 or EN 136 or filtering half mask (FF P2) according to EN 149 or combination of P1 filter with face piece according EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required. FFP2 mask during powder handling.

Monitoring data

• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.

Monitoring data

• Certified safety clothing and shoes Certified safety clothing including coveralls and safety shoes are to be worn as appropriate. Face protection may be worn if the type of process is associated with the risk of face injuries due to thermal or mechanical stress.

• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)

Cobalt dinitrate


9.1.4.2. Exposure and risks for workers

The exposure concentrations and risk characterisation ratios (RCR) are reported in the following table.

Table 9.12. Exposure concentrations and risks for workers


Exposure concentration Risk quantification

Inhalation, local, long term 10.3 µg/m³ (Measured data: Monitoring data) RCR = 0.083

Remarks on measured exposure:

Monitoring data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance Inhalation exposure, long term concentration: Number of measured data points: 65 ; GSD: 6.19


Qualitative risk characterisation (Inhalation, local, acute, Dermal, local, long term , Dermal, local, acute, Eye, local): Further information on the risk characterisation for local effects via inhalation and for local effects on the skin and to the eyes is given in Section 9.0.4.2. Additional remarks on risk characterisation: It is noted that exposure from process steps with feed materials other than the substance is merely reported for the sake of completeness and for precautionary reasons. Any derived exposure estimate and risk characterisation ratio are only applicable if exposure to the substance occurs. Please refer to the specific exposure scenarios for the raw materials used as a downstream use of these substances if the substance is not concerned.

9.1.5. Worker CS 5: Preparation of raw material (PROC 3, PROC 1)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Weighing, sampling, acid leaching, dissolving, filtration, scraping, purification, cementation, de-ironing (hydrolysis).


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Very low Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.

Monitoring data


Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Aqueous solution Monitoring data




Monitoring data


• Maximum process temperature: 95 °C Monitoring data

• Level of containment: Closed reaction vessel Monitoring data

• Integrated local exhaust ventilation: Upper confidence limit (industrial use) [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] High efficiency

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Reactor equipped with local exhaust ventilation




Monitoring data



• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) as precautionary measure: RPE protecting from local effects via inhalation Due to potential adverse effects of the substance to the respiratory tract, RPE (minimum assigned protection factor of 10) is prescribed on a precautionary basis for all workplaces unless inhalation exposure to the substance can be excluded.




Cobalt dinitrate








Qualitative risk characterisation (Inhalation, local, acute, Dermal, local, long term , Dermal, local, acute, Eye, local): Further information on the risk characterisation for local effects via inhalation and for local effects on the skin and to the eyes is given in Section 9.0.4.2.

9.1.6. Worker CS 6: Wet process (PROC 4, PROC 1)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Solvent extraction, back stripping, precipitation, drying.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data



• Level of containment: Closed process Closed pipe system, closed reaction vessels

Monitoring data

• Level of automation: Semi-automated process Monitoring data

• Integrated local exhaust ventilation: Upper confidence limit (industrial use) [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] High efficiency Vapour extraction units in the tank

Monitoring data


• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.

• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 10 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] Certified safety clothing including coveralls and safety shoes are to be worn as appropriate. Face protection may be worn if the type of process is associated with the risk of face injuries due to thermal or mechanical stress.

Monitoring data


Monitoring data












Qualitative risk characterisation (Inhalation, local, acute, Dermal, local, long term , Dermal, local,

Cobalt dinitrate


acute, Eye, local): Further information on the risk characterisation for local effects via inhalation and for local effects on the skin and to the eyes is given in Section 9.0.4.2.

9.1.7. Worker CS 7: Hot process (PROC 22, PROC 1; PROC 27a)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Pyrolysis, calcination.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Low (temperature based) Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if processes are being conducted at lower temperatures in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.

Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Solid Monitoring data





Monitoring data


• Exterior local exhaust ventilation: Upper confidence limit (industrial use) [Effectiveness Inhalation: 86%] High efficiency Extraction device in the surrounding calcination area

Monitoring data

• Level of containment: Closed furnace Monitoring data

• Process temperature: Elevated Monitoring data



• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 10 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum any combination of particle filter class P2 with mask according to EN 140, EN 1827 or EN 136 or filtering half mask (FF P2) according to EN 149 or combination of P1 filter with face piece according EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required.

Monitoring data

• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.













9.1.8. Worker CS 8: Further processing (PROC 5, PROC 1)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Blending, milling, sieving.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: High (abrasion based) Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

processes resulting in lower abrasion are being conducted in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.






Monitoring data


• Level of containment: Closed process Closed transfer system, closed mill

Monitoring data


Monitoring data




• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 20 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 95%] APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum any combination of particle filter class P3 with mask according to EN 140, EN 1827 or filtering half mask (FF P3) according to EN 149 or combination of P2 filter with face piece according to EN 12941 or EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required.

Monitoring data


Monitoring data


Cobalt dinitrate


Method












9.1.9. Worker CS 9: Filling of liquids in closed system (PROC 2)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Filling of solutions in closed system, control walks, supervision and adjusting machinery.


Method


• Maximum emission potential: Very low Only the highest emission potential (EP) of the substance in this process is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel or if the actual process temperature or the level of abrasion is lower) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.

MEASE 1.02.01


MEASE 1.02.01

• Physical form of substance: Aqueous solution MEASE 1.02.01


• Duration per shift: <= 15 min MEASE 1.02.01

• Shifts per year: <= 240 Shifts/year Typical number of shifts per year during which this task is conducted

MEASE 1.02.01

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

considering a single worker. This value has been taken into account in the calculation of excess cancer risk.


• Level of containment: Closed process MEASE 1.02.01




MEASE 1.02.01





Cobalt dinitrate






Inhalation, local, long term 0.031 µg/m³ (MEASE 1.02.01) RCR < 0.01

Remarks on exposure data from external estimation tools:

MEASE 1.02.01: Explanation: Duration of exposure was not reflected in the exposure estimate by using the assessment tool but instead a linear interpolation was applied to the full-shift estimate as derived by the tool.



9.1.10. Worker CS 10: Filling of solutions (PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Filling, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



MEASE 1.02.01





MEASE 1.02.01


• Process temperature: Ambient MEASE 1.02.01



• General good occupational hygiene practices MEASE 1.02.01

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.














Cobalt dinitrate


9.1.11. Worker CS 11: Handling of powders with moderate dustiness potential (PROC 26)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Drying, packaging.


Method



Monitoring data





Monitoring data



Monitoring data






Monitoring data

• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below,

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.













9.1.12. Worker CS 12: Handling of powders with high dustiness potential (PROC 26)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Packaging.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: High Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

automatically covered in this assessment.





Monitoring data



Monitoring data





• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 40 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 97.5%] APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum combination of particle filter class P3 with face piece according to EN 136, EN 12941 or EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required.

Monitoring data


Monitoring data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)











9.1.13. Worker CS 13: Cleaning & Maintenance (PROC 28)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Manual cleaning, repair and maintenance operations; Removal of residuals from e.g. filters/overspill or as waste.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: High Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.

Monitoring data





Monitoring data



Cobalt dinitrate


Method

• Process pressure: Ambient Monitoring data

• Additional operational conditions for cleaning and maintenance: Maintenance and repair work only at machinery/systems which are not in operation. Minor cleaning tasks may be conducted under operation.

Monitoring data





Monitoring data


Monitoring data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)











Cobalt dinitrate


9.2. Exposure scenario 2: Manufacture - Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors Environment contributing scenario(s):

CS 1 Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 1

CS 2 Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 1

CS 3 Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 1


CS 4 M1 Dissolution of cobalt metal to form cobalt dinitrate PROC 3, PROC 2; PROC 9

CS 5 MNCM: Cleaning and maintenance PROC 28

Further description of the use:

A variety of Co containing compounds are used in the production of Co containing catalysts. Please note that for environment, very often, emissions cannot be allocated to a distinct activity or process merely because emissions are treated in a central treatment plant and discharged as a single stream (e.g. wastewater emissions). As a consequence, the environmental exposure estimates relate to the Co-ion originating from the production and use of Co compounds in the catalyst industry. A sector approach is taken instead of a substance approach. General process description (Source: ECMA, GES mapping, version 31/10/2014) - Raw materials delivery and handling: bulk delivery of solid raw materials (e.g. tank, silo, car); semi-bulk delivery of solid raw materials (e.g. bags, drums), delivery of liquid raw materials, storage of solid and liquid raw materials, transfer of raw materials from delivery containers into container or central supply system, conveying raw materials (transport to machine for processing). - Catalyst manufacture: dissolving, precipitating, filtrating, drying/heat treatment, mixing, forming, impregnation (continuous, batch), calcination (oxidation at elevated temperatures), reduction, stabilisation, screening (adjusting particle size distribution) - Fresh catalyst packaging: filling operations (transfer to transport containers) - Cleaning and maintenance - Fresh catalyst storage: final product storage


Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that this exposure scenario focusses on exposure to the substance to be registered. Please refer to information on safe use for the handling of the individual raw materials for process steps preceding the chemical transformation step.

9.2.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 1)







Cobalt dinitrate












• Dilution factor to freshwater: <= 100

9.2.1.2. Releases




Explanations


Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 2.2E-3% Release factor after on site RMM: 2.2E-3% Local release rate: 5.98E-3 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment. The selected value is the 50th percentile of 7 companies.

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations



Releases to waste








RCR = 0.107

Sewage Treatment Plant Local PEC: 6.04E-3 mg/L RCR = 0.016





RCR = 0.011





9.2.2. Env CS 2: Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 1)





• Number of release days per year: >= 360 days/year The selected number of production days per year is the median value based on data from 5

Cobalt dinitrate


companies.









• Discharge rate of effluent: >= 245 m3/day The selected effluent discharge rate is the median based on data from 6 companies.



9.2.2.2. Releases




Explanations


Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 2.2E-3% Release factor after on site RMM: 2.2E-3% Local release rate: 5.98E-3 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

on-site treatment. The selected value is the 50th percentile of 7 companies.



Releases to waste







Sediment (freshwater) Local PEC: 8.26 mg/kg dw Clocal: 4 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))

RCR = 0.154





RCR = 0.011





9.2.3. Env CS 3: Manufacture of cobalt nitrate within catalyst or catalyst precursors ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 1)





• Number of release days per year: >= 360 days/year

Cobalt dinitrate


The selected number of production days per year is the median value based on data from 5 companies.









• Discharge rate of effluent: >= 245 m3/day The selected effluent discharge rate is the 70th percentile based on data from 6 companies.



9.2.3.2. Releases




Explanations


Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 2.2E-3% Release factor after on site RMM: 2.2E-3% Local release rate: 5.98E-3 kg/day Explanation:

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment. The selected value is the 50th percentile of 7 companies.



Releases to waste







RCR = 0.158


RCR = 0.651





RCR = 0.011





9.2.4. Worker CS 4: M1 Dissolution of cobalt metal to form cobalt dinitrate (PROC 3, PROC 2; PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Addition of reagents, dissolution, sampling.


Cobalt dinitrate


Method



Monitoring data



Monitoring data

• Additional physical form of substance: Solid, powder / dust Pellets, briquettes

Monitoring data




Monitoring data


• Maximum process temperature: 160 °C Monitoring data

• Level of containment: Semi-closed process Automated sampling operation.

Monitoring data



Monitoring data




Cobalt dinitrate


Method













9.2.5. Worker CS 5: MNCM: Cleaning and maintenance (PROC 28)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Cleaning and maintenance. Manual cleaning, repair and maintenance operations; Removal of residuals from e.g. filters/overspill or as waste. Maintenance and repair work only at facilities which are not in operation. Minor cleaning tasks may be conducted under operation.


Method



Monitoring data

• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Low Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

automatically covered in this assessment.

