che4180 project proposal -sunway

CHE 4180 Chemical Engineering Projects - Proposal for Year 2016

Project code: Babak1

Project Title: Design of a continuous packed bed adsorption column used for elimination of

dye from water by Al/NCC Beads

Project type: Experimental

Proposed by: Dr. Babak Salamati

Student requirement for this project:

2

Brief description of the project:

Continuous sorption processes behave in much the same way as ion exchange process in its

operation [1]. When wastewater is introduced at the top of a clean bed of sorbent, most solute

removal initially occurs in a rather narrow band at the top of the column, referred as the sorption

zone. The performance of packed beds sorption process is described through the concept of the

breakthrough curve. The time for breakthrough appearance and the shape of the breakthrough

curve are very important characteristics for determining the operation and the dynamic response

of a sorption column. The general position of the breakthrough curve along the volume axis

depends on the capacity of the column with respect to the feed concentration and flow rate. The

breakthrough curve would be a step function for favorable separations, i.e., there would be an

instantaneous jump in the effluent concentration from zero to the feed concentration once the

column capacity is reached [2-3]. There are parameters affecting the behaviour of the sorbent

in the column to affect the breakthrough curves such as the flowrate, column size, column

diameter, void volume etc. The students are required to use the existing data to design a lab

scale adsorption column which will be used for removal of dyes using Al/NCC adsorbents. The

students may need to use Comsol for mathematical modeling of the system. Knowledge on fluid

mechanics and separation process is necessary. Students with handson skills are more

encouraged to go for this project.

[1] Z. Aksu and F. Gönen, "Biosorption of phenol by immobilized activated sludge in a

continuous packed bed: Prediction of breakthrough curves," Process Biochemistry, vol. 39, pp.

599-613, 2004.

[2] Z. Aksu, et al., "Biosorption of chromium(VI) ions by Mowital®B30H resin

immobilized activated sludge in a packed bed: Comparison with granular activated carbon,"

Process Biochemistry, vol. 38, pp. 175-186, 2002.

[3] A. C. Texier, et al., "Fixed-bed study for lanthanide (La, Eu, Yb) ions removal from

aqueous solutions by immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Experimental data and

modelization," Chemosphere, vol. 47, pp. 333-342, 2002.

Specific objective of the project: The main objective of this research is to design and fabricate an upflow adsorption column to be used

for methylyn blue dye removal using Alginate/NCC beads.

Are all chemicals available in the laboratory? If not, when do you intend to purchase the

chemicals and the funding source?

Yes all the Material/software is available. Workshop work may be required.

State the processing and analytical equipment needed for the project. Indicate their

availability (how many), and the timeline the equipment will be used by your students in

this project

UV-Viz for test run,

Project code: Babak2D

Project Title: Design of a continuous plug flow packed reactor for ultrasonic assisted

biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst

Project type: Process/Equipment Design



2


Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FAME) is an alternative fuel for diesel engines produced

by chemically reacting a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol. Vegetable oils are

becoming a promising alternative to diesel fuel because they are renewable in nature and can

be produced locally and in environmentally friendly ways. However, the problem with

substituting triglycerides in vegetable oils for diesel fuel is mostly associated with high

viscosity, low volatility and polyunsaturated characters. These can be changed in at least by

four ways: pyrolysis, microemulsion, dilution and transesterification. The most common way

to produce biodiesel is through ransesterification, especially catalyzed transesterification. In

general, there are three categories of catalysts used for biodiesel production: alkalis, acids, and

enzymes [1]. The alkali and acid catalysts include homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

Conventionally, the biodiesel production is performed by transesterification of vegetable oils

with methanol in the presence of homogeneous basic catalysts, such as sodium or potassium

hydroxides, carbonates or alkoxides. However, these catalytic systems suffer problems such as

difficulty in removing the basic catalysts after the reaction, production of large amount of

wastewater and emulsification [2]. Another problem is that the product is associated with the

soaps that are known to emulsify the biodiesel with glycerin, especially if ethanol is used.

Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts are promising for the transesterification reaction of

vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. Unlike homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts are

environmentally benign and could be operated in continuous processes. Moreover they can be

reused and regenerated. However a high molar ratio of alcohol to oil, large amount of catalyst

and high temperature and pressure are required when utilizing heterogeneous catalyst to

produce biodiesel. Using heterogenous catalyst can also make the continiuous system more

feasable since it could be packed in a reactor. By this the need for separation of the catalyst

could be ignored and a higher yield of production could be expected. Use of ultrasonic is a

transesterification system could reduce the reaction time due to better contact between the

reactants [3].

The students are required to use the existing data to design a lab scale plug flow reactor assisted

with ultrasonic, which will be used for transesterification of palm oil. The students may need

to use Comsol for mathematical modeling of the system. Knowledge on fluid mechanics and

reaction engineering is necessary. Students with handson skills are more encouraged to go for

this project.

References:

[1] B. Salamatinia, et al., "Alkaline earth metal oxide catalysts for biodiesel production

from Palm oil: Elucidation of process behaviors and modeling using response surface

methodology," Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, vol. 32, pp. 113-126,

2013.

[2] H. Mootabadi, et al., "Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production process from palm oil

using alkaline earth metal oxides as the heterogeneous catalysts," Fuel, vol. 89, pp. 1818-1825,

2010.

[3] B. Salamatinia, et al., "Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted heterogeneous biodiesel

production from palm oil: A response surface methodology approach," Fuel Processing

Technology, vol. 91, pp. 441-448, 2010.

Specific objective of the project: The main objective of this research is to design and fabricate a plug flow reactor having an ultrasonic

pre-mixing tank packed with heterogenous catalyst i.e. SrO - BaO to be used for transesterification of

palm oil.



Yes all the Material/software is available.



this project

Mechanical Workshop


Project Title: Synthesis and Characterization of CuO/HNT nano particles using GN-Process

method


Project Title: Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO/HNT nano particles using combustion

method GN-Process method




2 + 2


Heterogeneous metal oxide-based catalysts are reported for important processes such as the

Fischer–Tropsch, alkylation, transesterification, oxidation of volatile organic compounds, and

the reduction of NOx [1]. A number of catalysts, such as Ru, Rh, Pd and Pt, have shown high

catalytic activity for different processes. However, their scarcity and high cost have prevented

large-scale application. Cu and Zn based catalysts are favoured because of their global

abundance and availability [2]. CuO and ZnO are binary transition metal oxide used in a wide

range of industrial applications as a catalyst, such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation,

petroleum refining, methanation, etc. [3-4]. The magnetic and mechanical properties of nano-

structured material have attracted much attention, which highlights the importance of this study.

However, catalysts usually require a support to enhance their surface area. The synthesis

method has considerable effect on the structural properties of the resulting catalysts. In addition,

the nature and frequency of flaws generated during synthesis could have a large affect on the

catalytic activity [5]. The nanostructure of the catalyst can be improved to ensure both a fast

process having higher yields.

Halloysite nanotubes (HNT) is a type of 1:1 layer silicate clay mineral which is made up of

tetrahedral (Si-O) and an octahedral (Al-OH) sheet identical to those in kaolinite [6-7]. Due to

its tubular form, HNT has attracted many interests in applications such as membrane technology

[8], adsorption [9], reinforcement of polymers [10], drug delivery [11] and self healing

polymers [12]. Strong structure of HNTs makes them a potential support for nano structure

catalysts.

GNP for Nano Catalyst Synthesis

GNP is a combustion synthesis method to prepare complex oxide ceramic powders. A precursor

is prepared by combining glycine with metal nitrates in their appropriate stoichiometric ratios

in an aqueous solution. The precursor is then heated to evaporate excess water to achieve a

viscous liquid and then it is further heated to initiate auto ignition. Combustion is usually

assisted with a fuel; however, depending on the precursor material, self-sustained combustion

is expected [13]. Ceramic powders of complex oxides with a high specific surface area have

been produced by this method [2, 13]. This method is relatively inexpensive for producing fine,

homogeneous powders.

References:

[1] D. W. Lee and B. R. Yoo, "Advanced metal oxide (supported) catalysts: Synthesis and

applications," Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 20, pp. 3947-3959, 2014.

[2] Y. Chen, et al., "Nickel catalyst prepared via glycine nitrate process for partial oxidation

of methane to syngas," Catalysis Communications, vol. 9, pp. 1418-1425, 2008.

[3] M. Crişan, et al., "Sol-gel based alumina powders with catalytic applications," Applied

Surface Science, vol. 258, pp. 448-455, 2011.

[4] S. K. Yadav and P. Jeevanandam, "Synthesis of NiO-Al2O3 nanocomposites by sol-gel

process and their use as catalyst for the oxidation of styrene," Journal of Alloys and

Compounds, vol. 610, pp. 567-574, 2014.

[5] F. Meshkani and M. Rezaei, "Preparation of mesoporous nanocrystalline iron based

catalysts for high temperature water gas shift reaction: Effect of preparation factors," Chemical

Engineering Journal, vol. 260, pp. 107-116, 2015.

[6] G. J. Churchman, et al., "Characteristics of fine pores in some halloysites," Clay

Minerals, vol. 30, pp. 89-98, 1995.

[7] E. Joussein, et al., "Halloysite clay minerals - A review," Clay Minerals, vol. 40, pp.

383-426, 2005.

[8] L. Jiang, et al., "Simultaneous reinforcement and toughening of polyurethane

composites with carbon nanotube/halloysite nanotube hybrids," Composites Science and

Technology, vol. 91, pp. 98-103, 2014.

[9] Y. Du and P. Zheng, "Adsorption and photodegradation of methylene blue on TiO2-

halloysite adsorbents," Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2014.

[10] W. Wu, et al., "Morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(butylene

succinate) reinforced with halloysite nanotube," Polymer Composites, vol. 35, pp. 847-855,

2014.

[11] H. Schmitt, et al., "Melt-blended halloysite nanotubes/wheat starch nanocomposites as

drug delivery system," Polymer Engineering and Science, 2014.

[12] J. D. D. Melo, et al., "Encapsulation of solvent into halloysite nanotubes to promote

self-healing ability in polymers," Advanced Composite Materials, 2014.

[13] S.-l. Lin and Z.-m. Yan, "Synthesis of complex oxides by glycine-nitrate combustion

and their electrochemical characteristics," Chinese Journal of Power Sources, vol. 24, pp. 283-

287, 2000.

Specific objective of the project:

The main objective of this research is to synthesis CuO/HNT nano particles which could be

used as a nanocatalyst for different applications. After succesfully synthesis, the prepared

nanopowders would be characterized by X-ray diffractometry, FESEM/TEM imaging, EDX

compositional analysis, FTIR, BET, and TGA analysis. A number of samples are prepared to

study the effect of calcination time, reaction stoichiometry, temperature etc.



