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Chemical Engineering and Sustainable Development:
Shaping our Future
Adisa Azapagic
The University of Manchester, UK
Sustainability challenges
Population growth Rapid urbanisation Food supply Water access Energy demand Climate change Resource scarcity
+26%
+53%
+4%
+28%+21%+67%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1992 1997 2002 2007 2010
Billi
on p
eopl
e
West Asia
North America
Latin America &CaribbeanEurope
Africa
Asia + Pacific
Population growth (1992-2010)
UNEP, 2011
Food supply
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1969/71 1979/81 1989/91 1999/01 2030 2050
Mill
ion
tonn
es o
f foo
d
Milk and dairy (excl. butter)
Meat (carcass weight)
Vegetable oils, oilseeds and products
Pulses
Sugar
Roots and tubers
Cereals, food
FAO, 2011
Water access
CAWMA, 2007. Earthscan, and Colombo, London.
3 bn people will be living in water scarce areas by 2025
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
OECD Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia
China
Asia Non-OECD Americas
Africa Bunkers
Providing energy: Primary energy demand outlook
IEA, 2012. World Energy Outlook
Mto
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Gt C
O₂e
Energy: production and conversion*
Energy: fuel flaring CO₂ and fugitive CH₄
Industry** Transport
Buildings Agriculture Forestry: fires Forestry: CO₂ and N₂O from wood decay
Forestry: CO₂ from drained peat decay and peat fires
Waste
Climate change: GHG emissions doubled since 1970
UNEP, 2012
Sustainable chemical engineering: Our answer to sustainability challenges
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
By designing and operating production systems that
are Environmentally benign Economically viable Socially beneficial
The importance of systems approach and life cycle thinking
Resources
Social impacts
Env’l impacts
Social benefits
Economiccosts
Economic benefits
Resources
Social impacts
Env’l impacts
Social benefits
Economiccosts
Economic benefits
Some sustainability issues
Air pollution
Biodiversity
Global warming
Energy
Waste
Water pollution
Acidification
Toxicity
Ozone depletion
Resource depletion
Investments
Costs
Shareholder value
Value added
Contribution to GDP
Profits
Employment
Education
Health and safety
Equal opportunities
Customer satisfaction
Stakeholder involvement
Wages and benefits
Turning challenges into opportunities: Key areas for chemical engineering
Energy
Water
Food
Energy: The life cycle
Resources
Social impacts
Economic costs
Env’l impacts
Social benefits
Economic benefits
Resources
Social impacts
Economic costs
Env’l impacts
Social benefits
Economic benefits
Key sustainability issues for energy
Fossil fuels
Climate change
Security of supply
Fuel poverty
Opportunities in energy
Successful solutions Low-carbon Flexible Diverse Locally relevant Affordable
Examples Energy efficiency Nuclear Renewables CCS and CCU Energy storage Unconventional gas
and oil Biofuels for transport
Drivers: Fossil fuels and climate change
~ 1.07
0.38
0.006 0.011
0.09
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Glo
bal w
arm
ing
pote
ntia
l (kg
CO
2 eq
./kW
h)
Coal (pulverised)Gas (CCGT)Nuclear (PWR)Wind (offshore)Solar (PV)
Stamford & Azapagic (2012). Int. J. Energy Res. 36 1263–1290.
Some other environmental impacts
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Global warming (kg CO2 eq./kWh)
Ozone depletion (/100 mg CFC-11 eq./kWh)
Acidification (/100 kg SO2 eq./kWh)
Eutrophication (g PO43- eq./kWh)
Photochemical smog (kg C2H4 eq./kWh)
Coal (pulverised)
Gas (CCGT)
Nuclear (PWR)
Wind (offshore)
Solar (PV)
Stamford & Azapagic (2012). Int. J. Energy Res. 36 1263–1290.
Some techno-economic aspects
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
Capacity factor (%) Fuel price sensitivity (%) Levelised cost (£/MWh) Financial incentives (£/MWh)
Coal (pulverised)
Gas (CCGT)
Nuclear (PWR)
Wind (offshore)
Solar (PV)
190 180-510
Stamford & Azapagic (2012). Int. J. Energy Res. 36 1263–1290.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Employment: total (x10 person-
yrs/TWh)
Worker injuries (/10 injuries/TWh)
Human toxicity potential (g DCB
eq./kWh)
Radiation: total (DALY/TWh)
Large accident fatalities
(fatalities/PWh)
Nuclear proliferation
(ordinal scale)
Depletion of elements (/10 kg
Sb eq./GWh)
Depletion of fossil fuels (/10 MJ/kWh)
Radwaste for geological
storage (m3/TWh)
Coal (pulverised)Gas (CCGT)Nuclear (PWR)Wind (offshore)Solar (PV)
Social impacts
Stamford & Azapagic (2012). Int. J. Energy Res. 36 1263–1290.
Empl
oym
ent
Wor
ker i
njur
ies
Human toxicity
Rad
iatio
n
Larg
e ac
cide
nt fa
talit
ies
Prol
ifera
tion
The life cycle of water
Resources
Social impacts
Economic costs
Env’l impacts
Social benefits
Economic benefits
Key sustainability issues for water
Water scarcity Up to 3 bn people will be living in water scarce areas by 2025
Access to clean water 1 bn people lack access
Access to sanitation 2.5 bn people lack adequate sanitation
Inefficient water use Water pollution
Some opportunities in water
Improved water efficiency Reduction and reuse
Better irrigation and water management systems New water sources
Desalination Waste water
Water treatment technologies
Personal care products Nutrients
Better understanding of the water footprint of different production
systems
Water footprint of ethanol from corn in different countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
EgyptPakistan India
Bulgaria
South AfricaSpain
China Italy USA
ArgentinaMexico
Brazil
Wat
er fo
otpr
int (
m3
eq./G
J et
hano
l)
Jeswani & Azapagic, J Cleaner Prod. (2011) 1288-1299
The life cycle of food
Resources
Social impacts
Economic costs
Env’l impacts
Social benefits
Economic benefits
Key sustainability issues for food
GHG emissions Eutrophication Waste Land competition Food security GMO and stem cells
Opportunities in food
Improved agricultural practices and yields
Improved process efficiencies
Waste reduction and utilisation
New technologies and foods
Understanding the impacts of food
Meet production
300 million tonnes of meat worldwide (2012) 43 kg of beef per capita
1 kg of beef: 50 kg of feed 15,400 litres of water 15-30 kg CO2 eq.
Beef production: 66.7 million tonnes/yr...
Meat replacement: Stem cells?
Work of Prof. Mark Post, Maastricht University, 2013
Environmental impacts of meat vs cultured meat
Based on Tuomisto et al. Env. Sci.& Tech. (2011) 45, 6117–6123
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Energy use GHG emissions Land use Water use
Beef Sheep Pork Poultry Cultured meat
Cultured meet: Other sustainability issues
Taste Appearance Unknown health impacts Consumer acceptance Ethical issues
Sustainable chemical engineering – Shaping our future
We face unprecedented challenges
Much of engineering today is needed to overcome the problems engineering created in the past
We should see this as a great opportunity - not to repeat the mistakes from the past
Addressing the challenges requires systems approach and life cycle thinking
Understanding economic, environmental and social trade offs
is essential
Sustainable chemical engineering – Shaping our future
Working with non-technical disciplines
Understanding consumer behaviour
Engaging with the public
Providing robust evidence for policy makers
Educating the next generation of chemical engineer with sustainability in mind
Outward-looking chemical engineering that will play its role fully in building a more sustainable future