• Physical form of substance: Various Monitoring data




Monitoring data






Monitoring data




• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process)

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)


Monitoring data











Cobalt dinitrate


9.3. Exposure scenario 3: Use at industrial sites - Manufacture of cobalt carboxylates and resinates (intermediate use) Market sector: Manufacture of other cobalt substances (intermediate use) Sector of use: SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products); SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals

Environment contributing scenario(s):

CS 1 Manufacture of cobalt carboxylates and resinates (intermediate use)

ERC 6a


CS 2 Raw material handling PROC 26, PROC 8b

CS 3 Reaction PROC 4, PROC 1; PROC 3



Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that this exposure scenario focusses on exposure to the registered substance. Please refer to information on safe use for the handling of the individual manufactured substances for process steps commencing the chemical transformation step.

9.3.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of cobalt carboxylates and resinates (intermediate use) (ERC 6a)






• Risk management measures to limit releases to air: The majority of the sites do not have emissions to air, the process is enclosed and the manufacture is in a liquid medium. In case emissions to air are still applicable, one or more of the following measures should be present to reduce emissions to air: Electrostatic precipitators, Wet electrostatic precipitators, Cyclones as primary collector, Fabric or bag filters, Ceramic/Metal mesh filters or Wet scrubbers.

• Risk management measures to limit releases to water: The majority of the sites do not have emissions to water, liquid waste resulting from the manufacture of cobalt carboxylates is collected and disposed of to a specialized treatment company. In case emissions to water are still applicable, one or more of the following measures should be present to reduce emissions to water: Chemical precipitation, Sedimentation, Filtration, Electrolysis, Reverse osmosis or Ion exchange.


• Biological STP: Site specific [Effectiveness Water: 40%]



Cobalt dinitrate







Fate (release percentage) in the biological sewage treatment plant

The biological STP is site specific and the releases to the various compartments have been set by the assessor They are distributed in the following way:

Release to water 60%

Release to air 0%

Release to sludge 40%

Release degraded 0%

Explanation: Based on measured information

9.3.1.2. Releases




Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 5.6E-3% Release factor after on site RMM: 5.6E-3% Local release rate: 0.101 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment but before treatment in a municipal STP. Note that most sites do not have emissions to water.

Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 1E-4% Release factor after on site RMM: 1E-4% Local release rate: 1.8E-3 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment. These emissions are related to cobalt carboxylates in solid form.

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

Note that most sites do not have emissions to air.



Releases to waste







Sediment (freshwater) Local PEC: 7.99 mg/kg dw Clocal: 3.73 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals (local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))

RCR = 0.149

Sewage Treatment Plant Local PEC: 1.51E-3 mg/L RCR < 0.01





RCR = 0.011





9.3.2. Worker CS 2: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Raw material handling, reactor loading, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Medium Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.)


Monitoring data






Monitoring data




Monitoring data





Monitoring data


Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method













9.3.3. Worker CS 3: Reaction (PROC 4, PROC 1; PROC 3)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Wet process, dry process, mixing, dissolving, precipitation, separation, filtration, pumping, cleaning, unloading, reaction, stripping, extraction, formulation. It is noted that the substance is used as an intermediate so that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance in this step.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

• Physical form of substance: Aqueous solution Analogous data


• Duration per shift: <= 480 min Analogous data


Analogous data


• Maximum process temperature: 180 °C Analogous data

• Level of containment: Closed process Closed transfer systems, closed reactor and vacuum scrubbing system

Analogous data




Analogous data



• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) as precautionary measure: RPE

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

protecting from local effects via inhalation Due to potential adverse effects of the substance to the respiratory tract, RPE (minimum assigned protection factor of 10) is prescribed on a precautionary basis for all workplaces unless inhalation exposure to the substance can be excluded.






Inhalation, local, long term 6 µg/m³ (Measured data: Analogous data) RCR = 0.048


Analogous data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance Inhalation exposure, long term concentration: Number of measured data points: 133 ; GSD: 2.56






Method



Monitoring data





Monitoring data





Monitoring data


Cobalt dinitrate


Method




Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Cobalt dinitrate










Cobalt dinitrate


9.4. Exposure scenario 4: Use at industrial sites - Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate Market sector: Manufacture of other cobalt substances (intermediate use) Sector of use: SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products); SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals


CS 1 Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 6a

CS 2 Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 6a

CS 3 Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 6a


CS 4 Raw material handling PROC 26, PROC 8b; PROC 9

CS 5 Mixing/Reaction in vessel/bath PROC 3, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 4; PROC 5




9.4.1. Env CS 1: Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 6a)










Cobalt dinitrate










9.4.1.2. Releases




Explanations





Releases to waste



Cobalt dinitrate







RCR = 0.091






RCR = 0.011





9.4.2. Env CS 2: Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 6a)











Cobalt dinitrate








9.4.2.2. Releases




Explanations





Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.098





RCR = 0.011





9.4.3. Env CS 3: Manufacture of chemicals and in other wet-chemical processes as intermediate ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC

6a)












Cobalt dinitrate







9.4.3.2. Releases




Explanations





Releases to waste




Table 9.40. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the

Cobalt dinitrate


environment



RCR = 0.083


RCR = 0.436





RCR = 0.011





9.4.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 8b; PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Loading/unloading, weighing, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data

• Physical form of substance: Solid, crystal Analogous data

• Additional physical form of substance: Aqueous solution Analogous data




Analogous data


Cobalt dinitrate


Method

• Process temperature: Ambient Analogous data


Analogous data





Analogous data


Analogous data



Cobalt dinitrate


Method







Inhalation, local, long term 14.5 µg/m³ (Measured data: Analogous data) RCR = 0.117





9.4.5. Worker CS 5: Mixing/Reaction in vessel/bath (PROC 3, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 4; PROC 5)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Mixing, blending, reaction, formulation, electro-winning, sampling. It is noted that the substance is used as an intermediate so that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance in this step.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data





Analogous data


• Process temperature: Elevated Analogous data

• Level of containment: Closed process Analogous data


• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.


Analogous data









Inhalation, local, long term 0.2 µg/m³ (Measured data: Analogous data) RCR < 0.01

Cobalt dinitrate







Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Manual cleaning, repair and maintenance operations, removal of residuals from e.g. filters/overspill or as waste.


Method



Analogous data

• Physical form of substance: Solid, powder / dust Analogous data




Analogous data



• Process pressure: Ambient Analogous data


Analogous data



Analogous data

• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.



Analogous data













Cobalt dinitrate


9.5. Exposure scenario 5: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture Market sector: Manufacture of other cobalt substances (intermediate use) Sector of use: SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products); SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals


CS 1 Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 6a

CS 2 Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 6a

CS 3 Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 6a


CS 4 N1: Delivery and storage of cobalt nitrate raw material PROC 8b, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 9

CS 5 N2: Dissolution of cobalt nitrate raw material PROC 3, PROC 9

CS 6 N3: Impregnation, drying & calcination of cobalt nitrate PROC 4, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 3

CS 7 N4: Precipitation of cobalt carbonate from cobalt nitrate solution

PROC 3, PROC 9

CS 8 NCM: Cleaning and maintenance PROC 28

Further description of the use:

A variety of Co containing compounds are used in the production of Co containing catalysts. Please note that for environment, very often, emissions cannot be allocated to a distinct activity or process merely because emissions are treated in a central treatment plant and discharged as a single stream (e.g. wastewater emissions). As a consequence, the environmental exposure estimates relate to the Co-ion originating from the production and use of Co compounds in the catalyst industry. A sector approach is taken instead of a substance approach. General process description (Source: ECMA, GES mapping, version 31/10/2014) - Raw materials delivery and handling: bulk delivery of solid raw materials (e.g. tank, silo, car); semi-bulk delivery of solid raw materials (e.g. bags, drums), delivery of liquid raw materials, storage of solid and liquid raw materials, transfer of raw materials from delivery containers into container or central supply system, conveying raw materials (transport to machine for processing). - Catalyst manufacture: dissolving, precipitating, filtrating, drying/heat treatment, mixing, forming, impregnation (continuous, batch), calcination (oxidation at elevated temperatures), reduction, stabilisation, screening (adjusting particle size distribution) - Fresh catalyst packaging: filling operations (transfer to transport containers) - Cleaning and maintenance



Cobalt dinitrate


9.5.1. Env CS 1: Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 6a)


















9.5.1.2. Releases



Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations





Releases to waste








RCR = 0.107

Sewage Treatment Plant Local PEC: 6.04E-3 mg/L RCR = 0.016





RCR = 0.011




MAN VIA ENVIRONMENT: The use of EUSES to predict the concentration in food is difficult to apply for metals and associated with much higher uncertainties than using measured data. Therefore, deviations from the TGD food basket approach for the exposure route “ingestion of food”, have been applied as shortly described in the introductory section 9.0.. The oral exposure concentration in µg/kg bw/day has been derived by taking 2L of drinking water (PEC freshwater taken from the local environmental exposure assessment) + the worst case exposure from food (see introductory section 9.0.) and a default body weight of 60kg into account. Furthermore, the exposure assessment is based on the cobalt ion, as this is the toxic species, as such

Cobalt dinitrate


for the risk characterisation the DNELs based on cobalt were used.

9.5.2. Env CS 2: Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 6a)

















9.5.2.2. Releases



Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations





Releases to waste







Sediment (freshwater) Local PEC: 8.26 mg/kg dw Clocal: 4 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals (local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))

RCR = 0.154





RCR = 0.011





Cobalt dinitrate


9.5.3. Env CS 3: Industrial use of RM as intermediate for the production of another substance in catalyst or catalyst precursor manufacture ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 6a)

















9.5.3.2. Releases



Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations





Releases to waste







RCR = 0.158

Sediment (marine water) Local PEC: 45.46 mg/kg dw Clocal: 30.76 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals (local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))

RCR = 0.651





RCR = 0.011




MAN VIA ENVIRONMENT: The use of EUSES to predict the concentration in food is difficult to apply for metals and associated with much higher uncertainties than using measured data. Therefore, deviations from the TGD food basket approach for the exposure route “ingestion of food”, have been applied as shortly described in the introductory section 9.0.. The oral exposure concentration in µg/kg bw/day has been derived by taking 2L of drinking water (PEC freshwater taken from the local environmental exposure assessment) + the worst case exposure from

Cobalt dinitrate


food (see introductory section 9.0.) and a default body weight of 60kg into account. Furthermore, the exposure assessment is based on the cobalt ion, as this is the toxic species, as such for the risk characterisation the DNELs based on cobalt were used.

9.5.4. Worker CS 4: N1: Delivery and storage of cobalt nitrate raw material (PROC 8b, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Delivery, transfer, storage.


Method



Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Solid, crystal Monitoring data


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Low Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.

Monitoring data




Monitoring data


• Level of containment Closed process or open process with generic local exhaust ventilation

Monitoring data



Monitoring data


• Certified safety clothing and shoes

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Certified safety clothing including coveralls and safety shoes are to be worn as appropriate. Face protection may be worn if the type of process is associated with the risk of face injuries due to thermal or mechanical stress.













9.5.5. Worker CS 5: N2: Dissolution of cobalt nitrate raw material (PROC 3, PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Addition of reagents, dissolution, sampling.


Method



Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Solid, crystal Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method



Monitoring data




Monitoring data


• Level of containment: Closed process Fully automated addition of reagents and dissolution.

Monitoring data



Monitoring data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.

• Certified safety clothing and shoes Certified safety clothing including coveralls and safety shoes are to be worn as

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

appropriate. Face protection may be worn if the type of process is associated with the risk of face injuries due to thermal or mechanical stress.