Yes all the chemicals are available



this project

FESEM, XRD, Furnace, FTIR, TGA, BET, Syringe Pump

Project code: Bahman1

Project Title: Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Crystalline Cupric Oxide (CuO)

Powder


Proposed by: Dr Bahman Amini Horri


2


Research problem and the solution:

Cupric oxide (CuO) powders are of particular interest because of their interesting properties

and promising applications in batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, gas sensors, bio sensors,

nanofluid, catalysis, photodetectors, energetic materials, field emissions, superhydrophobic

surfaces, and removal of arsenic and organic pollutants from waste water. However, these novel

properties can be improved by synthesis CuO nanostructures that shown excellent performance

comparing to bulk powders.

Various nanostructures of CuO are synthesized in the forms of nanowire, nanorod,

nanoneedle, nano-flower and nanoparticle. In the past few decades, a variety of methods have

been proposed to produce CuO nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes such as thermal

oxidation, sonochemical, combustion, and precipitation.

In this study, it is proposed to use a novel and generic sol–gel method (developed for the

production of high purity nanopowders of metal oxides) using sodium alginate

(Na-ALG , NaC6H7O6) which can function as ion-exchange material. Sodium alginate (is a

polymer extracted from brown seaweed and readily dissolves in water. It forms a gel if it is

brought into contact with an aqueous solution of metal ions (e.g. copper nitrate), whereby the

sodium ion in the polymer structure is replaced by the metal ion (copper (II) ions). CuO

nanopowders is then synthesized by thermal decomposition of copper-alginate synthesized by

the above sol-gel method.


1- To assess the application of the generic sol-gel method using sodium-alginate in order

to synthesize nanocrystalline cupric oxide (CuO) powder.

2- To analyse the effect of sodium-alginate weight percent on the size, shape, and

properties of the calcined nanocrystalline cupric oxide (CuO) powder

3- To evaluate the effect of calcination temeprature on physical properties including

particle size, particle shape, surface area, chemical structure/composition of synthesized

CuO.

Scope of the project:

In this study, the students will make six samples (by two different sodium-alginate wt.% at three

calcination temepratures). All six smaples would be characterized by TGA, FTIR, FESEM,

XRD, and BET. The objecives of this work are designed to be fulfilled within 11 weeks as

follows:

2 weeks: project planning, preliminary research, literature review.

2 weeks: synthesizing the samples.

4 weeks: Characterization of the samples (XRD, BET, FESEM, TGA, FTIR).

3 Weeks: Data analysis, report writing, presentation preparation



All chemicals, except of copper nitrate are available in the chemical store. Copper nitrate will

be purchased by releasing the FYP fund (Feb/2016).



this project:

The samples will be synthesized within the first 2-4 weeks in the new lab using the following

instrument:

Synthesis: Extrusion dripping pump: avaialble

Drying: in an oven; available

Calcination: using my research group tubular furnace

The obtained samples would be characterized using:

Week 3-4: Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC):

Available

Week 4-6: X-ray Diffraction (XRD): available

Week 5-7: Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, and EDX): avaialble

Week 6-7: Surface area meaurements (by BET): available

Week 7-8: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR): available

Project code: Bahman2

Project Title: Synthesis and Characterization of Uniform Crystalline Nickel Oxalate

Powder


Proposed by: Dr Bahman Amini Horri


2


Research problem and the solution: Synthesizing crystalline particles with uniform particle size and shape is considered as an

essential parameter in application of the powder materials that are used in specific research

areas and reproducible material. Some examples of these applications include gas sensors,

catalysts, adsorbents, pigments, lubricants, drugs, prosthetic dentistry, etc. These days, a

number of research groups of material scientists and engineers in different parts of the world

have focused on establishing scientific principles under functional powders of tailored

characteristics could be generated.

Nickel oxalate is believed to have a potential precursor material for the production of NiO and

Ni nano-particles, as some of the material scientists published useful work on this material.

However, following those findings, there’s believe that there exists room for further research

work in this area. As such, attempts were made in this study to explore more about the

production of uniform fine particles of nickel oxalate by precipitation process under different

experimental conditions.

In this study, solvothermal precipitation method via the oxalate route is proposed to be used as

a method to control the size and shape of nickel oxalate particles. Crystalline particles of nickel

oxalate are synthesized using oxalic acid and nickel nitrate precursor. Nickel oxalate is

precipitated as the product in a hydrothermal reactor. The reaction can be done at 20-100 °C.

Then the particles of nickel oxalate would be dryed of in an oven at 50-70 °C. Calcination of

the sample in a furnace at 350-600 °C can result in Ni or NiO nanoparticles. The appropriate

temeprature for calcination would be determined from thermogravimetric results (TGA).


1- To assess the application of the solvothermal precipitation method via oxalate route in

order to control the size and shape of crystalline nickel oxalate powder.

2- To analyse the effect of reaction time and temperature on the size and shape of the

calcined crystalline nickel oxalate powder.

3- To evaluate the physical properties including particle size, particle shape, surface area,

chemical structure/composition of calcined nickel oxide.


In this study, the students will make 12 samples (at 4 different temperatures and at 3 different

reaction time). All 12 smaples would be characterized by SEM/FESEM, TGA, and FTIR. 3

out of 12 samples will be selected to be calcined at 500 - 600 °C for further analsys by FESEM,

XRD, and BET. The objecives of this work are designed to be fulfilled within 11 weeks as

follows:


2 weeks: synthesizing the samples.

4 weeks: Characterization of the samples (XRD, BET, SEM, TGA, FTIR).




All chemicals are available in the chemical store. If the balance of the FYP grant is enough,

another small furnace will be purchased to decrease the waiting queue for the available tubular

furnace in my research group upon releasing of the grant for FYP (Feb 2016)



this project:

The samples will be synthesized within the first 2-4 weeks in the new lab using the following

instrument:

Synthesis: in a flask (glass) reactor equiped with a condenser: avaialble

Separation: centrifuging: available

Drying: in an oven: available

Calcination: using my research group tubular furnace

The obtained samples would be characterized using:

Week 3-4: Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC):

Available

Week 4-6: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): avaialble

Week 5-7: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD): available

Week 6-7: Surface area meaurements (by BET): available

Week 7-8: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), SEM:

available

Project code: Bahman3M

Project Title: Modeling and Optimization of a Successful Car Model for Chem-E-Car

Competition: A Case Study for Monash University

Project type: Modeling

Proposed by: Dr. Bahman Horri


2


Research problem and the solution:

Chem-E-Car Competition® is an annual event engages college students in designing and

constructing a car powered by a chemical energy source that will safely carry a specified load

over a given distance and stop. The main goal of this competition is to increases awareness of

the chemical engineering discipline among the public, industry leaders, educators, and other

students.

In this competition, team members design and construct a chemically powered vehicle within

certain size constraints. According to the Chem-E-Car rules, the vehicle must be designed to

carry a specified amount of load (such as a water beaker). The car must be equipped with a

separate stopping mechanism (by means of another chemical reaction) to stop the car at a

certain distance. The winner will be determined by a combined score considering the correct

distance traveled by the car and also by the level of creativity used in design of the car. In this

competition, a variety of chemical power resources such as chemical reactions (to generate

gaseous compounds to drive a mini-turbo engine), fuel cells (powered by hydrogen fuels), and

voltaic/galvanic cells (using various electrochemical reactions) are used by students to drive

their cars. The stopping mechanism is usually a combination of a chemical reaction associated

with an electronic/mechanical switch. For example, that is very popular by students to apply

an iodine clock (reaction of hydrogen peroxide with ionic iodine in presence of sulfate),

Galvanic corrosion (dissolution of a metal in an acid), and chemical-reaction switches (e.g. by

a reaction releasing gaseous compounds to change a push-button switch). Here at Monash

University, our past year team members have applied some techniques such as magnesium-

copper or aluminum-carbon galvanic cells for the power source and iodine clock for the

stopping mechanism.

As both car power-source and its stopping-mechanism are supported by chemical reactions, it

is essential to model the effect of the car performance influential variables such as ambient

temperature, concentration of reactants and amount of chemicals, mechanical frictions, and

total load. On the other hand, in order to be successful in this competition (stopping the car at

a specified distance), not only the design of the car is important, but also it is crucial to

theoretically model the car performance as a function of the above listed influential variables.

So, the objective of this research is to model the effect of influential variables (such as

temperature, chemical concentrations and amounts, friction, and load) on the car performance

in terms of the total generated electrical power (by determining both effective voltage and

amperage), stopping-time, car speed, and traveled distance.

In order to perform this study, it is proposed to choose the successful technologies used in one

the car models that has attended in the past year competitions as the real case study.

Mathematical modeling of the processes applied in those techniques including electrochemical

reactions (for the power source), kinetics reactions (for stopping mechanism), and

thermodynamic/physics equations (for mechanical/friction calculations) should be carried out

to perform the required calculations. To study the effect of the influential variables, the resulting

equations are defined and solved parametrically (e.g. by using one or a combination of different

modeling tools such as MATLAB, COMSOL, MS Excel or Aspen Plus). A variety of equations

such as stoichiometric chemical reactions, kinetics models, Faraday law, Nernst equation,

Gibbs’ free energy, standard cell potential… are used to perform the sensitivity analysis of the

model functions versus the influential processing variables. The modeling results (curves,

tables) need to be discussed as a function of the influential variables and finally an optimized

condition for the best performance should be suggested by this work to the next batch of

Monash Chem-E-Car competitors

Specific objectives of the project:

4- To evaluate the effect of processing variblaes such as temeprature, concentration,

mechanical friction, and load on perfomance of a Chem-E-Car model.

5- To analyse the performance of a Chem-E-Car modle by studying the performance

functions such as electrical power, stopping time, speed, and total travelled distance.

6- To assess the Che-E-Car modle performance for suggesting the optimum condition for

the next round of competition for Monash University Competitiors.


Application of the basic equations equations governing the electrochemical reactions, kinetic

euations, and mechanical frictions (such as stoichiometric chemical reactions, kinetics models,

Faraday law, Nernst equation, Gibbs’ free energy, standard cell potential…) using MATLAB /

COMSOL (to solve system of ODEs or PDEs) MS Excel (equations) or Aspen Plus for raction

modleing.


3 weeks: Developing the governing equations (by making the assumptions, finding

physical properties, and definig the range of variables).