Monitoring data






Inhalation, local, long term 0.2 µg/m³ (Measured data: Monitoring data) RCR < 0.01





9.5.6. Worker CS 6: N3: Impregnation, drying & calcination of cobalt nitrate (PROC 4, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 3)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Addition of reagents, impregnation, transfer to dryer/calciner, drying/calcination.


Method



Monitoring data



Monitoring data




Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method


• Level of containment: Semi-closed process Monitoring data

• Level of containment: Closed process Calcination is conducted in closed processes.

Monitoring data



Monitoring data






Cobalt dinitrate











9.5.7. Worker CS 7: N4: Precipitation of cobalt carbonate from cobalt nitrate solution (PROC 3, PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Addition of reagents, precipitation, sampling.


Method



Monitoring data



Monitoring data




Monitoring data


• Level of containment: Closed process Sampling may be conducted in semi-closed processes.

Monitoring data


• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.





Monitoring data










Qualitative risk characterisation (Inhalation, local, acute, Dermal, local, long term , Dermal, local, acute, Eye, local):

Cobalt dinitrate


Further information on the risk characterisation for local effects via inhalation and for local effects on the skin and to the eyes is given in Section 9.0.4.2.

9.5.8. Worker CS 8: NCM: Cleaning and maintenance (PROC 28)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Cleaning and maintenance. Manual cleaning, repair and maintenance operations; Removal of residuals from e.g. filters/overspill or as waste. Maintenance and repair work only at facilities which are not in operation. Minor cleaning tasks may be conducted under operation.


Method



Monitoring data

• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Low Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.

Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Various Monitoring data




Monitoring data






Monitoring data


Cobalt dinitrate


Method





Monitoring data











Cobalt dinitrate


9.6. Exposure scenario 6: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations Market sector: Use in surface treatment Product category formulated: PC 14: Metal surface treatment products


CS 1 Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 2

CS 2 Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 2

CS 3 Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 2


CS 4 Raw material handling PROC 26, PROC 8b

CS 5 Formulation of solutions PROC 3, PROC 2

CS 6 Filling of solutions containing <25 % of cobalt dinitrate PROC 8b



Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment.

9.6.1. Env CS 1: Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 2)















Cobalt dinitrate






9.6.1.2. Releases




Explanations

Water Estimated release factor (SpERC for formulation of metal compounds)

Release factor before on site RMM: 0.5% Release factor after on site RMM: 0.5% Local release rate: 0.125 kg/day Explanation: Eurométaux, 2012, version 2.1 The reported release factor for water is based on emissions before treatment. Reported risk management measures for wastewater is on-site WWTP (removal efficiency >75%). The release factor to water after treatment for this specific use is thus 0.5% (i.e. 5000 g/T)

Air Estimated release factor (SpERC for formulation of metal compounds)

Release factor before on site RMM: 0.01% Release factor after on site RMM: 0.01% Local release rate: 2.5E-3 kg/day Explanation: Eurométaux, 2012, version 2.1



Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate





RCR = 0.164






RCR = 0.011





9.6.2. Env CS 2: Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 2)












• Particular considerations on the waste treatment operations: No (low amount) Wastes from onsite risk management measures and solid or liquid wastes from production, use and cleaning processes should be disposed of separately or/and with other cobalt compounds

Cobalt dinitrate


waste to hazardous waste incineration plants or hazardous waste landfills as hazardous waste. Releases to the floor, water and soil are to be prevented. If the cobalt content of the waste is elevated enough, internal or external recovery/recycling might be considered. Appropriate waste codes: 01 03 07*, 02 01 10*, 06 05 02*, 06 03 13*, 06 03 15*, 06 04 05*, 10 08 04, 10 10 03, 10 10 05*, 10 10 07*, 10 10 10, 10 10 11*, 11 02 07*, 12 01 03*, 12 01 04, 15 01 04*, 15 01 10*, 16 01 04*, 16 01 06*, 16 01 18*, 16 03 03*, 16 06 02*, 16 06 05, 16 08 02*, 16 08 03, 16 10 01*, 17 04 07*, 17 04 09*, 17 09 04*, 19 10 02*, 19 12 03*,… Suitable disposal: Keep separate and dispose of to either - Hazardous waste incineration operated according to Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste and the Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration of August 2006. - Hazardous landfill operated under Directive 1999/31/EC. A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)





9.6.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate





RCR = 0.173





RCR = 0.011





9.6.3. Env CS 3: Formulation of metal surface treatment pre-formulations ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 2)












• Particular considerations on the waste treatment operations: No (low amount) Wastes from onsite risk management measures and solid or liquid wastes from production, use and cleaning processes should be disposed of separately or/and with other cobalt compounds waste to hazardous waste incineration plants or hazardous waste landfills as hazardous waste.

Cobalt dinitrate


Releases to the floor, water and soil are to be prevented. If the cobalt content of the waste is elevated enough, internal or external recovery/recycling might be considered. Appropriate waste codes: 01 03 07*, 02 01 10*, 06 05 02*, 06 03 13*, 06 03 15*, 06 04 05*, 10 08 04, 10 10 03, 10 10 05*, 10 10 07*, 10 10 10, 10 10 11*, 11 02 07*, 12 01 03*, 12 01 04, 15 01 04*, 15 01 10*, 16 01 04*, 16 01 06*, 16 01 18*, 16 03 03*, 16 06 02*, 16 06 05, 16 08 02*, 16 08 03, 16 10 01*, 17 04 07*, 17 04 09*, 17 09 04*, 19 10 02*, 19 12 03*,… Suitable disposal: Keep separate and dispose of to either - Hazardous waste incineration operated according to Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste and the Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration of August 2006. - Hazardous landfill operated under Directive 1999/31/EC. A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)





9.6.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste






Marine water Local PEC: 0.285 µg/L RCR = 0.121

Cobalt dinitrate



Clocal: 0.27 µg/L (estimated by Clocal calculation with Kp susp. matter marine (logKp = 4.94))


RCR = 0.545





RCR = 0.011





9.6.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Opening of containers / dosing, dissolution, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data






Monitoring data



• Integrated local exhaust ventilation: Upper confidence limit (industrial use) [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%]

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

High efficiency





Monitoring data





Cobalt dinitrate








Monitoring data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance Inhalation exposure, long term concentration: Number of measured data points: 1



9.6.5. Worker CS 5: Formulation of solutions (PROC 3, PROC 2)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Dissolution.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data




Monitoring data



Monitoring data


• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.


Monitoring data











Monitoring data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance

Cobalt dinitrate


Inhalation exposure, long term concentration: Number of measured data points: 9 ; GSD: 1.9



9.6.6. Worker CS 6: Filling of solutions containing <25 % of cobalt dinitrate (PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Filling of formulated solutions, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Monitoring data

• Content in preparation: 5 - 25 % [Effectiveness Inhalation: 40%, Dermal: 40%] Monitoring data





Monitoring data





• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.

















Method


Cobalt dinitrate


Method


Monitoring data





Monitoring data





Monitoring data





Monitoring data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces.

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)












Cobalt dinitrate


9.7. Exposure scenario 7: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment Market sector: Use in surface treatment Product category used: PC 14: Metal surface treatment products Sector of use: SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment


CS 1 Passivation processes in surface treatment ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 5

CS 2 Passivation processes in surface treatment ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 5

CS 3 Passivation processes in surface treatment ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 5


CS 4 Raw material handling (solid input materials) PROC 5, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 8b

CS 5 Raw material handling (exclusively aqueous solutions as input materials)

PROC 4, PROC 9

CS 6 Passivation PROC 13

CS 7 Finishing of passivated articles PROC 21


Subsequent service life exposure scenario(s): ES10: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Industrial handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) ES11: Service life (professional worker) - Professional handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated)


Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance during this use. Consequently, exposure can no longer occur to the registered substance. Please refer to information on safe use for the handling of the individual manufactured substances for process steps commencing the chemical transformation step.

9.7.1. Env CS 1: Passivation processes in surface treatment ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 5)







• Risk management measures to limit releases to air: One or more of the following measures should be present to reduce emissions to air: Electrostatic precipitators, Wet electrostatic precipitators, Cyclones as primary collector, Fabric or bag filters,

Cobalt dinitrate


Ceramic/Metal mesh filters or Wet scrubbers.











9.7.1.2. Releases




Explanations

Water Estimated release factor (SpERC Metallic coating)

Release factor before on site RMM: 0.5% Release factor after on site RMM: 0.5% Local release rate: 0.125 kg/day Explanation: Eurométaux, 2012, version 2.1

Air Estimated release factor (SpERC Metallic coating)




Releases to waste


Cobalt dinitrate








RCR = 0.164






RCR = 0.011





9.7.2. Env CS 2: Passivation processes in surface treatment ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 5)









Cobalt dinitrate









9.7.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate





RCR = 0.173





RCR = 0.011





9.7.3. Env CS 3: Passivation processes in surface treatment ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 5)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.7.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste







RCR = 0.121

Sediment (marine water) Local PEC: 38.02 mg/kg dw RCR = 0.545

Cobalt dinitrate



Clocal: 23.32 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals (local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))





RCR = 0.011





9.7.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (solid input materials) (PROC 5, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Mixing, loading/unloading, weighing, immediate removal of wet splashes, dissolution.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data



Monitoring data



• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.



Monitoring data







Cobalt dinitrate









9.7.5. Worker CS 5: Raw material handling (exclusively aqueous solutions as input materials) (PROC 4, PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Mixing, immediate removal of wet splashes, loading/unloading, weighing.


Method



Monitoring data






Monitoring data



• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general,

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.














9.7.6. Worker CS 6: Passivation (PROC 13)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Passivation, immediate removal of wet splashes. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt and deposited as such on the

Cobalt dinitrate


respective article surface.


Method



MEASE 1.02.01

• Content in preparation: 1 - 5 % [Effectiveness Inhalation: 80%, Dermal: 80%] MEASE 1.02.01





MEASE 1.02.01




MEASE 1.02.01


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)












9.7.7. Worker CS 7: Finishing of passivated articles (PROC 21)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Packaging and further handling of passivated articles. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Massive object Monitoring data



• Shifts per year: <= 240 Shifts/year Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Typical number of shifts per year during which this task is conducted considering a single worker. This value has been taken into account in the calculation of excess cancer risk.






Monitoring data





Cobalt dinitrate














Method



Monitoring data





Monitoring data





Monitoring data


• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.



Monitoring data












Cobalt dinitrate




Cobalt dinitrate


9.8. Exposure scenario 8: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes Market sector: Use in surface treatment Product category used: PC 14: Metal surface treatment products Sector of use: SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment


CS 1 Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 5

CS 2 Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 5

CS 3 Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 5



PROC 4, PROC 9

CS 5 Passivation PROC 2, PROC 13

CS 6 Finishing of passivated articles PROC 21




9.8.1. Env CS 1: Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 5)







• Risk management measures to limit releases to air:

Cobalt dinitrate


One or more of the following measures should be present to reduce emissions to air: Electrostatic precipitators, Wet electrostatic precipitators, Cyclones as primary collector, Fabric or bag filters, Ceramic/Metal mesh filters or Wet scrubbers.











9.8.1.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste

Cobalt dinitrate









RCR = 0.164






RCR = 0.011





9.8.2. Env CS 2: Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 5)








Cobalt dinitrate










9.8.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.173





RCR = 0.011





9.8.3. Env CS 3: Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES3 Marine Discharge

(ERC 5)












Cobalt dinitrate







9.8.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste






Marine water Local PEC: 0.286 µg/L Clocal: 0.271 µg/L (estimated by Clocal

RCR = 0.121

Cobalt dinitrate



calculation with Kp susp. matter marine (logKp = 4.94))


RCR = 0.545





RCR = 0.011






Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Mixing, immediate removal of wet splashes, loading/unloading, weighing, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Analogous data

• Content in preparation: 5 - 25 % [Effectiveness Inhalation: 40%, Dermal: 40%] Analogous data





Analogous data


• Level of automation: Fully automated process Analogous data


• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.