4 weeks: Solving the equations, performing sensitivity analysis, optmizing the

condition.




this project:

MS Excel: available in computer rooms

MATLAB, COMSOL, Aspen Plus (just in case): available in computer rooms

A Chem-E-Car model as the case study: available in the new lab (from the past year batchs)

Project code: Chai1

Project Title:

Development of bismuth-based nanocomposite photocatalyst for efficient CO2 reduction into

energy rich hydrocarbon fuels under visible-light irradiation


Proposed by: Assoc. Prof. Chai Siang Piao

PhD student: Kong Xin Ying

Student requirement for this project: 2


Large scale emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is known to be the main cause

of global environmental issue due to the greenhouse effect which leads to anthropogenic climate

change over the past decade. In the view of this environmental concern, much effort has been

putting in to invent new technologies to reduce the emission of CO2. Among all the existing

methods, photocatalytic reduction of CO2 – an artificial photosynthesis process, is regarded as

one of the most promising and sustainable approaches due to: i) energy-rich hydrocarbon fuels

can be generated by using abandoned CO2 as starting carbon source; ii) it is driven by clean and

inexhaustible solar energy; iii) the process is carried out at mild conditions – room temperature

and pressure; iv) converting solar energy into chemical energy using CO2 as reactant is an

attractive solution to relieve imminent energy crisis, which is said to kill two birds with one

stone.

To date, there are many types of photocatalysts such as TiO2, CdS, ZnO are widely studied.

However, these catalysts still suffer from low photocatalytic efficiency due to their wide energy

bandgap, high electron-hole pair recombination rate, photocorrosion, poor stability and others.

Recently, bismuth-based photocatalysts, which is a new class of 2D materials, have attracted

much attention from researchers due to their unique electronic structures. The presence of

strong internal static electric fields enables effective separation of electron-hole pairs and slows

down the recombination rate of photogenerated carriers, which leads to high photocatalytic

activity. Besides, bismuth-based compounds exhibit several intriguing properties including low

energy bandgap, thermal and chemical stable. More importantly, bismuth-based photocatalysts

can be easily synthesized by facile solvothermal process, which is relatively simple and low

cost.

Owing to the fact that CO2 molecules are highly stable, large amount of electrons are needed to

take part in the reduction process and hence, the developed photocatalysts must possess high

reducing power upon light irradiation. However, at the current stage, the photocatalytic

reduction ability of bismuth-based materials is still limited due to their low efficiency of light

absorption. In this regard, the integration of bismuth-based catalysts with other materials with

excellent light absorption capability is highly desirable. Among all the potential candidates,

carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is regarded as one of the most promising dopants to enhance the

photocatalytic performance of base catalysts due to its properties of excellent up-conversion

photoluminescence and photo-induced electron transfer. Moreover, CQDs can act as good

electron acceptor and reservoir, which can further slow down the electron-hole pair

recombination rate. Therefore, the incorporation of CQDs with bismuth-based materials is

expected to be a prominent quest in the path of converting CO2 into energy-rich hydrocarbon

fuels in a highly effective and sustainable manner.


To develop CQDs/bismuth based nanocomposite photocatalysts

To characterize the as-prepared photocatalysts in order to study its physical, chemical

and optical properties

To investigate the photocatalytic efficiency of the developed nanocomposite for CO2

reduction into hydrocarbon fuels



Most of the chemicals needed are available in the laboratory. Those unavailable chemicals will

be purchased during semester break.



this project

Existing equipment at Monash Malaysia:

1. Photocatalysis rig (8 weeks)

2. FE-SEM - 3 samples / student

3. XRD – 3 samples / student

4. UV-Vis – 8 samples / student

5. FT-IR – 8 samples / student

6. TGA – 3 samples / student

7. BET – 3 samples / student

Equipment available at other institutions:

8. HR-TEM – 2 samples / student

9. XPS – 2 samples / student

Project code: Chai2

Project Title: Novel visible-light-active metal sulfide and heteroatom doped-graphene hybrid

as synergistic photocatalyst for efficient solar water splitting


Proposed by: Assoc Prof Chai Siang Piao

PhD student: Lutfi Kurnianditia Putri

Ng Boon Junn



Owing to global energy consumption continue to escalate and the incapability of energy

replenishment from finite supply of conventional fossil fuel, a devotion for seeking renewable

and promising energy medium is indispensable. Hydrogen is considered as an ideal fuel for the

future, with the advantages of high energy density (140 MJ kg−1) which far exceeds those of

gasoline and coal, no carbon emission, and produces a useful by-product of water after

combustion. At present, hydrogen is mainly produced from fossil fuels such as natural gas by

steam reforming which is severely restricted by its low efficiency and high cost. Moreover,

carbon dioxide is also emitted in this process. Coincidentally, solar radiation is a seemingly

infinite and clean source of energy. As is known, nature abundantly stores hydrogen in the form

of water. In that context, hydrogen production by efficient combination of water and solar

energy has enormous capacity to fulfill the present and future demand of energy around the

world in an eco-friendly manner. This project will in particular cover on the direct

photocatalytic water splitting by semiconductors.

To date, a diversity of semiconductors have been broadly studied for photocatalytic splitting of

water, for instance, TiO2, WO3, ZnO and BiVO4. However, application of aforementioned

photocatalyst in water splitting is practically hindered by several technical barriers. First and

foremost, the large band gap structure of semiconductor denotes that only UV component (ca.

4%) in the solar spectrum is being absorbed. Thus, it is crucial to extent its photo-response into

highly abundant visible region (ca. 50%). Second limitation will be the rapid electron-hole

recombination which in turn reducing the supply of charge carriers adsorbed to the catalyst

surface. For the last aspect, a suitable redox potential must be achieved by the semiconductor

in order to fulfill the thermodynamic law of redox reaction. It indicates that for a reduction

reaction to occur, the potential level of bottom conduction band (BCB) must be more negative

or analogously higher than the redox potential of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)

of the acceptor molecule, ie., hydrogen production level (EH2/H2O).

Metal chalcogenides come into view as potential candidates for visible-light-active

photocatalyst due to their narrow band gap and suitable band position. Among them, metal

sulfides are intriguing active materials to be serve as a sole photocatalyst in water splitting. This

is attributed to its small band gap nature and excellent in redox ability. Thus, it surmounts the

limitation of large band gap structure and unsuitable band potential. However, things cut both

ways since metal sulfides suffer from high charge recombination rate which impede the

application of metal sulfide to larger extent of photocatalysis.

To address the aforementioned problem, a viable approach is proposed: metal sulfide

photocatalyst is hybridized with tailor-made carbonaceous material, for instance graphene, to

form nanocarbon hybrid. Graphene, a 2D network of hexagonal structured sp2-hybridized

carbon atom, has been a popular selection as a cocatalyst for solar H2 generation from water

splitting. Due to its high work function (4.42 eV) graphene can accept photogenerated electrons

from lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) of most semicondutors with no barrier,

which will efficiently suppress recombination of photogenerated charges and significantly

enhance photocatalytic H2 activity. Though recently, there has been an increasing research

focus on the heteroatom (N, B, P and etc.) doping of graphene and the consequential properties

entailed to it. We would thus like to investigate the implication of heteroatom doped graphene

in photocatalysts, as contrary to the norm which utilizes an undoped case of graphene.


1. To synthesize metal sulfide/doped-graphene nanocomposite photocatalyst

2. To characterize as synthesized catalyst and correlate respective characterization results

to photocatalytic performance

3. To investigate the photocatalytic activity of the as synthesized catalyst for water

splitting application.



Chemicals are already available. Additional chemicals can be purchased upon request by the

student.



this project


1. Photocatalysis rig (8 weeks)

2. FE-SEM – 3 samples/student

3. XRD – 5 samples/student

4. UV-Vis – 10 samples/student

5. FTIR – 10 samples/student

6. TGA – 3 samples/student

7. Electron Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

8. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL)

Equipment available at other institutions:

1. HR-TEM – 2 samples / student

2. XPS – 2 samples / student

Project code: Chai3

Project Title:

Studies of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for transition metal dichalcogenide as co-

catalyst for visible-light photocatalysis

Project type: Experimental / Modeling /


PhD student: Cathie Lee



Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials with a general formula of MX2, where M

represents transition metals and X is chalcogen. TMD is an emerging material and possesses an

average band gap of 2.0 eV. It has the great potential to be an alternative to noble metals as a

co-catalyst for photocatalytic reaction.

On the other hand, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), are a new class of materials that have

captured the attention of community recently due to their tune-able functionality. A pristine

MOF can have a simultaneous and yet inter-dependable adsorption and reduction capabilities.

However, owing to its large band gap energy, the photocatalytic ability of a MOF as a

photocatalyst is limited to the ultra-violate range.

It is of great interest to combine the advantages of both materials to create hybrid composite for

effective photocatalytic applications. It is believed that TMD materials will reduce the band gap

energy of the hybrid material to be responsive in the visible light range and the electron

recombination rate will be prolonged. The collegial effect of MOFs and TMD in photocatalysis

will be thoroughly investigated with in-house electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

The analyses include photocurrent – time response, cyclic voltammetry (CV), Mott schottky’s

plot, Nyquist plot, etc.


(1) To develop visible-light active photocatalyst with TMD as co-catalyst

(2) To study the electrochemical properties of the developed photocatalyst



Most of the chemicals needed are available in the laboratory. Those unavailable chemicals will

be purchased during semester break.



this project

1. Electron Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) (8 weeks)

Project code: Chai4D

Project Title:

Design of an experimental set-up for integrated filtration and degradation of dye molecules in

visible light

Project type: Experimental / Process or Equipment Design


PhD student: Cathie Lee



It is rather common for membrane filtration to be used in dye removal due to its high efficiency

as compared to various other treatment systems such as ozonation and coagulation and

flocculation process. However, fouling still remains a major problem in membrane filtration as

it impedes the filtration process and renders the membrane unusable. Various measures have

been taken to reduce the fouling of a membrane such as pre and post synthesis modification and

reducing the hydrophobicity of the membrane with the addition of additives. Though these

methods were able to reduce the fouling effect on a membrane, however, the fouling effect is

inevitable.

Another common method for dye removal is the use of a photocatalysis. This method uses a

photocatalyst to reduce the dye molecules with the aid of a light source. A very common

photocatalyst for dye degradation is titanium oxide (TiO2) based photocatalyst where the

removal of dye molecules can be achieved in a batch system. However, the problem arises in

the recovery of the photocatalyst from the remaining solution.

Having this problem in mind a hybrid system has been proposed, a photoreactive filtration

system that combines the best of membrane filtration and photocatalysis into a single system to

simultaneously remove and degrade dye. This project involves the design of a dead-end

filtration system with a visible light source for continuous photoreduction of dye while retaining

the photocatalyst within the system. The general idea of this system is to integrate a simple and

yet effective photocatalyst onto the membrane to reduce the dye particles while the unreacted

dye will be filtered off by membrane.


(1) To develop a filtration-photoreduction system for dye removal

(2) To study the effieciency of dye removal with the developed system


chemicals and the funding source? Yes



this project


1. Dead-end filtration set (8 weeks)

2. FESEM - 3 samples / student

3. UV-Vis – 10 samples / student

4. FTIR – 10 samples / student

5. Fluorescence spectrophotometer – 10 samples / student

6. TGA – 3 samples / student

Project code: Chan1 and Chan2

Project Title: Super-hydrophobic adsorbent for oil-water separation and recovery

Project type: Experimental / Simulation / Modeling / Process or Equipment Design

Proposed by: Assoc. Prof. Chan Eng Seng

Student requirement for this project: 4 (2 students x 2 groups)


Super-hydrophobic surfaces are surfaces that strongly repel water. Typically, the contact angle

of water droplet resting on a super-hydrophobic surface would exceed 150o and droplet

impacting on the surface can fully rebound like an elastic ball. Super-hydrophobic materials

has since found many new and exciting applications, such as self-cleaning glasses, anti-

corrosion pipelines, anti-wetting clothing, etc.

The objective of this research is to develop a high performance adsorbent that is super-

hydrophobic for application in oil-water separation. This adsorbent should be able to separate

residual oil from water, and more importantly, to allow the adsorbed oil to be recovered with

ease.

This adsorbent will find useful application in industries, particularly in oil refining and palm oil

industries to improve the oil yield. The adsorbent can also be used for pollution control

applications such as to reduce the oil contamination in the process effluent and to clean-up oil

spillage.

This is an industry motivated project.

Figure showing water droplets resting on super-hydrophobic surfaces


1. To review the literature and to propose a suitable super-hydrophobic materials (during

semester break)

2. To develop a super-hydrophobic adsorbent (3 weeks)

3. To characterize the physicochemical properties of the adsorbent (3 weeks)

4. To evaluate the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and its reusability (3 weeks)

To wrap-up the project, write-up and prepare presentation slides – 3 weeks



Adsorbent, Trichloro(octadecyl)silane (OTS) , Ethanol– all are available

The project is currently on-going



this project.

1 To review the literature and to propose a suitable super-hydrophobic materials

Equipment: computer and Monash library database

2 To develop a super-hydrophobic adsorbent

Equipment: beakers and stirrer (plenty in my lab!)

3 To characterize the physicochemical properties of the adsorbent Equipment: Goniometer, FTIR, FESEM (1 unit each)

4 To evaluate the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and its reusability

Equipment: beakers, balance (plenty in my lab!)



Adsorbent, polydopamine, graphene, ethanol– all are available



this project.

1. To review the literature and to propose a suitable super-hydrophobic materials

Equipment: computer and Monash library database

2. To develop a super-hydrophobic needle nozzle

Equipment: beakers and stirrer (plenty in my lab!)

3. To characterize the physicochemical properties of the super-hydrophobic coating

Equipment: Goniometer, FTIR, FESEM (1 unit each)

4. To evaluate the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and its reusability

Equipment: beakers, balance (plenty in my lab!)

Project code: Chan3

Project Title: Formation of oil-core microcapsules from hydrophobically-modified

alginate particles by the self-assembled Pickering emulsion method





Recently, our research group has developed and patented a novel method to synthesize oil-core

microcapsules from biopolymers via Pickering emulsion templating route (see ACS Applied

Materials and Interfaces 2015 Aug 21;7(30):16169-76). The microcapsules formed can be used

for the stabilization and controlled delivery of a variety of lipophilic materials such as phase

change materials, self-healing agents, corrosion inhibitors, drugs, food compounds, fragrance,

flavour, etc.

In the existing method, an O/W Pickering emulsion stabilized by Calcium Carbonate

nanoparticles is first prepared. A polyanionic biopolymer (e.g. alginate) is subsequently

introduced to the water phase. Finally, the system pH is lowered to trigger the dissolution of

the Calcium Carbonate nanoparticles to release the Calcium ions, thus resulting in

instantaneuous cross-linking between the Calcium ions and polymers at the O/W interface. As

a result, a polymer shell that engulfs an oil droplet is formed.

The objective of this research is to ‘inverse’ the cross-linking process by preparing the

microcapsules from Pickering emulsion templates stabilized by the alginate polymers (or

particles), instead of the Calcium Carbonate nanoparticles. In this way, the presence of

unreacted alginate polymers in the water phase can be avoided to eliminate some of the process

difficulties encountered in the current method.

However, alginate posseses carboxyl and hydroxyl groups along its backbone, making it very

hydrophilic, with purely no surface activity. This means that alginate polymers will not be

adsorbed at the O/W interface. The introduction of hydrophobic moieties (e.g. OSA or DSA)

to some of the hydrophilic groups can enhance the surface activity of alginate, thus promoting

the adsoprtion of the alginate polymers at the O/W interface.

Figure showing the reaction scheme for formation of oil-core microcapsules using the Pickering emulsion

template stabilized by CaCO3 nanoparticles


1. To develop a process to prepare hydophobically-modified alginate (2-3 weeks)

2. To prepare O/W emulsions using the modified alginate and to evaluate their physical

properties (2-3 weeks)

3. To prepare Calcium cross-linked microcapsules from the Pickering emulsions and to

evaluate their physicochemical properties (3-4 weeks)




Alginate, ethanol, and calcium chloride, OSA, DSA are all available.



this project.

1. To develop a process to prepare hydophobically-modified alginate (3 weeks)

Equipment: beakers, stirrer (plenty in my group!)

2. To prepare O/W emulsions using the modified alginate and to evaluate their

physical properties (3 weeks)

Equipment: goniometer (1 unit), tensiometer (1unit), SLR camera (1 unit), Zetasizer (1

unit), FTIR (1 unit), Particle Size Analyzer (1 unit)

3. To prepare Calcium cross-linked microcapsules from the Pickering emulsions and

to evaluate their physicochemical properties (3 weeks)

Equipment: Flourescence microscope, FTIR (1 unit), Particle Size Analyzer (1 unit)

Project code: Chan4D

Project Title: Development of a mini-fluidic device for the production of O/W Pickering

emulsions with controlled drop size

Project type: Experimental / Simulation / Modeling / Process/Equipment Design




Recently, our research group has developed and patented a novel method to synthesize oil-core

microcapsules from biopolymers via Pickering emulsion templating route (see ACS Applied

Materials and Interfaces 2015 Aug 21;7(30):16169-76). To form the Pickering emulsion, we

used the conventionally available emulsification methods such as mechanical stirring, high-

speed homogenizer and membrane emulsification.

Whilst we were able to produce emulsion drop size of small diameter (< 50 microns) using

these methods, the size distribution of the emulsion drops were generally very broad. These two

issues (i.e. small and broad drop size) resulted in the difficulty in performing fundamental

studies that are critical in revealing the kinetics/equilibrium of the adsorption process, or the

intrinsic mechanical properties of the droplets stabilized by the solid particles.

The objective of this project is to design and develop a mini-fluidic device that can produce

O/W Pickering emulsions with controlled drop size. The device is crucial to allow us to

undertake fundmanetal studies in the future so that the production process or the mechanical

properties of the microcapsules can be better controlled and manipulated to suit specific

application.

Figures showing the microfluidic devise in operation and its set-up


1. To perform literature review on similar device (e.g. microfluidic) and to set-up the

design criteria (during semester break)

2. To prepare a P&ID for your design and to fabricate/assemble the mini-fluidic device

(during semester break or early Sem 1)

3. To test the performance of the device in forming O/W Pickering emulsion (6-9 weeks)




Mostly, if not all components, are available in the lab.

If your design (or some components of it) needs to be custom-made, or fabricated by local

workshop, then we have to complete this job during the semester break.



this project.

1. To perform literature review on similar device (e.g. microfluidic) and to set-up the

design criteria

Equipment: Computer and paper

2. To prepare a P&ID of your design and to fabricate/assemble the mini-fluidic device

Equipment: Computer, paper, and your hands

3. To test the performance of the device in forming O/W Pickering emulsion in controlling

the size of droplets

Equipment: your ‘developed’ minifluidic devise, SLR camera, image analyzer

Project code: Chong1

Project Title: Synthesis and characterisation of nanostructured heterojunction photoelectrode

for application in solar hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical water splitting

Project Type: Experimental

Proposed by: Dr. Chong Meng Nan



Energy is one of the most important challenges facing humanity in the coming years. Therefore,

the exploitation of renewable energy sources is required in order to replace the conventional

energy source. Hydrogen (H2) has featured prominently as a renewable and potential alternative

energy source to fuel for future developments. However, H2 is not readily available and required

further processing steps. Currently, 95% of H2 is produced from fossil fuels and the cost of

production is high. The remaining 5% of H2 is produced from renewable energy sources such

as solar and wind energy. In fact, H2 can be produced through a carbon emission-free method

known as photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting by utilising semiconductor-based

photoelectrodes. PEC water splitting is a photodriven conversion process of water molecules

into individual hydrogen and oxygen molecules through the use of semiconductor-based

photoelectrodes. Therefore, the type of photocatalysts used will affect the solar conversion

efficiency and stability of water-to-hydrogen conversion process. However, the key challenge

to the wider utilisation of these photocatalysts is that they can only be activated under ultraviolet

(UV) irradiation due to their wide band gap energy requirements.

In recent decades, tremendous efforts have been devoted toward the synthesis of heterojunction

structures to improve the photoactivity of photocatalysts. A heterojunction photoelectrode is

consisting of a narrow band gap semiconductor as light absorber and a wide band gap

semiconductor as stabiliser. Heterojunction structures can lead to improved and enhanced PEC

water splitting efficiency by expanding the spectral range of light –adsorption, as well as

minimising the electron-hole pairs recombination.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. To screen and synthesize different heterojunction photoelectrode structures for

application in PEC water splitting.

2. To characterise and determine the best heterojunction photoelectrode structure that is

able to achieve the highest photo-efficiency for PEC water splitting.

In order to complete this proposed research within the stipulated 12 weeks time, it is

recommended that the students should be highly independent and discipline. The followings

are the suggested timeline to achieve best outcomes when undertaking this research project:

1-2 weeks: project planning and experiment trials;

7-8 weeks: lab works (data collection);

2-3 weeks: preparing presentation slides and report writing.



No, not all the chemicals are currently available in the laboratory. The purchase of chemicals

will subject to the availability of FYP funding.



this project

1. FE-SEM – 4 to 6 samples.

2. EDX – 4 to 6 samples.

3. XRD – 4 to 6 samples.

4. BET – 3 samples.

Project code: Chong2

Project Title:

Synthesis and characterisation of fullerene/rGO incorporated nanostructured hematite thin

films for photoelectrochemical water splitting





Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a promising semiconductor material for photoelectrochemical (PEC)

water splitting due to its abundance, low-cost, low band gap energy of 2-2.2 eV and good

chemical stability. However, its short lifetime and poor mobility of photo-generated charge

carriers and short hole diffusion length have significantly limit its efficiency in charge

separation and collection as a photoanode in PEC water splitting process. These serious

drawbacks can be improved by incorporating hematite particles with carbonaceous materials

such as fullerene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Recently, fullerene and rGO have gained

considerable attentions for their attractive properties due to its excellent electron accepting

ability, large specific surface area and delocalised combined structures. When incorporating the

photocatalysts with fullerene and graphene, it is expected that the fullerene/rGO hematite thin

films can provide an expressway to shuttle the photogenerated electrons. Therefore, the main

aim of this project is to study the effect of fullerene and rGO on structural, optical, electrical

and PEC properties of fullerene/rGO incorporated nanostructured hematite thin films for PEC

water splitting application.