Analogous data











Cobalt dinitrate





9.8.5. Worker CS 5: Passivation (PROC 2, PROC 13)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Control walks, supervision, adjusting machinery. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method



MEASE 1.02.01






MEASE 1.02.01


• Level of containment: Closed process MEASE 1.02.01

• Level of automation: Fully automated process MEASE 1.02.01


MEASE 1.02.01



• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the

MEASE 1.02.01

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.














Cobalt dinitrate


9.8.6. Worker CS 6: Finishing of passivated articles (PROC 21)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Etching, polishing and handling of passivated articles. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data


• Level of automation: Fully automated process Monitoring data





Monitoring data


Cobalt dinitrate


Method













Cobalt dinitrate


9.9. Exposure scenario 9: Use at industrial sites - Plating processes in surface treatment Market sector: Use in surface treatment Product category used: PC 14: Metal surface treatment products Sector of use: SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment


CS 1 Plating processes in surface treatment ES1 STP Discharge ERC 5

CS 2 Plating processes in surface treatment ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 5

CS 3 Plating processes in surface treatment ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 5


CS 4 Raw material handling (solid input materials) PROC 5, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 8b


PROC 4, PROC 9

CS 6 Plating PROC 13

CS 7 Manual brush plating PROC 10

CS 8 Finishing of coated/plated articles PROC 21





9.9.1. Env CS 1: Plating processes in surface treatment ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 5)







• Risk management measures to limit releases to air: One or more of the following measures should be present to reduce emissions to air: Electrostatic precipitators, Wet electrostatic precipitators, Cyclones as primary collector, Fabric or bag filters,

Cobalt dinitrate


Ceramic/Metal mesh filters or Wet scrubbers.











9.9.1.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste


Cobalt dinitrate








RCR = 0.164






RCR = 0.011





9.9.2. Env CS 2: Plating processes in surface treatment ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 5)









Cobalt dinitrate









9.9.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate





RCR = 0.173





RCR = 0.011





9.9.3. Env CS 3: Plating processes in surface treatment ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 5)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.9.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste







RCR = 0.121

Sediment (marine water) Local PEC: 38.02 mg/kg dw RCR = 0.545

Cobalt dinitrate



Clocal: 23.32 mg/kg dw (estimated by PEC sediment calculation method for metals (local PEC = Clocal,sed + PECreg,sed))





RCR = 0.011





9.9.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (solid input materials) (PROC 5, PROC 1; PROC 2; PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Mixing, loading/unloading, weighing, dissolution.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data





Analogous data



Analogous data



• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 10 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%]

Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum any combination of particle filter class P2 with mask according to EN 140, EN 1827 or EN 136 or filtering half mask (FF P2) according to EN 149 or combination of P1 filter with face piece according EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required.




Analogous data






Cobalt dinitrate




Inhalation, local, long term 1 µg/m³ (Measured data: Analogous data) RCR < 0.01






Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Mixing, immediate removal of wet splashes, loading/unloading, weighing.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data



• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.














9.9.6. Worker CS 6: Plating (PROC 13)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Plating. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During

Cobalt dinitrate


treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt metal and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data



Monitoring data



Monitoring data




Monitoring data

• Certified safety clothing and shoes Certified safety clothing including coveralls and safety shoes are to be worn as

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

appropriate. Face protection may be worn if the type of process is associated with the risk of face injuries due to thermal or mechanical stress.













9.9.7. Worker CS 7: Manual brush plating (PROC 10)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Manual brush plating, immediate removal of wet splashes. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt metal and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method


• Maximum emission potential: Low (vapour pressure based) Only the highest emission potential (EP) of the substance in this process is

MEASE 1.02.01

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel or if the actual process temperature or the level of abrasion is lower) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.


• Physical form of substance: Liquid Due to the high current applied (90 A - 195 A) during manual brush plating, the more precise term “aqueous solution” for describing the used mixture was replaced by “liquid” in order to highlight the increased emission potential. In the exposure assessment with MEASE, a “low fugacity” was thus assumed by entering a hypothetical vapour pressure of below 500 Pa which is far above the vapour pressure of Co in aqueous solution. The resulting exposure assessment is therefore assumed to be sufficiently precautionary.

MEASE 1.02.01




MEASE 1.02.01


• Generic local exhaust ventilation: Lower confidence limit (industrial use) [Effectiveness Inhalation: 78%] Standard efficiency

MEASE 1.02.01



MEASE 1.02.01



• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in

MEASE 1.02.01

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.








Inhalation, local, long term 16.5 µg/m³ (MEASE 1.02.01) RCR = 0.133





9.9.8. Worker CS 8: Finishing of coated/plated articles (PROC 21)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Etching, polishing and handling of coated/plated articles. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt metal and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Very low Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment.


Monitoring data





Monitoring data






Monitoring data



Cobalt dinitrate


Method








Inhalation, local, long term 3 µg/m³ (Measured data: Monitoring data) RCR = 0.024








Method



Monitoring data





Monitoring data




• Additional operational conditions for cleaning and maintenance: Maintenance and repair work only at machinery/systems which are not in operation. Minor

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

cleaning tasks may be conducted under operation.





Monitoring data





Cobalt dinitrate











Cobalt dinitrate


9.10. Exposure scenario 10: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Industrial handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) Market sector: Use in surface treatment Article categories: AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles AC 7: Metal articles


CS 1 Handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) ERC 12a


CS 2 Handling of articles PROC 21

Exposure scenario(s) of the uses leading to the inclusion of the substance into the article(s): ES7: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment ES8: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES9: Use at industrial sites - Plating processes in surface treatment


Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the production of surface treated articles. During the production, the substance is completely transformed into another substance. Consequently, exposure can no longer occur to the registered substance.

9.10.1. Env CS 1: Handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) (ERC 12a)




• Annual use amount at site: <= 10 tonnes/year






• Particular considerations on the waste treatment operations: No (low risk) Fraction of daily/annual use expected in waste: 60% of all articles, 40% is recycled. (EC, 2010) Appropriate waste codes: 20 01 34, 20 01 40, 20 03 01, 20 03 07, … Suitable Disposal: Waste from end-of-life articles can be disposed of as municipal waste, except when they are separately regulated, like electronic devices, batteries, vehicles, etc. Disposal of wastes is possible via incineration (operated according to Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste) or landfilling (operated according to Reference Document on the Best available Techniques for Waste Industries of August 2006 and Council Directive 1999/31/EC and Council Decision 19 December 2002). A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)

9.10.1.2. Releases

Cobalt dinitrate





Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0% Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Local release rate: 0 kg/day Explanation: There are no intended cobalt releases due to service life of surface treated articles, the non-intended releases are negligible and pose no threat to the environment.

Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0% Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Local release rate: 0 kg/day Explanation: Not relevant


Estimated release factor Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Explanation: Not relevant

Releases to waste

Release factor to external waste: 60 % Fraction of daily/annual use expected in waste: 60% of all articles, 40% is recycled. (EC, 2010). Note that the 60% does not specifically apply to this use but applies to all professional, consumer or service life uses from cobalt. A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)


No exposure datasets are defined for this environmental contributing scenario.


The exposure concentrations and risk characterisation ratios (RCR) for the service life are negligible and pose no threat to the environment. Emission data from municipal STPs have been collected for Belgium (via VMM) and The Netherlands (WATSON database). For Belgium 6 data points are available between 2011 and 2013. Only one data point is above the DL, the effluent concentration of the STP above the DL is 3 µg Co/L. For the Netherlands 272 data points are available between 2005 and 2012. Only 69 data points are above the DL, the median effluent concentration is below the DL and the 90th percentile is 2.69 µg Co/L. These concentrations are a factor 100 below the PNEC for STP of 370 µg Co/L.

9.10.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of articles (PROC 21)

It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

• Physical form of substance: Massive object Analogous data




Analogous data






Analogous data



• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) as precautionary measure: RPE protecting from local effects via inhalation Due to potential adverse effects of the substance to the respiratory tract, RPE

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

(minimum assigned protection factor of 10) is prescribed on a precautionary basis for all workplaces unless inhalation exposure to the substance can be excluded.











Cobalt dinitrate


9.11. Exposure scenario 11: Service life (professional worker) - Professional handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) Market sector: Use in surface treatment Article categories: AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles AC 7: Metal articles


CS 1 Handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) ERC 10a, ERC 11a


CS 2 Handling of articles PROC 21

Exposure scenario(s) of the uses leading to the inclusion of the substance into the article(s): ES7: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment ES8: Use at industrial sites - Passivation processes in surface treatment at large industrial sites with continuous processes ES9: Use at industrial sites - Plating processes in surface treatment


Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the production of surface treated articles. During the production, the substance is completely transformed into another substance. Consequently, exposure can no longer occur to the registered substance.

9.11.1. Env CS 1: Handling of surface treated articles (passivated/plated) (ERC 10a)



• Daily local widespread use amount: <= 5.5E-6 tonnes/day The tonnage and further exposure is always expressed in cobalt.





9.11.1.2. Releases



Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0% Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Local release rate: 0 kg/day Explanation: There are no intended cobalt releases due to service life of surface treated articles, the non-intended releases are negligible and pose no threat to the environment.

Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0% Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Explanation: Not relevant



Releases to waste






9.11.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of articles (PROC 21)

It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the treatment of article surfaces. During treatment, the substance is completely transformed into cobalt and deposited as such on the respective article surface.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data

• Physical form of substance: Massive object Analogous data



Cobalt dinitrate


Method


Analogous data






Analogous data




Cobalt dinitrate












Cobalt dinitrate


9.12. Exposure scenario 12: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors Market sector: Water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers and corrosion inhibitors Product category formulated: PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralization agents; PC 21: Laboratory Chemicals; PC 37: Water treatment chemicals


CS 1 Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 2

CS 2 Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 2

CS 3 Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 2


CS 4 Formulation PROC 26, PROC 15; PROC 2; PROC 4; PROC 5; PROC 8b; PROC 9




9.12.1. Env CS 1: Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 2)



• Daily use amount at site: <= 6.8E-3 tonnes/day The tonnage and further exposure is always expressed in cobalt.

• Annual use amount at site: <= 1.5 tonnes/year For the generic exposure scenario a tonnage covering 100% of the sector tonnages was selected.

• Number of release days per year: >= 220 days/year The selected number of production days per year is the median value based on data from 1 company.







Cobalt dinitrate








9.12.1.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.125






RCR = 0.011





9.12.2. Env CS 2: Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 2)











Cobalt dinitrate








9.12.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.156





RCR = 0.011





9.12.3. Env CS 3: Formulation for water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES3 Marine Discharge

(ERC 2)












Cobalt dinitrate







9.12.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste




Table 9.106. Exposure concentrations and risks for the environment and man via the

Cobalt dinitrate


environment



RCR = 0.038


RCR = 0.302





RCR = 0.011





9.12.4. Worker CS 4: Formulation (PROC 26, PROC 15; PROC 2; PROC 4; PROC 5; PROC 8b; PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Opening of containers / dosing, loading/unloading, weighing, re-packaging, mixing, dissolution, sampling, immediate removal of wet splashes


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data



• Additional physical form of substance: Solid, crystal Analogous data




Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method




Analogous data



Analogous data




Analogous data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)














Method



Analogous data





Analogous data





Analogous data


• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 10 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum any

Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

combination of particle filter class P2 with mask according to EN 140, EN 1827 or EN 136 or filtering half mask (FF P2) according to EN 149 or combination of P1 filter with face piece according EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required.