The specific objectives of this proposed research are:

1. To determine the optimum fullerene and rGO concentrations for the nanostructured hematite

thin films that are effective for the water splitting process.

2. To investigate the structural and morphological properties as well as the optical and

electronic properties of the fullerene/RGO incorporated hematite thin films.

In order to complete this proposed research within the stipulated 12 weeks time, it is

recommended that the students should be highly independent and discipline. The followings

are the suggested timeline to achieve best outcomes when undertaking this research project:

1-2 weeks: project planning and experiment trials;

7-8 weeks: lab works (data collection);




No, not all the chemicals are currently available in the laboratory. The purchase of chemicals

will subject to the availability of FYP funding.



this project 1. FESEM – 4 to 6 samples

2. EDX – 4 to 6 samples

3. FTIR – 4 to 6 samples

4. UV-Vis – 4 to 6 samples

5. XRD – 4 to 6 samples

Project code: Chong3M

Project Title: Evaluating wastewater treatment technologies for application in cluster-scale

urban developments: Feasibility, economic of scale and sustainability analysis

Project type: Simulation & Modeling




Significant and continued population growth in most of the major urban centres around the

world have placed an increasing pressure on wastewater service providers. Our exisiting

‘centralised’ wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) might be facing a bottleneck in the coming

decades, in coping with the increasing treatment loads. In order to provide a transitional solution

before the next major investment in centralised wastewater infrastructures, decentralised

systems are viewed as an alternative for sewerage servicing before environmental discharge,

with a further potential to recycle and reuse the treated effluents within local households.

Decentralised systems also remove the high capital cost and pumping energy for long-distance

water conveyance associated with the conventional centralised systems. However, the adoption

of decentralised systems in new cluster-scale urban developments is highly impacted by the

lack of underpinning sciences in wastewater treatment technologies, economic of scale and

sustainability benefits entailed. Thus, the main aim of this project is to evaluate different

wastewater treatment technologies for application in cluster-scale urban developments. The

commercial wastewater simulation software, BioWin, will be used to provide simulation and

modelling activities using our currently available raw wastewater quality datasets. Further first-

principle analysis is expected to complete the economic of scale and sustainability analysis.



1. To simulate and model different wastewater treatment technologies using commercial

BioWin software, that can satisfy the influent and effluent wastewater regulatory

requirements.

2. To determine and optimise the cost of treatment per capita ($ per litre) based on the first-

principle economic of scale analysis .

3. To evaluate the energy requirement and potential carbon emission from first-principle

sustainability analysis.

1-2 weeks: project planning and trials;

7-8 weeks: simulation and modelling activities (data collection);




No chemicals are required for this proposed project.



this project

This proposed project requires the usage of BioWin, which is currently licensed to 200 users.

Project code: Chong4M

Project Title: Water balance modelling for potential mains water saving from the installation

of plumbed rainwater tanks in major Australian airports

Project type: Simulation & Modeling




Demands on traditional water supply from water grid are escalating in conjunction with

population growth, rapid industrialisation and booming commercial activities in most of the

densely urbanised centres. This is further exacerbated by the potential adverse impacts of

climate change, which are likely to affect the adequate and reliable supply of urban water

resources from local dams. Airports are major water consumers owing to the handling of tens

of millions of passengers each year. However, airports also possess a good potential for

rainwater harvesting owing to the availability of large roof catchment areas. Apart from the

roof catchments, the potential of rainwater harvesting is also strongly affected by the size of

rainwater tank, number of plumbed end uses and to a lesser extent, the seasonal variation of

rainfall climatic conditions. The harvested rainwater could be utilised to augment the

availability of mains water for non-potable applications such as WC and urinal flushings,

general washing and cleaning purposes, as well as green irrigation. To date, however, there is

no study that exploits the rainwater harvesting potential across major Australian airports. The

main aim of this study is to perform water balance modelling on the installation of plumbed

rainwater tanks in major Australian airports. The Rainwater TANK model will be used for the

water balance modelling activities. Historical rainfall datasets at daily resolution will be

provided for the analysis. Further first-principle analysis is expected to estimate the cost of

rainwater supplied per capita ($ per litre) and other environmental cost benefit analysis.



1. To evaluate and optimise for the best combination in terms of roof catchment area, size of

rainwater tank and number of plumbed end uses for major Australian airport sites using

water balance modelling (i.e. Rainwater TANK model).

2. To assess the cost of rainwater supplied per capita ($ per litre) and perform other

environmental cost benefit analysis.

1-2 weeks: project planning and trials;

7-8 weeks: simulation and modelling activities (data collection);







this project

No processing and analytical equipment are required for this proposed project.

Project code: Chew1M

Project Title: Evaluating absorption chilling technologies for application in industry

Project type: Simulation

Proposed by: Irene Chew


1 or 2 students


Absorption conditioning system is a green technology that can be powered by low grade heat

sources include solar and industrial waste heat which subsequently reduces the electricity

demand. Studies have shown the triple-effect absorption system offers great thermal

efficiencies with the highest reported coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.7. On the other

hand, the cost efficiency of an absorption conditioning system is another important performance

parameter interest the industrial practitioner. However, most technoeconomical study is done

on an ‘ac-hoc’ basis limiting to a single heat source-sink application. To meet the ever

increasing electricity demand on air conditioning, one would need to look into the integration

of multiple heat sources include waste heat, hot air, steams, hot water and biogas. In our

previous work, we have demonstrated how the free cooling has reduces industry power

consumption by integrating cooling and chilled water system (CCWS). The main contribution

of this project is the application of free cooling in the development of a cost and energy efficient

absorption conditioning system using simulation software.


Use TRNSYS simulation software and excel spreadsheet to:

1.1. Evaluate different absorption chiller technology for application in a specific industry.

1.2. Simulate a non integrated absorption conditioning system that is optimal in terms of energy

saving (sustainability) and cost effectiveness.

1.3 Perform stability analysis for the proposed optional non integrated absorption conditioning

system

Are all chemicals available in the laboratory?




this project

This proposed project requires the usage of TRNSYS 17, a new software which cost about

RM12,700 (10-user license) (see attached quotation)

Project code: Chew2M

Project Title: Synthesis of integrated energy system using absorption chiller as green

technology in an eco-industry park

Project type: Modeling

Proposed by: Irene Chew


1 student


Absorption conditioning system is a green technology that can be powered by low grade heat

sources include solar and industrial waste heat which subsequently reduces the electricity

demand. Studies have shown the triple-effect absorption system offers great thermal

efficiencies with the highest reported coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.7. On the other

hand, the cost efficiency of an absorption conditioning system is another important performance

parameter interest the industrial practitioner. However, most technoeconomical study is done

on an ‘ac-hoc’ basis limiting to a single heat source-sink application. To meet the ever

increasing electricity demand on air conditioning, one would need to look into the integration

of multiple heat sources include waste heat, hot air, steams, hot water and biogas. In our

previous work, we have demonstrated how the free cooling has reduces industry power

consumption by integrating cooling and chilled water system (CCWS). The main contribution

of this project is the application of free cooling in the development of a cost and energy efficient

absorption conditioning system.


Use LINGO modeling and optimization software and excel spreadsheet to:

2.1. Model a multi-periodic time-dependant cooling and chilled water network with the

application of absorption chiller in an eco-industrial park.

2.2. Synthesize an integrated chilled and cooling water network that is optimal in terms of

energy saving (sustainability) and cost effectiveness.

2.3. Perform stability analysis for the proposed integrated chilled and cooling water network.

Are all chemicals available in the laboratory?




this project

This proposed project requires the usage of LINGO software which is an existing software.

Project code: EDW1M

Project title: Development of prediction tool for phase equilibrium in aqueous two-phase

system

Project type: Modelling

Proposed by: Edward Ooi



Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is an attractive alternative to conventional downstream

processing techniques for the separation of biomolecules. However, the design and process

optimization of ATPS require the detailed information on phase composition and

physiochemical properties. The practical application of ATPS heavily relies on the availability

of the phase diagram in database. However, the construction of phase diagram is mainly done

empirically, thus necessitating a great amount of lab works. The aim of this project is to develop

a model that can predict the position of a binodal curve in the phase diagram. Alcohol+salt-

based ATPS is chosen as the target of the prediction and the available data in the literature

sources will be compiled for analysis using MATLAB. The formulated models will be verified

by the results of the experimental works.


1. To compile the available literature and data on the liquid-liquid equilibrium of ATPS

2. To model the phase equilibrium by using data available from literature sources.

3. To predict the position of binodal curve by correlating the experimental data with the phase

equilibrium models

Suggested timeline:

3 weeks: Project planning and data gathering

5 weeks: Development of prediction tool for the formation of alcohol+salt ATPS

2 weeks: Evaluation of the performace of the prediction tool

2 weeks: Report writing and presentation

Is the proposed project a new project? Yes

Is the proposed project a part of an existing project? No



Most of the chemicals are available in the laboratory. Other chemicals will be purchased before

the semester using FYP budget.



this project.

Water bath (1 unit): 5 days

Refractometer (1 unit): 7 days

Weighing balance (own unit): 4 weeks

Freeze drier (1 unit): 5 days

Project code: EDW2

Project title: Formation of microgel beads in aqueous two-phase system





Microemulsion is conventionally formed in oil-water system due to the high interfacial tension.

The use of oil phase in microemulsion is undesirable in some processing methods and therefore

the formation of microemulsion in all-aqueous environment is worth of further exploration.

Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a useful tool for generating the water-in-water emulsion,

which can be then used to form microgel beads. Microgel beads have been widely used in

applications such as cell entrapment and delivery of food or drug. This study aims to achieve

the formation of microgel beads in an ATPS composed of polyethylene glycol and a gel-

forming polymers (e.g. agarose, alginate and carrageenan). The formation of microgel beads

will be triggered by a change in the working temperature. The effects working parameters of

synthesis process (e.g., stirring speed, composition of ATPS) on the formed microgels will be

evaluated systematically in this study.


1. To establish the liquid-liquid equilibrium of the selected ATPS for microgel formation

2. To synthesize the microgel beads with uniform size and morphology

3. To evaluate the effect of operating parameters on the formation of microgel beads

Suggested timeline:

3 weeks: Project planning and selection of phase-forming components for ATPS

7 weeks: Synthesis of microgel beads








this project.




Zetasizer (1 unit): 12 days

UV-Vis spectrophotometer (1 unit): 5 days

Fluorescence microscope (1 unit): 10 days

Ultrasonicator (1 unit): 3 days

Overhead stirrer (1 unit): 3 days

Scanning electron microscope: 2 days

Project code: EDW3

Project title: Stabilization of dual-responsive Pickering emulsion using microgel





In food industry, emulsion system has been viewed as a potential encapsulation and protection

technology for the delivery of food-grade compounds such as vitamins, minerals, and bioactive

compounds. The use of biopolymers in stabilizing emulsion at low energy emulsification is

attractive because the nano-sized biopolymers can replace surfactant as the emulsifier.

Polysaccharide-based biopolymers are well suited in the preparation of Pickering emulsion

owing to their beneficial properties like non-toxicity, renewability, biodegradability and

biocompatibility. In this study, the microgel with responsivity towards pH and temperature will

first be formed. The synthesized microgel will be used to encapsulate food-grade ingredients

via the principle of Pickering emulsion. The long-term stability of Pickering emulsion will be

subsequently studied under various conditions.


1. To produce Pickering emulsion using microgels derived from biopolymers such as chitosan

and carrageenan

2. To investigate the encapsulation efficiency and the stability of Pickering emulsion

Suggested timeline:

2 weeks: Formation of microgels; characterization of the formed microgels

8 weeks: Preparation of Pickering emulsion; investigation on the stability and stimuli-

responsivity of Pickering emulsion


Is the proposed project a new project? No

Is the proposed project a part of an existing project? Yes







this project.

Zetasizer (1 unit): 12 days


Goniometer (contact angle measurement) (1 unit): 3 days

FTIR (1 unit): 2 days

Inverted optical microscope (To be purchased): 8 days

Atomic force microscopy: 2 days


Project code: EDW4

Project title: Synthesis and characterization of thermo- and pH-responsive superabsorbent

microgel





Microgels are colloidal hydrogels in micro size and are able to swell in a solvent. Stimuli-

responsive microgel is a variant of hydrogels reacting to the change in environmental

parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, ionic strength and specific chemical compound) by varying

their state of swelling and shrinking. Microgels can function as a type of water-absorbing

materials, namely superabsorbents, which are capable of absorbing and retaining aqueous

liquids thousand times of their weights. Superabsorbent polymers have been ubiquitously used

in disposable infant diapers, feminine hygiene products, liquid absorbent pads for packaging,

and coating materials for cables. In this study, the dual thermo- and pH-responsive microgel

will be synthesized from monomer (2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate, or known as

DMAEMA. The water absorbency of synthesized microgels will be determined gravimetrically

at the state of absorption equilibrium. The sensitivity of microgel particles towards stimulus

will be evaluated by detecting the size change in particles incubated at different temperature

and pH conditions.


1. To synthesize microgel with desired physical properties from DMAEMA monomers

2. To evaluate the performance of the synthesized microgel as superabsorbent

3. To assess the stimuli-responsiveness of the synthesized microgel

Suggested timeline:

2 weeks: Project planning

4 weeks: Synthesis of microgel

4 weeks: Characterization of microgel








this project.



Ultrasonicator (1 unit): 4 days



Magnetic stirrer (2 units): 5 days


Atomic force microscopy: 2 days

Project code: Ho1M

Project Title: Modeling Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch by Glucoamylase – A

Population Balance Approach

Project type: Modeling and Simulation

Proposed by: Dr. Ho Yong Kuen (new staff member)


Two (2)


The hydrolysis of starch by glucoamylase is an important industrial process to produce glucose.

In this process, glucoamylase (a chain-end scission enzyme) is used to remove one glucose

monomer at a time from the non-reducing ends of starch polymers. As glucoamylase attacks

different polymers with different chain length in varying rates, it is crucial that the modeling of

such a process accounts for the entire distribution of starch. For this purpose, the Population

Balance Modeling is the natural approach. The recent development of the numerical solver for

solving chain-end population balance problem (Ho, Doshi, Yeoh & Ngoh, 2014) enabled such

a rigorous model to be developed (Ho, Doshi, Yeoh & Ngoh, 2015). With the governing

equations established, it remains to be seen how the model fared in predicting the data in the

open literature. In this project, the main task is to appropriately calibrate and validate the model

with data from the literature. The successful calibration and validation of the model would

provide useful insights in to the hydrolysis of starch by glucoamylase.

Ho, Y. K., Doshi, P., Yeoh, H. K., & Ngoh, G. C. (2014). Modeling chain-end scission using

the fixed pivot technique. Chemical Engineering Science, 116, 601 - 610.

Ho, Y. K., Doshi, P., Yeoh, H. K., & Ngoh, G. C. (2015). Interlinked population balance and

cybernetic models for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of natural polymers.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering.


1. To gather and consolidate the appropriate experimental data on starch hydrolysis by

glucoamylase from the open literature.

2. To calibrate the existing model with data from the literature and if necessary revisit the

model assumptions and make appropriate changes to the model.

3. To assess the performance of the model and to justify the departure from the experimental

data.

Note: All simulations will be done using MATLAB.



Not applicable as no experimental work is required.



this project


Project code: Ho2M

Project Title: A Population Balance Based Model for the Hydrolysis of Starch by -

amylase




TWO (2)


The hydrolysis of starch by -amylase is an important industrial process to produce a blend of

different sugars. In this process, -amylase (a random scission enzyme) is used to break the

polymeric bonds in the starch chains randomly. As -amylase attacks different polymers with

different chain length in varying rates, it is crucial that the modeling of such a process accounts

for the entire distribution of starch. In a recent work, a population balance based model

framework for the hydrolysis of starch by -amylase was developed (Ho, Doshi, Yeoh & Ngoh,

2015). With the governing equations established, it remains to be seen how the model fared in

predicting the data in the open literature. In this project, the model will be calibrated and

validated with data from the literature. The successful calibration and validation of the model

would provide useful insights in to the hydrolysis of starch by -amylase.

Ho, Y. K., Doshi, P., Yeoh, H. K., & Ngoh, G. C. (2015). Why are two enzymes better than one

for the efficient simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of natural polymers?

Hints from inside and outside a yeast. Industrial & engineering chemistry research.

doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01667


1. To gather and consolidate the appropriate experimental data on starch hydrolysis by -

amylase from the open literature.

2. To calibrate the existing model with data from the literature and if necessary revisit the

model assumptions and make appropriate changes to the model.

3. To assess the performance of the model and to justify the departure from the experimental

data.

Note: All simulations will be done using MATLAB.






this project


Project code: Ho3M

Project Title: Easing the Design of Adaptive PID Controllers through the Continuous

Recursive Least Squares (RLS) Algorithm




TWO (2)


In designing adaptive controllers, the traditional way is to employ the discrete Recursive Least

Squares (RLS) algorithm for online parameter estimation of a linear time invariant transfer

function model and to subsequently use the model parameters to design the controller. As most

of the controller design correlations are based on the continuous transfer function model, an

additional step is required to convert the discrete model parameters to its continuous equivalent.

In this project, this step is bypassed by directly estimating the model parameters in its

continuous domain by using the continuous RLS algorithm (Mikleš & Fikar, 2007). The

estimated parameters will then be used to design an adaptive PID controller using existing

tuning correlations and the controller will be implemented on a biodiesel reactor model (Mjalli,

Lee, Kiew, & Hussain, 2009). The contribution of this project will be towards easing the design

of adaptive controllers.

Mikleš, J., & Fikar, M. (2007). Process Modelling, Identification and Control. Berlin: Springer-

verlag.

Mjalli, F. S., Lee, K. S., Kiew, C. Y., & Hussain, M. A. (2009). Dynamics and control of a

biodiesel transesterification reactor. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 32(1), 13-26.


1. To develop a working code for the continuous RLS algorithm.

2. To relate the output of the RLS to an existing PID controller tuning correlation.

3. To implement the RLS-PID adaptive control strategy on a biodiesel reactor model and

simulate the servo and regulatory control performance.

Note: All simulations will be done in the Simulink environment.






this project


Project code: Patrick1

Project Title: Stabilization of Curcumin-loaded Pickering Emulsions by Fe3O4-Cellulose

Nanocrystals


Proposed by: Patrick Tang



Possessing excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility properties, cellulose nanocrystal

(CNC)-based nanocomposites has recently gained immense research interest and holds great

potential as novel drug carrier. The use of novel CNC-based nanomaterials to deliver drugs is

an attractive idea, however many of these class of CNC-based nanocarrier generally lack active

targeting or triggered drug release components, making them difficult to obtain effective drug

delivery, thus limiting the dose achievable within the tumor. The incorporation of magnetic

nanoparticles (MNPs) into CNC matrix is a feasible solution to improve the drug delivery and

targeting properties. The utilization of magnetic cellulose nanomaterials with tailored surface

functionalities have, in fact, been reported and suggested as magnetic aerogel, magnetically

retrievable oil absorbent, and recyclable catalyst. Nonetheless, the application of magnetic

cellulosic nanomaterials has yet to be explored in literature for the preparation of Pickering

emulsions and this is an interesting aspect. Thus the aim of present study is to develop a

magnetically responsive Pickering emulsions using Fe3O4-cellulose nanocrystals (MCNC)

composites with the goal of utilizing them as controlled drug delivery carrier. In this research

project, the sonochemically-induced MCNCs will be used to form Pickering emulsions and

their impact on the emulsion stability will be investigated systematically. The influence of pH,

oil loading, and drug loading on the physicochemical properties of MCNCs-stabilized Pickering

emulsions (MCNC-PE) will also be studied by using curcumin as a model drug. Formulation

and characterizations of MCNC-PE are the core elements of this project.


1. To produce stable Pickering emulsion droplets using MCNC composites and determine its

colloidal stability

2. To investigate pH, oil loading, and drug loading effects on the properties of MCNC

Pickering emulsion



Yes



this project

High-speed homogenizer : 6 days

Ultrasound probe: 10 days

UV-Vis spechtrophotometer : 3 days

Goniometer (contact angle measurement) : 3 days

Malvern Mastersizer, Zetasizer (droplet size & zeta potential measurement) : 12 days

Inverted optical microscope : 3 days

Field emission scanning electron microscope : 2 days

Atomic force microscopy : 3 days

Thermogravimetric analyzer : 2 days


Project Title:

Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Palm Oil-Encapsulating Crosslinked

Biopolymeric Nanocapsules




2


Microcapsules have recently gained growing interest in biomedical application because of their

oil-based central cavities, which allow a high encapsulation level for lipophilic substances and

thereby improve drug delivery. In recent years, pharmaceutical scientist have started examining

the use of sodium alginate and locust bean gum (LBG) for designing and development of

natural polymer-based drug delivery systems. Sodium alginate, a linear anionic polysaccharide

extracted from brown algae is known to biodegradable and non-toxic while locust bean gum is

derived from the endosperm of the seeds of the carob tree. However, these drug loaded alginate

or LBG carriers exhibit several problems associated with the stability and rapid release of drugs

at higher pH values. To overcome these drawbacks, we proposed to develop reinforced

polymeric oil-filled nanocapsules using a dual combination of LBG and alginate by addition of

a crosslinking agent. It is hypothesized that the crosslinking reactions at the emulsion interfaces

will lead to the improved mechanical stability of the alginate-LBG composite shell layer. In the

present study, the overall aim is to design novel nanocarrier platform encapsulating red palm

oil could be potentially applied for sustained oral delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs.