Analogous data






Cobalt dinitrate









Cobalt dinitrate


9.13. Exposure scenario 13: Use at industrial sites - Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors Market sector: Water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers and corrosion inhibitors Product category used: PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralization agents; PC 21: Laboratory Chemicals; PC 37: Water treatment chemicals


CS 1 Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 6b

CS 2 Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 6b

CS 3 Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 6b


CS 4 Use of formulation PROC 8b, PROC 2



9.13.1. Env CS 1: Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 6b)















Cobalt dinitrate






9.13.1.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate





RCR = 0.125






RCR = 0.011





9.13.2. Env CS 2: Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 6b)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.13.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate





RCR = 0.156





RCR = 0.011





9.13.3. Env CS 3: Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 6b)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.13.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate




RCR = 0.038


RCR = 0.302





RCR = 0.011





9.13.4. Worker CS 4: Use of formulation (PROC 8b, PROC 2)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Use of water treatment chemicals, oxygen scavengers and corrosion inhibitors, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data





Analogous data




Cobalt dinitrate


Method



Analogous data







Cobalt dinitrate









Cobalt dinitrate


9.14. Exposure scenario 14: Use at industrial sites - Battery production (intermediate use) Market sector: Battery production (intermediate use) Sector of use: SU 16: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment


CS 1 Battery production (intermediate use) ES1 Direct Discharge ERC 5

CS 2 Battery production (intermediate use) ES2 Marine Discharge

ERC 5


CS 3 Raw material handling PROC 26, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 8b

CS 4 Mix preparation PROC 5, PROC 3

CS 5 Further processing PROC 13, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 5; PROC 6; PROC 9

CS 6 Final processing and handling PROC 14, PROC 21


Subsequent service life exposure scenario(s): ES15: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Service life of cobalt-containing industrial batteries in industrial settings ES16: Service life (professional worker) - Service life of cobalt-containing portable batteries in professional settings



9.14.1. Env CS 1: Battery production (intermediate use) ES1 Direct Discharge (ERC 5)








Cobalt dinitrate








• Discharge rate of effluent: >= 513 m3/day The selected effluent discharge rate is the median value based on data from 2 companies.



9.14.1.2. Releases




Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0.011% Release factor after on site RMM: 0.011% Local release rate: 9.57E-3 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment. The selected value is the 50th percentile of 2 companies.




Releases to waste

Cobalt dinitrate









RCR = 0.163





RCR = 0.011





9.14.2. Env CS 2: Battery production (intermediate use) ES2 Marine Discharge (ERC 5)









Cobalt dinitrate







• Discharge rate of effluent: >= 513 m3/day The selected effluent discharge rate is the median value based on data from 2 companies.



9.14.2.2. Releases




Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0.011% Release factor after on site RMM: 0.011% Local release rate: 9.57E-3 kg/day Explanation: This release factor is based on reported emissions after on-site treatment. The selected value is the 50th percentile of 2 companies.




Releases to waste



Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.04


RCR = 0.31





RCR = 0.011





9.14.3. Worker CS 3: Raw material handling (PROC 26, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Powder handling, weighing, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data





• Shifts per year: <= 225 Shifts/year Typical number of shifts per year during which this task is conducted

Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

considering a single worker. This value has been taken into account in the calculation of excess cancer risk.




• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 10 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum any combination of particle filter class P2 with mask according to EN 140, EN 1827 or EN 136 or filtering half mask (FF P2) according to EN 149 or combination of P1 filter with face piece according EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required. FFP2 mask during powder handling.

Analogous data




Analogous data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)











9.14.4. Worker CS 4: Mix preparation (PROC 5, PROC 3)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Metal leaching, mixing. It is noted that the substance is used as an intermediate so that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data





Analogous data



• Level of containment: Closed reaction vessel Analogous data

• Level of automation: Semi-automated process Analogous data


Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Vapour extraction units in the vessel



Analogous data



Analogous data





Cobalt dinitrate










9.14.5. Worker CS 5: Further processing (PROC 13, PROC 3; PROC 4; PROC 5; PROC 6; PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Coating, impregnation, drying, calendaring. It is noted that the substance is used as an intermediate so that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Low Analogous data


Analogous data

• Physical form of substance: Solid Analogous data




Analogous data





Analogous data

• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.


Analogous data













9.14.6. Worker CS 6: Final processing and handling (PROC 14,

Cobalt dinitrate


PROC 21)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Pelletizing, tabletting, slitting, battery assembly, packaging. It is noted that the substance is used as an intermediate so that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance.


Method



Qualitative assessment

• Content in preparation: 5 - 25 % [Effectiveness Inhalation: 40%, Dermal: 40%] Qualitative assessment

• Physical form of substance: Included in closed container Cobalt dihydroxide is in a closed container (battery).



• Duration per shift: <= 480 min Qualitative assessment




• Process pressure: Ambient Qualitative assessment

• Process temperature: Ambient Qualitative assessment






Inhalation, local, long term 1E-3 µg/m³ (Qualitative assessment .) RCR < 0.01


Qualitative assessment .: Explanation: Since batteries are considered as closed containers which cannot lead to exposure under normal condition of use, a qualitative assessment is considered sufficient.




Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Manual cleaning, repair and maintenance operations;

Cobalt dinitrate


Removal of residuals from e.g. filters/overspill or as waste.


Method



Analogous data





Analogous data





Analogous data


• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): RPE with minimum APF = 40 [Effectiveness Inhalation: 97.5%] APF = assigned protection factor according to EN 529. At minimum combination of particle filter class P3 with face piece according to EN 136, EN 12941 or EN 12942 or any RPE providing higher APFs according to EN 529 is required.

Analogous data



• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried

Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.













Cobalt dinitrate


9.15. Exposure scenario 15: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Service life of cobalt-containing industrial batteries in industrial settings Market sector: Battery production (intermediate use) Article categories: AC 3: Electrical batteries and accumulators


CS 1 Service life of cobalt-containing industrial batteries in industrial settings

ERC 12a


CS 2 Handling of closed containers PROC 21

Exposure scenario(s) of the uses leading to the inclusion of the substance into the article(s): ES14: Use at industrial sites - Battery production (intermediate use)


Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the production of batteries. During the production, the substance is completely transformed into another substance. Consequently, exposure can no longer occur to the registered substance.

9.15.1. Env CS 1: Service life of cobalt-containing industrial batteries in industrial settings (ERC 12a)



• Daily use amount at site: <= 5 tonnes/day The tonnage and further exposure is always expressed in cobalt.

• Annual use amount at site: <= 100 tonnes/year







9.15.1.2. Releases



Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0% Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Local release rate: 0 kg/day Explanation: There are no intended cobalt releases due to service life of batteries, the non-intended releases are negligible and pose no threat to the environment.

Air Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0% Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Local release rate: 0 kg/day Explanation: Not relevant



Releases to waste






9.15.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of closed containers (PROC 21)

It is noted that the substance is used as an intermediate so that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance.


Method




• Content in preparation: Not restricted [Effectiveness Inhalation: 0%, Dermal: 0%] The content of the substance in a sealed battery is considered as being not relevant for occupational exposure if used as intended.


• Physical form of substance: Included in closed container Cobalt is in a sealed container (battery).


Cobalt dinitrate


Method


• Duration per shift: <= 480 min Qualitative assessment
















Cobalt dinitrate


9.16. Exposure scenario 16: Service life (professional worker) - Service life of cobalt-containing portable batteries in professional settings Market sector: Battery production (intermediate use) Article categories: AC 3: Electrical batteries and accumulators


CS 1 Service life of cobalt-containing portable batteries in professional settings

ERC 10a, ERC 11a


CS 2 Handling of closed containers PROC 21

Exposure scenario(s) of the uses leading to the inclusion of the substance into the article(s): ES14: Use at industrial sites - Battery production (intermediate use)


Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 for a detailed description of the specific methodology applied for the occupational exposure assessment. It is noted that the substance is used as raw material in the production of batteries. During the production, the substance is completely transformed into another substance. Consequently, exposure can no longer occur to the registered substance.

9.16.1. Env CS 1: Service life of cobalt-containing portable batteries in professional settings (ERC 10a)








9.16.1.2. Releases




Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0%

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Local release rate: 0 kg/day Explanation: There are no intended cobalt releases due to service life of batteries, the non-intended releases are negligible and pose no threat to the environment.




Releases to waste






9.16.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of closed containers (PROC 21)

It is noted that the substance is used as an intermediate so that the substance is chemically transformed into another substance.


Method




• Content in preparation: Not restricted [Effectiveness Inhalation: 0%, Dermal: 0%] The content of the substance in a sealed battery is considered as being not relevant for occupational exposure if used as intended.


• Physical form of substance: Included in closed container Cobalt dihydroxide is in a closed container (battery)



• Duration per shift: <= 480 min Qualitative

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

assessment
















Cobalt dinitrate


9.17. Exposure scenario 17: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production Market sector: Use in fermentation processes, in the biotech sector and in biogas production Product category formulated: PC 0: Other


CS 1 Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 2

CS 2 Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 2

CS 3 Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 2


CS 4 Raw material handling PROC 26

CS 5 Formulation of solutions PROC 3

CS 6 Production of solid formulations PROC 3

CS 7 Filling of solutions containing <1 % of cobalt dinitrate PROC 8b

CS 8 Packaging of solid formulations containing <1 % of cobalt dinitrate

PROC 26




9.17.1. Env CS 1: Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 2)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.17.1.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.173






RCR = 0.011





9.17.2. Env CS 2: Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 2)












Cobalt dinitrate







9.17.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.158





RCR = 0.011





9.17.3. Env CS 3: Formulation of mixtures for use in biogas production ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 2)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.17.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate




RCR = 0.046


RCR = 0.327





RCR = 0.011





9.17.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 26)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Opening of containers / dosing, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data






Monitoring data



• Integrated local exhaust ventilation: Upper confidence limit (industrial use) Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

[Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] High efficiency





Monitoring data





Cobalt dinitrate








Monitoring data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance Inhalation exposure, long term concentration: Number of measured data points: 6 ; GSD: 1



9.17.5. Worker CS 5: Formulation of solutions (PROC 3)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Dissolution.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data





Analogous data




Analogous data

• Level of automation: Semi-automated process Analogous data


Analogous data


• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.


Analogous data











Analogous data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance

Cobalt dinitrate





9.17.6. Worker CS 6: Production of solid formulations (PROC 3)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Mixing, milling, sieving, blending.


Method



Analogous data


Analogous data

• Physical form of substance: Solid Analogous data




Analogous data




Analogous data


Analogous data



• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general,

Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.











Analogous data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance Inhalation exposure, long term concentration: Number of measured data points: 6 ; GSD: 1



9.17.7. Worker CS 7: Filling of solutions containing <1 % of cobalt dinitrate (PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Filling of formulated solutions, immediate removal of wet splashes.

Cobalt dinitrate



Method



Analogous data

• Content in preparation: < 1 % [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%, Dermal: 90%] Analogous data





Analogous data






Analogous data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)












9.17.8. Worker CS 8: Packaging of solid formulations containing <1 % of cobalt dinitrate (PROC 26)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Packaging of powders, granules or other solid formulations.


Method



Analogous data






Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method




Analogous data




Analogous data





Cobalt dinitrate














Method



Analogous data





Analogous data





Analogous data



Analogous data

• Gloves: Gloves protecting from sensitizing properties to skin, continuous supervision of workers required

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

Due to the skin sensitizing effect of the substance, protective gloves according to EN 374 have to be worn at all workplaces unless any exposure to the substance can be excluded when taking into account the nature of the conducted process, applied exposure prevention measures and physical appearance of the substance of concern in the specific type of application (e.g. protecting from splashes by containment of emission source). Gloves have to be changed according to manufacturer’s information or when damaged, whatever is the earlier. Additionally, face protection is required to be worn as appropriate. This level of protection is to be achieved by continuous supervision and training of workers wearing gloves.