Fabrication and characterizations of alginate-LBG hybrid nanocapsules are the main scope of

this project.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of nanocapsule consisting of an encased red palm oil and a skin layer of

crosslinked polymer network.


1. To develop and characterize locus bean gum-alginate (Lbg-Al) nanocapsules

encapsulating red palm oil in respect of their size, zeta potential, morphology, shell

thickness, and encapsulation efficiency.

2. To optimize the effect of alginate:gum ratio and the effect of crosslinker PSMC and to

determine their optimum concentration that leads to enhanced mechanical polymeric shell

strength

3. To examine the physical storage stability of the as-syntheiszed Lbg-Al nanocapsules.



Materials are partly available in the laboratory. Others will be purchased shortly when the FYP

budget comes in.



this project

Zetasizer (droplet size & zeta potential measurement) : 12 days

Microfluidizer : 6 days

High-speed homogenizer : 3 days

X-ray Diffraction : 1 day

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: 2 days

Confocal laser scanning microscope




Project Title: Novel Topical Nanoemulsion-based Delivery for Plant-derived

Antibacterial Compound

Project Type: Experimental + Modelling




With the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is an increased demand for

novel therapeutic treatments. Although a common strategy is the isolation and identification of

novel antimicrobial compounds, such compounds are becoming increasingly difficult to come

by. Therefore, there is value in potentially improving, or even restoring the activity of known

antibiotics. Thus far, we have previously demonstrated synergistic activity between antibiotics

and phenolic compounds: a large group of secondary metabolites found mainly in plants and

renowned for their antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cancer activity. The different

antimicrobial mechanisms by which phenolic compounds operate show promise in potentially

compromising bacterial defenses against antibiotics, thereby improving antibiotic efficacy. In

this study, we proposed to formulate a novel nanoemulsion to facilitate the delivery of these

combinations to the skin via topical application. The main objective of this project is to establish

the parameters necessary to prepare an antibiotics-phenolic-loaded nanoemulsion (AP-NE) gel

topical formulation and monitor the change of droplet sizes and rheological properties as a

function of the storage time.

Fig.1. (Left) Schematic diagram of a Microfluidizer (Right) Nanoemulsion containing curcumin


1. To produce highly stable sesame oil-in-water based AP-NEs using Microfluidizer

technology and determine its colloidal stability

2. To investigate and optimize the effects of emulsifying conditions including

homogenization pressure, number of processing cycles and oil loading on the mean

diameters and viscosities of AP-Nes using Response Surface Methodology.



Materials are partly available in the laboratory. Others will be purchased shortly when the FYP

budget comes in.



this project High-speed homogenizer : 3 days

Microfluidizer: 10 days


Viscometer: 5 days


Tensionmeter : 3 days


Atomic force microscopy : 3 days


Project Title: Preparation of Poly(methyl methacrylate)-silica Microcapsules with

Encapsulated Natural Moisturizing Agents





Microencapsulation is a process in which small particles or tiny droplets are surrounded or

coated by a thin solid layer of polymeric material to form so-called microcapsules. In the past

decade, the use of microcapsules has attracted a great deal of attentions because of their

potential applications in drug delivery, the food industry, phase transfer catalysis and for phase

change materials. Microcapsules are commonly employed in many consumer products, ranging

from cosmetics, detergents, fabric softeners, functional fabric to persona healthcare products.

The mechanical robustness is the most important challenge restricting the application of

synthesized microcapsules. The strength of the supracolloidal structures can be enhanced by

fabricating rigid hybrid microcapsules. The main goal of this work is to develop PMMA-coated

silica microcapsules (PSMCs) encapsulating moisturizing ingredients, to which could be

imparted control of both release and strength characteristics. The oil core may contain active

moisturizing compounds. The core templates will be prepared through the microemulsion oil-

in-water in a single stage polymerization process that leads to the formation of monodisperse

oil-containing silica microcapsules. The silica microcapsules will subsequently be coated via

facile deposition technique with PMMA polymer to produce double shell microcapsules.


1. To develop and characterize PMMA-silica coated microcapsules in respect of their

chemical structure, surface morphology, particle size distribution and encapsulation

efficiency.

2. To study the effect of catalyst and crosslinker on capsule shell thickness of PSMCs.



Materials will be purchased shortly when the FYP budget comes in.



this project Microfluidizer: 10 days


Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: 1 day


Inverted optical microscope : 3 days

Scanning electron microscope : 3 days


Project code: Poh1D & Poh2D

Project Title: Design and evaluating the performance of a compact decentralized greywater

treatment system


Proposed by: Dr. Poh Phaik Eong and Dr. Darwin Gouwanda


2 (per project)


Greywater is generated from various activities such as shower, laundry and kitchen preparation

in a household that uses water. Treatment and reuse of greywater for non-potable activities has

the potential to reduce water scarcity issues as the demand for freshwater can be reduced.

Current greywater treatment systems are typically complicated and expensive (i.e.: requiring

various unit operations) in order to treat greywater to suitable standards.

Therefore, students involved in this project will propose, fabricate and evaluate a design

compact greywater treatment system with low energy requirement, consisting of a single unit

that can treat greywater to Class IV of Malaysia’s National Water Quality Standards. It is

expected that the outcome of this project will contribute to reduce the nation’s reliance on

freshwater for non-potable usage. Students that have great interest in equipment design and

fabrication are encouraged to take up this project.


The main objective is to develop a compact decentralized greywater treatment system for small-

scale treatment. Specific objectives of this project are listed below:

1. To conduct a literature review to identify advantages and shortcoming of currently available

greywater treatment systems.

2. To propose a design of a single system for greywater treatment to produce non-potable treated

effluent that achieves the Malaysia’s National Water Quality Standards (Class IV – for

irrigation).

3. To fabricate and evaluate the performance of the proposed greywater treatment system on

the treatment of bathroom/kitchen/laundry greywater.



Yes. All chemicals are available in the laboratory. However, we will need to do early planning

to purchase materials for fabrication of the greywater treatment system.



this project Spectrophotometer and reactor for wastewater analysis (2 units available)– Week 6-10

Oven for drying of solids and preparation of material – Week 4-8

Incubator (1 unit available) for bacteria enumeration study –Week 6-10

Project code: Poh3

Project Title: Investigating the effect of storage time on the performance of dehydrated

thermophilic mixed culture for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment


Proposed by: Dr. Poh Phaik Eong


2


Preservation of mixed bacterial culture is an important application for ease of storage and

handling. One of the most commonly chosen methods of preservation is drying due to the many

advantages it gives. Conversion of mixed culture into dry particulates greatly reduces its volume

and enables more flexible transportation at room temperature. Conversion into dried product is

beneficial especially in the case of thermophilic mixed culture, which in its semi-liquid form

will have to be transported in a heated pressure vessel to prevent decline in the thermophile

population and overpressurisation. Relatively inexpensive and easily scalable convective

drying has been proposed for application in microorganism preservation. Before the product

can be commercialized, it is important to study the length of storage time on the performance

of the dehydrated microbes to set a suitable shelf life for the product. Students that are

disciplined (punctual, organized) and interested in biological treatment of wastewater are

encouraged to attempt this project.


The main objective is to investigate the effect of storage time on the performance of dehydrated

thermophilic mixed culture for POME treatment. Specific objectives of the project are listed

below:

1. To produce dried thermophilic mixed culture (with and without protectants) using hot air

circulation oven.

2. To study the influence of protectants on the survivability of microbes and the decay rate

under storage.

3. To evaluate the performance of the dehydrated microbes under different storage period on

thermophilic POME treatment.



Most of the chemicals are available in the laboratory but some of the consumables needs to be

restocked prior start of FYP. i.e.: Tryptic soy broth, anaerobic sachets and COD vials.



this project Hot Air Circulation Oven and Mass Balance – 5 days

Hirayama Autoclave – 2 times per week (3 hours each)

Biobase Biosafety Cabinet – 2 times per week (6 hours each)

RedLine Incubator –7 weeks of lab at 55 ℃ (65% of overall space)

Project code: Poh4M

Project Title: Application of ADM1 to thermophilic treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

(POME) using UASB-HCPB reactor


Proposed by: Dr. Poh Phaik Eong and Dr. Darwin Gouwanda


2 (per project)


Palm oil industry contributes largely to Malaysia’s economic with the export of crude palm oil

(CPO) and other end products to many parts of the world. Due to the increasing demand of

palm oil in many parts of the world, the production of crude palm oil (CPO) has steadily

increased over the years. Nevertheless, the increased CPO production simultaneously created

huge amount of wastewater discharge – palm oil mill effluent (POME) from palm oil mills.

Many efforts were made to prevent POME from polluting the water sources and also emission

of greenhouse gases through production of methane from biodegradation. This includes the

introduction of high-rate anaerobic reactors for POME treatment. One of the most significant

problems which deters palm oil mills to adopt high-rate anaerobic reactors is the sensitivity of

these reactors. Performance of anaerobic reactors are dependent on various parameters that will

affect the growth of bacteria in the system. One of the most common problem is the variation

of POME characteristics based on different seasons and fruit species. This may lead to changes

in the reactor conditions that will influence the quality of biogas produced by the reactor.

Change in the quality of biogas is undesirable as it will reduce the efficiency of turbines or

cause corrosion to equipment due to high composition of hydrogen sulphide. As a result, there

is a need to devise an effective control system to respond to changes in operating conditions.

Before an effective control system can be devised and having an automated system, there is a

need to understand and develop a model that could predict the output of the anaerobic digestion

proecess. Therefore, the specific objectives of this project are as listed below:


1. To modify the anaerobic digestion model 1 (ADM1) to suit thermophilic treatment of

Palm Oil Mill Effluent.

2. Compare the ADM1 model for thermophilic treatment to other existing control models.

3. To investigate the different packing on thermophilic POME treatment performance and

changes to the modified ADM1.