Analogous data










Analogous data: Identity of the substance used: Exposure reported as substance

Cobalt dinitrate





Cobalt dinitrate


9.18. Exposure scenario 18: Use at industrial sites - Use in biogas production Market sector: Use in fermentation processes, in the biotech sector and in biogas production Product category used: PC 0: Other Sector of use: SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals


CS 1 Use in biogas production ES1 STP Discharge ERC 4

CS 2 Use in biogas production ES2 Direct Discharge ERC 4

CS 3 Use in biogas production ES3 Marine Discharge ERC 4


CS 4 Dosing of solid material PROC 26

CS 5 Dosing of liquid material PROC 8b, PROC 9



9.18.1. Env CS 1: Use in biogas production ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 4)














• Particular considerations on the waste treatment operations: No (low amount) Wastes from onsite risk management measures and solid or liquid wastes from production, use and cleaning processes should be disposed of separately or/and with other cobalt compounds waste to hazardous waste incineration plants or hazardous waste landfills as hazardous waste. Releases to the floor, water and soil are to be prevented. If the cobalt content of the waste is elevated enough, internal or external recovery/recycling might be considered.

Cobalt dinitrate


Appropriate waste codes: 01 03 07*, 02 01 10*, 06 05 02*, 06 03 13*, 06 03 15*, 06 04 05*, 10 08 04, 10 10 03, 10 10 05*, 10 10 07*, 10 10 10, 10 10 11*, 11 02 07*, 12 01 03*, 12 01 04, 15 01 04*, 15 01 10*, 16 01 04*, 16 01 06*, 16 01 18*, 16 03 03*, 16 06 02*, 16 06 05, 16 08 02*, 16 08 03, 16 10 01*, 17 04 07*, 17 04 09*, 17 09 04*, 19 10 02*, 19 12 03*,… Suitable disposal: Keep separate and dispose of to either - Hazardous waste incineration operated according to Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste and the Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration of August 2006. - Hazardous landfill operated under Directive 1999/31/EC. A detailed assessment has been performed and is reported in the Waste report (ARCHE, 2011)




9.18.1.2. Releases




Explanations


Release factor before on site RMM: 0.5% Release factor after on site RMM: 0.5% Local release rate: 0.347 kg/day Explanation: Eurométaux, 2012, version 2.1 The reported release factor for water is based on emissions before treatment. Reported risk management measures for wastewater is on-site WWTP (removal efficiency >75%). The release factor to water after treatment for this specific use is thus 0.5% (i.e. 5000 g/T) Although ERC4 is selected for this use it is assumed that most releases will occur during the formulation step of Co compounds in a solution.





Releases to waste





Cobalt dinitrate





RCR = 0.173






RCR = 0.011





9.18.2. Env CS 2: Use in biogas production ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 4)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.18.2.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste




Cobalt dinitrate






RCR = 0.158





RCR = 0.011





9.18.3. Env CS 3: Use in biogas production ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 4)













Cobalt dinitrate







9.18.3.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste



The exposure concentrations and risk characterisation ratios (RCR) are reported in the following

Cobalt dinitrate


table. The exposure estimates have been obtained with EUSES 2.1.2 unless stated otherwise.




RCR = 0.046


RCR = 0.327





RCR = 0.011





9.18.4. Worker CS 4: Dosing of solid material (PROC 26)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Dosing of solid mixture into reactor.


Method



Monitoring data

• Content in preparation: < 1 % [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%, Dermal: 90%] Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Solid Monitoring data




Monitoring data



Cobalt dinitrate


Method

• Indoor or outdoor use: Outdoors Monitoring data




Monitoring data







Cobalt dinitrate




Inhalation, local, long term 0.049 µg/m³ (Measured data: Monitoring data)

RCR < 0.01





9.18.5. Worker CS 5: Dosing of liquid material (PROC 8b, PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Dosing of solutions into reactor, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Analogous data






Analogous data



• Indoor or outdoor use: Outdoors Analogous data




Analogous data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method










Inhalation, local, long term 0.049 µg/m³ (Measured data: Analogous data)

RCR < 0.01





Cobalt dinitrate


9.19. Exposure scenario 19: Widespread use by professional workers - Professional use of formulations in biogas production Market sector: Use in fermentation processes, in the biotech sector and in biogas production Product category used: PC 0: Other


CS 1 Professional use of formulations in biogas production ERC 8e, ERC 8b


CS 2 Handling of sealed bags PROC 8b



9.19.1. Env CS 1: Professional use of formulations in biogas production (ERC 8e)








9.19.1.2. Releases




Explanations

Water Estimated release factor Release factor before on site RMM: 0% Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Local release rate: 0 kg/day Explanation: There are no intended cobalt releases due to the use of cobalt dinitrate formulations in the biogas production, the non-intended releases are negligible and pose no threat

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

to the environment.




Releases to waste






9.19.2. Worker CS 2: Handling of sealed bags (PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Loading of reactors, placing sealed biodegradable bags directly into the substrate dosing unit.


Method


• Maximum emission potential of the substance: Very low Only the highest emission potential (EP) is reported. Lower EPs (e.g. if materials of lower dustiness are being handled in parallel) are thus automatically covered in this assessment. Massive object is taken as a surrogate

Monitoring data


Monitoring data

• Physical form of substance: Massive object Sealed biodegradable bags

Monitoring data




Monitoring data


Cobalt dinitrate


Method





Monitoring data







Cobalt dinitrate




Inhalation, local, long term 0.049 µg/m³ (Measured data: Monitoring data)

RCR < 0.01





Cobalt dinitrate


9.20. Exposure scenario 20: Use at industrial sites - Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis Market sector: Use in fermentation processes, in the biotech sector and in biogas production Product category used: PC 21: Laboratory Chemicals; PC 29: Pharmaceuticals Sector of use: SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals; SU 24: Scientific research and development


CS 1 Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES1 STP Discharge

ERC 4

CS 2 Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES2 Direct Discharge

ERC 4

CS 3 Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES3 Marine Discharge

ERC 4


CS 4 Raw material handling PROC 9, PROC 26; PROC 8b

CS 5 Operations in closed systems PROC 3, PROC 1; PROC 2

CS 6 Handling at laboratory scale PROC 15

CS 7 Handling of liquid stock solution PROC 5, PROC 3; PROC 8b; PROC 9



9.20.1. Env CS 1: Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES1 STP Discharge (ERC 4)










Cobalt dinitrate










9.20.1.2. Releases




Explanations







Releases to waste

Cobalt dinitrate









RCR = 0.173






RCR = 0.011





9.20.2. Env CS 2: Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES2 Direct Discharge (ERC 4)








Cobalt dinitrate











9.20.2.2. Releases




Explanations






Estimated release factor Release factor after on site RMM: 0% Explanation:

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

No direct release to soil.

Releases to waste








RCR = 0.158





RCR = 0.011





9.20.3. Env CS 3: Use in fermentation processes, in biotech and scientific research and standard analysis ES3 Marine Discharge (ERC 4)






Cobalt dinitrate













9.20.3.2. Releases




Explanations



Air Estimated release factor (SpERC for formulation

Release factor before on site RMM: 0.01% Release factor after on site RMM: 0.01%

Cobalt dinitrate



Explanations

of metal compounds) Local release rate: 6.94E-3 kg/day Explanation: Eurométaux, 2012, version 2.1



Releases to waste







RCR = 0.046


RCR = 0.327





RCR = 0.011





9.20.4. Worker CS 4: Raw material handling (PROC 9, PROC 26; PROC 8b)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Opening of containers / dosing, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Cobalt dinitrate


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data




Monitoring data



Monitoring data



• General good occupational hygiene practices Required good occupational hygiene practices to ensure a safe handling of the substance involve measures (e.g. shower and change clothes at end of work shift) to avoid any contamination of private households via the work-home-interface and housekeeping practices (i.e. regular cleaning with suitable cleaning devices), no eating and smoking in the workplace. In general, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided. Unless otherwise stated below, certified working clothing and shoes should be worn during work. Any contaminated clothing should not be taken home. Good general ventilation in the workplace should be ensured. Dust should not be blown off (e.g. from dried splashes) with compressed air. Regular training in workplace hygiene practice

Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

and proper use of personal protective equipment (if relevant) is required.













9.20.5. Worker CS 5: Operations in closed systems (PROC 3, PROC 1; PROC 2)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Operations in closed systems.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data


Cobalt dinitrate


Method




Monitoring data


• Level of containment: Closed process Except for handling at laboratory scale.

Monitoring data



Monitoring data



Monitoring data



Monitoring data


• Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage Eye protection: Eye protection to be worn to protect from eye damage (Due to the eye damaging properties of the substance, direct contact with the eyes is to be avoided including hand to eye transfer after touching contaminated surfaces. Suitable eye protection equipment (e.g. goggles or visors) must be worn, unless

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

contact of the substance with the eyes can be excluded. Such exclusion is determined by: (i) the physical appearance of the substance in the specific type of application (e.g. wetting the substance can effectively prevent from the emission of dust), (ii) the emission potential resulting from the nature of the process (e.g. splashes, emission of dust can be excluded in a closed process) and (iii) applied exposure prevention measures (segregation of the emission source or separation of the worker from the emission source). Additionally, face protection may be required to be worn in such cases as appropriate.)











9.20.6. Worker CS 6: Handling at laboratory scale (PROC 15)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Handling at laboratory scale.


Method



Monitoring data


Monitoring data





Monitoring data



• Generic local exhaust ventilation: Lower confidence limit (industrial use) Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method

[Effectiveness Inhalation: 78%] Standard efficiency



Monitoring data



Monitoring data





Cobalt dinitrate










9.20.7. Worker CS 7: Handling of liquid stock solution (PROC 5, PROC 3; PROC 8b; PROC 9)

Task(s) covered with this contributing scenario: Dissolution in water, mixing, further handling of stock solution, sampling, immediate removal of wet splashes.


Method



Monitoring data






Monitoring data






Monitoring data

Cobalt dinitrate


Method















Cobalt dinitrate


10. RISK CHARACTERISATION RELATED TO COMBINED EXPOSURE

10.1. Human health

10.1.1. Workers

Combined exposure relevant for workers may occur in any of the following scenarios:

1. Multiple cobalt substances handled in parallel at the same workplace,

2. Combination of the inhalation and dermal exposure route,

3. More than just a single contributing occupational scenario relevant for a specific worker, and

4. Workers that are also exposed to cobalt in their free time (e.g. as member of the general

population or as consumer).

These scenarios are considered below: Multiple cobalt substances handled in parallel at the same workplace: Inhalation exposure monitoring data were obtained from a number of workplaces where cobalt and/or cobalt substances are manufactured or handled in parallel. Sampled dust is subsequently analysed for its cobalt content but further chemical speciation is normally not done. Thus, measured cobalt levels as reported above, are in most cases already reflective of parallel exposure to a variety of cobalt substances and not only relevant for a single cobalt substance. Exposure estimates are reported in µg Co/m³ and are back-calculated to other cobalt substances by taking into account the molecular weight of the specific substance for which exposure needs to be assessed and without further modification. Thus, in the assessment for this specific cobalt substance contribution to cobalt exposure from other cobalt substances handled in parallel is intrinsically included. The approach therefore intrinsically represents a combined exposure assessment for workers so that further summation of RCRs for different cobalt substances is not appropriate. Combination of the inhalation and dermal exposure route: Since systemic effects are not relevant for the assessed cobalt substances, a summation of RCRs for the dermal and inhalation route is not required. More than just a single contributing occupational scenario relevant for a specific worker: Safe use has been demonstrated for individual contributing scenarios (CES) above by taking into account the exposure duration relevant for this CES. If the associated exposure duration considered was significantly less than full-shift (i.e. 480 minutes, it is possible that a single worker continues his shift in another CES involving handling/processing of the substance. As a worst case approach, one could consider summing up all CES-specific RCRs that are relevant for a single ES. Since the exposure duration for all CESs together does often significantly exceed 480 minutes, the aforementioned approach would often lead to an unrealistic estimation of the risk of combined exposure. An alternative approach is proposed below, that addresses the combined risk assessment from a semi-quantitative perspective: When reviewing the average and maximum RCR values for the individual CSRs of the 5 cobalt salts, it can easily be seen that RCRs were generally kept at a low level (See table below).

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.1. Summary of maximum RCRs and sums of RCRs per ES

ES CoCO3 Co(C2H3O2)2 CoCl2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4

Max Sum Max Sum Max Sum Max Sum Max Sum

01 0.183 0.741 0.161 0.456 0.183 0.741 0.183 0.739 0.183 0.739

02 0.031 0.031 0.139 0.152 0.030 0.043 0.031 0.044 0.117 0.139

03 0.134 0.146 0.078 0.078 0.117 0.129 0.215 0.400 0.048 0.048

04 0.084 0.216 0.021 0.040 0.021 0.040 0.117 0.128 0.021 0.049

05 0.021 0.049 0.210 0.240 0.210 0.240 0.035 0.089 0.210 0.246

06 0.210 0.246 0.035 0.039 0.035 0.039 0.021 0.040 0.035 0.039

07 0.035 0.039 0.210 0.448 0.210 0.506 0.210 0.240 0.210 0.475

08 0.210 0.523 0.023 0.023 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.039 0.027 0.027

09 0.035 0.035 0.023 0.023 0.032 0.032 0.210 0.451 0.027 0.027

10 0.035 0.035 n.r. n.r. 0.374 0.647 0.023 0.023 0.374 0.647

11 0.374 0.647 0.453 n.a. 0.003 0.003 0.023 0.023 0.003 0.003

12 0.003 0.003 0.445 0.681 0.453 n.a. 0.374 0.647 0.022 0.056

13 0.453 n.a. 0.007 0.007 0.068 0.121 0.003 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 14 0.052 0.126 0.007 0.007 0.047 0.119 0.043 0.107 <0.001 <0.001 15 0.273 0.398 n.r. n.r. 0.273 0.391 <0.001 <0.001 0.453 n.a.

16 <0.001 0.001 0.035 0.101 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.057 0.064

17 <0.001 <0.001 0.050 0.057 <0.001 <0.001 0.273 0.399 0.040 0.107

18 0.007 0.016 0.520 0.595 0.007 0.016 <0.001 0.001 0.273 0.380

19 <0.001 <0.001 0.012 0.014 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001

20 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.007 0.016 <0.001 <0.001

21 0.007 0.016 0.007 0.016

n.a.: Since the risk characterisation is based on full-shift exposure duration for these CES, a combined CES assessment is not required; instead the maximum RCR is to be considered. n.r.: ES represents a consumer ES and is therefore not considered in this table. As can be seen above all RCR sums (respectively maximum RCRs) are well below 1 indicating that combined exposure is well controlled in each ES of the 5 cobalt salts. Workers that are also exposed to cobalt in their free time (e.g. as member of the general population or as consumer): For workers who are members of other populations to be protected in this chemical safety assessment (i.e. consumers and/or general population), a specific combined exposure assessment is not required as workers represent a less vulnerable population in comparison to subpopulations (e.g. children) which may be considered in assessments for the general population. Any RCR from these subpopulations could safely be assumed to be in fact significantly lower if re-calculated for workers. In a combined assessment of exposure, one would also avoid adding the worst case RCR for workers with the worst case RCR of another population as this would lead to an unrealistic scenario. Instead typical RCRs would be taken which would in combination lead to a low combined RCR.

10.1.2. Consumer

A combined exposure assessment is not applicable as there are no consumer-related uses/service life scenarios for the substance.

10.2. Environment (combined for all emission sources)

10.2.1. All uses (regional scale)

10.2.1.1. Total releases

The total releases to the environment from all the exposure scenarios covered are presented in the table below. This is the sum of the releases to the environments from all exposure scenarios addressed. Where there is more than one contributing scenario for the environment for a given exposure scenario, the highest release per route across all the contributing scenarios within the use has been

Cobalt dinitrate


taken into account as the release for the use (both for the regional and the exposure due to all the widespread uses). This may lead to overestimation of the PEC.

Table 10.2. Total releases to the environment per year from all life cycle stages

Release route Total releases per year

Water 4.11E3 kg/year

Air 1.84E3 kg/year

Soil 0 kg/year

10.2.2. Regional assessment

The regional predicted environmental concentration (PEC regional) and the related risk characterisation ratios when a PNEC is available are presented in the table below. The exposure to man via the environment from regional exposure and the related risk characterisation ratios are also provided (when relevant). The exposure concentration for human via inhalation is equal to the PEC air. The exposure estimates have been obtained with EUSES 2.1.2 unless stated otherwise.

Table 10.3. Predicted regional exposure concentrations (Regional PEC) and risks for the environment

Protection target Regional PEC Risk characterisation

Fresh water Regional PEC: 0.1 µg/L (See below) RCR = 0.161

Sediment (freshwater) Regional PEC: 4.26 mg/kg dw (See below)

RCR = 0.079

Marine water Regional PEC: 0.015 µg/L (See below)

RCR < 0.01

Sediment (marine water) Regional PEC: 14.7 mg/kg dw (See below)

RCR = 0.211

Agricultural soil Regional PEC: 0.239 mg/kg dw (See below)

RCR = 0.022


Concentration in air: 1.56E-7 ng/m³ (See below)

RCR < 0.01

Man via environment - Oral Exposure via food consumption: 0.2 µg/kg bw/day (Measured data: Measured data)

RCR < 0.01



EUSES 2.0 is used for calculating the regional PECadd values for each environmental compartment. The Co inputs for the regional assessment are the anthropogenic point and diffuse emissions to air, wastewater, surface water, agricultural soil and industrial/urban soil. More information available in the CSR in section “Diffuse source analysis and modeled PEC (EUSES)”. Man via environment - Inhalation Calculated regional air background concentration (EUSES model) Man via environment - Oral 2L of drinking water (0.023 µg Co/L: median value from the “Geochemistry of European Bottled Water”) + the typical exposure from food (12 µg/d: median value from the 1994 UK total diet study) and the default body weight of 60kg have been taken into account. Remarks on risk characterisation for regional concentrations: Conclusion: The risk characterisation ratios (PECadd/PNECadd) for the different compartments are all below 1. Hence no regional risks for the different environmental compartments are predicted on the basis of modelled (EUSES) data.

Cobalt dinitrate


MAN VIA ENVIRONMENT The exposure assessment is based on the cobalt ion, as this is the toxic species, as such for the risk characterisation the DNELs based on cobalt were used.

Diffuse source analysis and modelled PEC (EUSES)

An extended analysis of the diffuse sources for cobalt has recently been initiated (CDI, 2010). Emission of cobalt to the different compartments (air, soil, surface water) for the selected region is presented in Table 10.4 a regional emission of 1477.2 kg Co/year to the air compartment, 778.5 kg Co/year to the surface water and 16474.2 to the soil compartment were noted.

Table 10.4. Regional emission of cobalt (kg Co/year) to the different environmental compartments

Emission source Air (kg Co/year)

Surface water

(kg Co/year)

Soil (kg

Co/year) Total

Industry 528.66 485.00 / 1013.66

Traffic

- Combustion of LPG by road

traffic 709.50 / / 709,50

Agriculture

- Use of fertilisers manure and

sewage sludge on agricultural

land / / 16468.00 16468.00

- Soil erosion / / / 0

Households

- Fossil fuel burning 0

* Coal 91.20 / / 91.20

* LPG 28.80 / / 28.80

- Use of compost / / / 0

- Tobacco smoke / / / 0

Waste management

- Incineration / 44.00 / /

- Incineration 119.00 43.00 / /

- STP / 194.00 / /

- Domestic wastewater

discharge / 12.51 6.21 18.72

TOTAL 1477.16 778.51 16474.21 18329.88

A continental emission of 316771.5 kg Co/year to the air compartment, 90895.9 kg Co/year to the surface water and 345273 kg Co/year to the soil compartment were noted (Table).

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.5. Continental (EU-27 + Norway) emission of cobalt (kg Co/year) to the different environmental compartments

Emission source Air (kg Co/year)

Surface water (kg

Co/year) Soil (kg Co/year) Total

Industry 3427.00 3144.00 / 6571.00

Traffic

- Combustion of LPG by road traffic 8982.30 / / 8982.30

Agriculture

- Use of fertilisers manure and

sewage sludge on agricultural land / / 330650.00 330650.00

- Soil erosion 0 2.45 0 2.45

Households

- Fossil fuel burning

* Coal 198220.80 / / 198220.80

* LPG 104955.00 / / 104955.00

- Use of compost / / 6928.00 6928.00

- Tobacco smoke 0.83 / 66.99 67.82

Waste management

- Incineration 1185.54 430.57 / 0

- Landfilling / 1233.90 / 0

- STP / 70598.00 / 0

- Domestic wastewater discharge / 15487.00 7628.00 23115.00

TOTAL 316771.47 90895.92 345272.99 679492.37

EUSES 2.0 is used for calculating the regional PEC values for each environmental compartment. The Co inputs for the regional assessment are the anthropogenic point and diffuse emissions to air, wastewater, surface water, agricultural soil and industrial/urban soil (as presented in Table). The input of chemicals is regarded in the model as continuous and equivalent to continuous diffuse emission. For metals, all individual compounds are assumed to transform into the ionic species. The results from the models are steady-state concentrations, which can be regarded as estimates of long-term average exposure levels. In the continental model, it is assumed that all anthropogenic Co emissions enter into the continental environment. It is also assumed that no inflow of air and water across the boundaries of the continent occurs. Continental exposure concentrations are calculated based on the combined anthropogenic Co emissions from all EU countries (extrapolated) and on the natural/pristine ambient background of Co. An overview of the added regional exposure concentrations for the different compartments is summarised in Table 10.6.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.6. Calculated PECadd regional for the different environmental compartments

Compartment Regional PECadd

surface water (total) 0.151 µg/L

sea water (total) 0.0174 µg/L

surface water (dissolved) 0.10 µg/L

sea water (dissolved) 0.015 µg/L

air 1.56E-13 mg/m3

agricultural soil (total) 0.239 mg/kg dw

porewater agricultural soil 1.99E-03 mg/L

natural soil 1.23E-02 mg/kg dw

industrial soil 0.0128 mg/kg dw

sediment 4.26 mg/kg dw

marine sediment 0.65 mg/kg ww

Measured background concentrations

Freshwater

The baseline background concentrations of cobalt in freshwaters generated from the FOREGS monitoring program are summarised in Table 10.7.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.7. Baseline cobalt concentrations (in g/L) in European surface water (data from FOREGS Geochemical Baseline Program)

Country 50th percentile (g/L) 90th percentile (g/L)

Austria 0.11 0.25

Belgium 0.20 0.54

Czech republic 0.17 0.38

Denmark 0.80 1.77

Estonia 0.15 0.21

Finland 0.20 0.93

France 0.16 0.38

Germany 0.15 0.61

Greece 0.09 0.14

Hungary 0.22 0.46

Ireland 0.23 0.45

Italy 0.15 0.87

Latvia 0.16 0.21

Lithuania 0.21 0.31

Norway 0.05 0.22

Poland 0.28 0.58

Portugal 0.14 0.51

Slovakia 0.23 0.43

Slovenia Mean: 0.12 /

Spain 0.13 0.55

Sweden 0.10 0.82

The Netherlands 0.30 0.39

United Kingdom 0.18 0.76

Albania Mean: 0.07 /

Croatia 0.19 0.39

Switzerland 0.14 0.34

Median for Europe: 0.44

Median for EU-27 + Norway: 0.45

Dissolved cobalt levels ranged between 0.01 and 19.5 µg Co/L. The median value of the calculated, country-specific 50th percentiles is considered as a reliable value for a “typical” Co-baseline level in

EU surface waters. Taking all European countries into account, this value is 0.45 g/L. Discarding the

data for Albania, Croatia and Switzerland, a value of 0.44 g/L is derived for the EU (incl. Norway). Taking into account the high quality of the data set, the median value of 0.44 µg/L can be accepted as a typical background concentration for cobalt in European surface waters (Europe-regional scale).

Freshwater sediment

The baseline background concentrations of cobalt in freshwater sediments generated from the FOREGS monitoring program are summarised in Table 10.8.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.8.Baseline cobalt concentrations (in mg/kg) in European freshwater sediments (data from FOREGS Geochemical Baseline Program)

Country 50th percentile (mg/kg dw) 90th percentile (mg/kg dw)

Austria 6.10 24.1

Belgium 12.6 27.7


Denmark Mean: 2.1 /

Estonia 2.27 4.42

Finland 6.88 15.4

France 7.03 16.2

Germany 6.67 14.8

Greece 14.3 26.2

Hungary 4.82 11.9

Ireland 15.0 28.3

Italy 9.16 20.8

Latvia 3.00 9.69

Lithuania 5.04 8.64

Norway 7.99 19.1

Poland 2.04 5.74

Portugal 10.6 19.8

Slovakia 9.86 14.2

Slovenia 8.66 16.7

Spain 7.88 15.4

Sweden 6.93 17.49



Albania Mean: 21.0 /

Croatia 8.80 13.2


Median for Europe 16.5

Median for EU-27 + Norway 16.7

The median value of the calculated, country-specific 50th percentiles is considered as a reliable value for a “typical” Co-baseline level in EU surface waters. Taking all European countries into account, this value is 16.5 mg/kg. Discarding the data for Albania, Croatia and Switzerland, a value of 16.7 mg/kg is derived for the EU (incl. Norway). Taking into account the high quality of the data set, the median value of 16.7 mg/kg dw can be accepted as a typical background concentration for cobalt in European freshwater sediment (Europe-regional scale).

Soil

Country-specific measured concentrations are available in natural soils for the countries reported in Table 10.9. The range of total soil Co concentrations in natural soils varies between 5.4 and 25 mg Co/kg dw.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.9. Measured regional PEC values for natural soils in different countries

Country 50th percentile (mg/kg dw) 90th percentile (mg/kg dw)

Austria 9.71 27.1

Belgium 12.7 17.0


Denmark / /

Estonia 3.32 7.54

Finland 2.62 7.37

France 8.84 18.1

Germany 5.13 18.3

Greece 16.9 34.5

Hungary 6.46 17.9

Ireland 6.85 16.9

Italy 10.9 23.6

Latvia 3.95 12.9

Lithuania 2.70 7.19

Norway 4.23 10.6

Poland 1.70 5.46

Portugal 5.86 16.7

Slovakia 8.76 21.0

Slovenia 17.4 21.3

Spain 8.04 20.0

Sweden 3.14 7.16



Albania / /

Croatia 13.4 21.3


Median for the EU: 16.1

Median for the EU + Norway: 15.6

The median value of the calculated, country-specific 50th percentiles is considered as a reliable value for a “typical” Co-baseline level in EU top soils. Taking all European countries into account, this value is 16.1 mg/kg. Discarding the data for Albania, Croatia and Switzerland, a value of 15.6 mg/kg is derived for the EU (incl. Norway).

Measured ambient PEC values

The following measured PEC regional values were extracted from literature.

Freshwater

For the freshwater compartment, country-specific measured regional PECs (µg dissolved Co/L) were calculated for sites located in the countries reported in Table 10.10.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.10. Measured regional PEC values for the freshwater in different countries.

Country Regional RWC-ambient - Co PECs (g/L)

Cototal Codissolved Not specified

Belgium–Flanders 1.78 / /

Finland / 1.01 /

The Netherlands / 0.65 /

Sweden / / 0.24

Belgium / 1.81 /

Sweden / 0.68 /

France (data for Seine) / 0.071 /

Spain / 1.08 /

United Kingdom / 1.38 /

Regional RWC-ambient PEC: 0.86 g Codiss./L

The median ambient regional PEC for Europe; i.e. 0.86 µg dissolved Co/L is used for sites located in other EU countries.

Marine water

For the marine water compartment, specific measured regional PECs (µg dissolved Co/L) were calculated for sites reported in Table 10.11.

Table 10.11. Measured regional PEC values for the marine water at different locations

Location Mean / Median concentration

(range, excl. outliers) ng/L

Ambient PEC (ng/L)

Central/Southern North Sea 8.8 (1.6 - 68.9) 35.1

Atlantic Ocean / Azores (open ocean) 2.10 (0.85 - 6.07) 4.4

Mediterranean area 20 /

Aegean Sea (Greece) 16.3 - 16.5 (median) 65.4

Surf zone water, Baja California 16.5 (median) (6.5 - 34.8) 27.8

Coastal zone water 5-45 km offshore Baja

California

2.2 (median) (1.3 - 10) 8.4

Ocean / (1.8 - 450) /

Seawater (unspecified) 270 (35 - 4100) /

Seawater (unspecified) 590 /

Open coastal pacific Ocean 40 /

North Australian waters (coastal, estuarine) 27.0 (5.4 - 67.6) 58.9

Florida, Indian River Lagoon (USA 29.3 (6 - 50) 47.2

50P: 17.8 ng/L

90P: 57.4 ng/L

open ocean: 4.4 - 8.4 ng/L

coastal: 50P of 46.7 ng/L

The range of dissolved Co concentrations in marine waters vary between 0.0044 and 0.0654 ng dissolved Co/L. For local sites discharging to a marine environment the median ambient PEC for coastal waters of 0.047 µg dissolved Co/L is used as a regional background value.

Cobalt dinitrate


Freshwater sediment

For the freshwater sediments, country-specific measured regional PECs (mg Co/kg dw) for sites located in the countries reported in Table 10.12.

Table 10.12. Measured regional PEC values for the freshwater sediments in different countries

Country Regional RWC-ambient Co-PECs (mg/kg dry wt)

United Kingdom 24.8

Spain 14.2

Finland 18.9-45.1

Belgium 23.6

France 16.4

Sweden 29.4

Range: 14.2 – 45.1

Regional RWC-ambient PEC: 23.8 mg/kg dw

The measured Co sediment concentrations in EU countries vary between 14.2 and 45.1 mg Co/kg dw. The median ambient regional PEC for Europe i.e. 23.8 mg Co/kg dw is used for sites located in other EU countries.

Marine Sediment

For the marine sediments, country-specific measured regional PECs (mg Co/kg dw) for sites located in the countries reported in Table 10.13.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.13. Measured regional PEC values for the marine sediments at different locations

Location Mean / Median concentration (range,

excl. outliers) in mg/kg dw

Ambient PEC (mg/kg dw)

Baltic Sea 3.5 (0.69 - 18.1) 13.1

Gulf of Saronikos (Greece) 9.7 (5.1 - 12.7) 12.1

Gulf of Cadiz (Spain) 8.1 (3.4 - 11.5) 11.5

Red Sea 4.5 (1.6 - 10) 10.4

Black Sea 2.52 (1.3 - 4.6) /

Black Sea 14.7 -15.8 (7 - 37) 22.5

Black Sea 24 (21-27) /

Sea of Marmara 2.05 (9 - 30) /

Mersin Bay 25.5 (11 - 40) /

Coastal sediment near Stockholm

(Sweden)

15.3 /

Atlantic Ocean 19 /

Bristol Channel (United Kingdom) 11.2 (6.4 - 16) /

Massachusetts (USA): outer harbour 7.0 (3.6 - 9.8) /

Massachusetts (USA): inner harbour 6.4 (2.6 - 10.5) /

Massachusetts (USA): control site 4.8 (1.6 - 8.2) /

Ross Sea, Antarctica 1.9 ± 3.4 (0.1 - 13) /

Indian River Lagoon, Florida (USA) 1.8 (0.4 - 6.3) 5.0

Gulf of Mexico: coastal areas 27.6 35.5

Beaufort Sea 89 (± 14) /

Chukchi Sea (Alaska, USA) 3.02 (16.0 - 74.0) 47.5

50P: 6.99 mg/kg DW

90P: 24.8 mg/kg DW

Average: 19.7 (5.0 –

47.5)

Median: 14.7

The range of Co concentrations in marine sediments varies between 5.0 and 47.5 mg Co/kg dw. For sites discharging to a marine environment; the median ambient PEC for Europe of 14.7 mg Co/kg dw is used as a regional background value.

Soil

Country-specific measured concentrations are available in grazing soils for the countries reported in Table 10.14. The range of total soil Co concentrations in grazing soils varies between 5.2 and 51.6 mg Co/kg dw.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.14. Measured regional PEC values for grazing soils in different countries

Country 50th percentile (mg/kg dw) RWC-ambient PEC (mg/kg dw)

Austria 11.4 17.0

Belgium 7.3 15.0

Bosnia 16.8 24.3

Bulgaria 11.5 16.7

Croatia 18.7 24.3

Cyprus 14.9 21.1

Czech Republic 10.0 17.7

Denmark 1.8 5.2

Estonia 3. 6.3

Finland 3.5 6.7

France 7.8 16.2

Germany 6.4 15.0

Greece 15.6 26.1

Hungary 7.9 13.2

Ireland 7.5 11.6

Italy 13.1 20.6

Latvia 3.6 7.9

Lithuania 3.7 5.8

Macedonia 13.9 17.2

Macedonia 20.2 30.8

the Netherlands 2.6 8.2

Norway 5.0 11.5

Poland 2.6 8.7

Portugal 4.3 16.0

Serbia 14.2 23.4

Slovakia 12.2 17.3

Slovenia 21.5 51.6

Spain 6.6 14.9

Sweden 3.4 10.8


Ukraine 5.7 11.7




Country-specific measured concentrations are available in agricultural soils for the countries reported in Table 10.15. The range of total soil Co concentrations in agricultural soils varies between 5.4 and 42.7 mg Co/kg dw.

Cobalt dinitrate


Table 10.15. Measured regional PEC values for agricultural soils in different countries

Country 50th percentile (mg/kg dw) RWC-ambient PEC (mg/kg dw)

Austria 11.2 15.1

Belgium 8.2 24.9

Bosnia Herzegovina 18.5 26.2

Bulgaria 13.4 20.1

Croatia 13.5 26.1

Cyprus 14.4 21.4


Denmark 2.2 6.1

Estonia 3.6 5.4

Finland 4.4 12.7

France 7.4 19.0

Germany 5.4 21.5

Greece 16.9 32.6

Hungary 7.6 16.3

Ireland 8.9 17.0

Italy 12.1 21.1

Latvia 3.9 9.2

Lithuania 3.9 7.4

Macedonia 14.9 27.9

Montenegro 24.1 37.4


Norway 5.7 14.5

Poland 2.6 8.4

Portugal 4.8 16.0


Slovakia 12.1 19.5

Slovenia 22.4 42.7

Spain 6.4 14.9

Serbia 15.0 22.7

Sweden 4.7 11.5

Ukraine 4.9 16.1




chemical safety report sections 9 & 10 chesar cobalt...

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