Chemicals not required for this project



this project Not applicable

Project code: Poo1

Project Title: Self-healing coatings for corrosion resistance of automobile industry Project type: Experimental / Simulation / Modeling / Process or Equipment Design

Proposed by: Poovarasi Balan


2


Corrosion is a major issue in industry. In the past, chromate has been used to pre-treat the metals

in order to delay the corrosion of metal. We have used silanes as environmental friendly

coatings by incorporating nano-particles. In this project, we will focus on obtaining self-healing

coatings. New additives need to be added in order to measure the self-healing characteristics of

the coatings under study, which can serve as self-healing coatings on cars. This is done by using

using heat-expansion encapsulations. Self healing coatings are the future of coatings industry.

Some prominent industries are already looking into these technologies.


1. To identify and assess different technologies which are self-healable that has been

used in automobile industries

2. To propose the suitable additives that can be used for self-healing properties

alongside with silane coatings

3. To develop coating that can self-heal and evaluate their corrosion behavior by

studying surface morphology and electrochemical methods

Suggested timeline:

3 weeks – project planning, literature review and experimental design

8 weeks – development of containers, characterization

2 weeks – preparation of presentation slides and report writing



Partially. Other chemicals will be ordered in January.



this project

1. Zeta Potential measurements

2. UV-Vis

3. FESEM

4. EIS and DC

Project code: Poo2

Project Title: Corrosion and biofouling resistance of chitosan-grafted – polydopamine

coating on stainless steel


Proposed by: Poovarasi Balan (Main), A/P Chan (co-supervisor)


2


Corrosion and biofouling poses significant health risks and financial losses in the medical field.

Biofouling is described as the adhesion of proteins or micro-organisms to the device (biofilm).

Medical biofouling occurs commonly on prosthetic implants, biosensors, catheters, dental

implants and medical equipment. Problems include spread of infectious diseases. Furthermore,

protein fouling on biological implants reduces efficiency and may lead to thrombosis (blood

clots).

This project will focus on coatings on catherers used for biomedical applications in order to

reduce the effect of corrosion and biofouling. For this purpose, chitosan-polydoapmine coating

on stainless steel needles will be used to test its corrosion resistance and biofouling

characteristics. Students are also required to find an alternative to chitosan under similar

conditions. Their respective characteritics in terms of surface morphology, corrosion behavior

and other characteritics will be compared.


1. To evaluate surface morphology, corrosion resistance and biofouling properties of the

chitosan-grafted-polydopamine coatings on stainless steel

2. To identify and assess the effectiveness of the replacement material to chitosan. Upon

identification, to be able to develop coating using alternative material along with PDA

as the first layer.

3. To design the experiment by varying the concentration and different materials in order

to evaluate the corrosion and biofouling characteritics.

Suggested timeline:

3 weeks: project planning and experiment trials;

8 weeks: lab works (data collection) – corrosion and biofouling charcaterisation;

2 weeks: preparing presentation slides and report writing)



No. Beginning January onwards.



this project

- FESEM ( Week 4 and 7 – 3 slots)

- SEM

- Contact angle measurements (Week 4)

- DC ( Week 5 and 6)

- EIS ( Week 6 - 8)

-

Project code: Poo3

Project Title: Lubricity of biopolymer – coated stainless steel needle under wet and dry

conditions


Proposed by: Poovarasi Balan (Main), A/P Chan ( Co-supervisor)


2


Hypodermic needles are made of stainless steel (SS) and normally lubricated to reduce

frictional forces during insertion into human body. The current lubrication method involves the

use of silicone-based coating. However, a suitable lubricant which can work under both wet

and dry conditions is highly desirable. In addition, some biopolymers impart anti-microbial and

anti-thrombogenic properties, which can be advantageous for prolonged usage of the needles

in human body. This project focuses on development of new type of lubricant which can go

alongside with polydopamine coating on top of the stainless steel substrates.


1. To identify and assess the dry lubricants that can be coated with poly-dopamine-coatings

on stainless steel needle (requires through literature review)

2. To develop the coating using layer-by-layer method on SS upon identification.

3. To evaluate the lubricity, penetration profile and other characteristics by varying the

concentration of the lubricant / using different combination of coating layers on SS

Suggested timeline:

3 weeks: project planning and experiment trials;

8 weeks: lab works (data collection)




No. In January



this project

1. SEM

2. FESEM

3. Texture Analyser

4. FTIR

5. Contact angle measurements

Project code: Poo4M

Project Title: Carbon footprint evaluation and reduction strategies in Monash

Malaysia Campus


Proposed by: Poovarasi Balan (Main), Poh Phaik Eong ( Co-supervisor)


2


Carbon emissions are contributed by antroprogenic activities and increased carbon footprint

can cause hazardous effects towards environment. In the efforts of becoming a green campus,

a proper research mechanism is important in identifying the sources of carbon footprint,

evaluation and ways to reduce them.


1. Identify the carbon footprint emission sources, data collection and carbon footprint

calculation

2. Design carbon footprint calculation and ways to reduce carbon emission

Suggested timeline:

3 weeks: project planning and design of study;

8 weeks: data collection and modelling




N/A



this project

LCA software

Project code: Ram1M

Project Title: Dynamic Process Simulation for assessing plant efficiency

(Industry Project: Have an option to have intern with Linde Malaysia)


Proposed by: Dr. R. Nagasundara Ramanan/ Mr. Yong Niam Pyng (Linde Malaysia)

Dr. Bahman Amini Horri


2


Briefly describe the research problem and the solution.

The demand for the chemicals are increasing due to the increase in world population and its

consumption. To meet the market demand, the production capacity of the existing plants will

be varied and often new chemical plants will be built. In both the cases, the plant efficiency is

an important decision making tool to evaluate the economics of the plant. This has been

evaluated based on material and energy balances with the various inputs from the processes.

The main aim of this project is to build a tool based on Excel/HYSYS/Aspen plus to simulate

the plant efficiency from the real time data of Mox-Linde plant.


1. To evaluate the mass and energy balance of the plant provided by Linde – to check

current plant efficiency.

2. To simulate the condition and efficiency at design or commisioning – ensure tool are

reliable, and design data are correct

3. To evaluate the key parameters required to simulate the tools – matching plant control

method and equipment design. Ensuring the key parameter are manipulable for plant

tuning/improvement.

4. To develop a tool based on key parameters. Simulation tools will be developed in Aspen

or Hysis, with output developed into VBA for linking to excel, to provide easier

interface and linkage to Historian.

Note: The students have given the opportunity to know the process through intern



This needs Aspen plus/HYSYS/Excel software, which are available in the campus.



this project

Project code: Ram2M

Project Title: Feasibility study of bio refinery by evaluating the composition of algae

and co-products


Proposed by: Dr. R. Nagasundara Ramanan,

Dr. Bahman Amini Horri


6



Microalgae are considered to be one of the oldest microorganisms that grow 100 times faster than terrestrial plants yet utilizing the simple nutrients source and CO2. A variety of strains are available for producing lipids which can be converted to Biodiesel, a non-toxic and greener fuel. However producing Biodiesel alone from microalgae involves multistep process and hence the estimated cost of producing the product (US$4.34 per gallon) is higher than the current price of diesel. Hence there need a process that could target for multiproducts rather than just focusing on one product. By producing different chemicals such as biodiesel, hydrogen and propylene glycol, the price of biodiesel could be further reduced to US$2.79 per gallon which is similar to the current price of diesel. Even though, the price could be reduced, the incorporation of many chemicals need separate processing units including reactors and separators which lead to high capital cost. Alternatively, the price could be reduced by targeting high value products such as proteins, pigments and omega 3 fatty acids along with the production of biodiesel. This would need just multiple separation units rather than separate reactor for each product. Thus, the aim of this research project is to identify feasible processing technologies for producing different high and medium value products along with biodiesel using selected strains of microalgae. Specific objective of the project:

1. To evaluate the strains, products and process options based on the detailed composition

of the algae and sustainability (2 weeks).

2. To develop a simulation using Aspen plus (7 weeks).

3. To estimated the product yield and quality based on the feed characterisitics (1week)

Note: priority to the Design project students



This needs Aspen plus which is available in the campus.



this project

Project code: Ram3

Project Title: Optimization of extraction of geraniin from the rind of rambutan


Proposed by: Dr. R. Nagasundara Ramanan


4


Briefly describe the research problem and the solution. Rambutan is one of the indigenous fruit of Malaysia and its peel (rind as shown in the figure) is discarded as waste by the fruit canning industry. However, the peel is rich in geraniin a phenolic compound possessing various health benefits. Geraniin could be used to treat cancer, hypertension, malaria, hepatitis and diabetes. Presently, graniin is extracted using ethanolic extraction which cost around 37% of processing cost. Presently, the product is quantified using High performance liquid chromatography which requires longer time for processing many number of samples. The aims of this project are to develop a faster quantification tool based on thin layer chromatography and to optimize the condition of extraction through response surface methodology.


Sub-project 1

1. To evaluate the effect of different solvent for the separation of geraniin from other

impurities in thin layer chromatography

2. To determine the retardation factor and to quantify the band using densitometer

3. To compare the quantification using high performace liquid chromatography

Sub-project 2 1. To evaluate the important factors for the extraction of geraniin through factorial

screening

2. To optimize the extraction of geraniin through response surface methodology



All the necessary chemicals will be purchased via FYP consumables.



this project

1. Thin layer chromatography (School of Medicine)

2. Biorad Densitometer

3. High performance liquid chromatography ( weekly 16 h from week 2 to 12)(I will ask

Isha to create a spreadsheet to see the usage frequency for equipment which are in high

demand)

Project code: Ram4

Project Title: Preservation for recombinant Escherichia coli using combined osmotic

shock and drying


Proposed by: Dr. R. Nagasundara Ramanan


2



Escherichia coli is widely used for recombinant protein production. Currently, glycerol

cryopreservation is used to preserve and to transport bacteria like recombinant E. coli for

future revival and applications such as fermentation. The addition of glycerol mitigates the

crystal formation of the cells at lower temperature (-80oC). Lower temperature protects the

biomolecules such as protein from denaturation and halts the cellular activity. However, the

cell viability and subsequent production of protein may affect due to the extreme change in

temperature. Further, cryopreservation technique is an energy intensive technique to

maintain the stock. Thus alternative approach is warranted to overcome the aforementioned

problem. The present project aims to develop a technique based on combined osmotic shock

and drying to preserve the Escherichia coli for future use.


Sub-project 1

1. To evaluate the effect of concentration of sugars and time for determining the

subsequent growth of Escherichia coli

2. To evaluate the effect of drying kinetics on the subsequent growth of Escherichia coli



Sucrose, and choline based ionic liquids are available. Trehalose (purchased vial FYP budget)

and media for growth will be purchased via FYP budget



this project

4. Orbital Shaker (week 3 to 10, 2 days a week)

5. Oven (week 3 to 10, 2 days a week)

6. Microplate reader

7. Centrifuge

8. Normal Microscope (week 4 to 8)

9. Atomic force microscope (week 6 to 10)

10. Scanning Electron Microscope (Week 8 to 10)

Project code: Saman1, Saman2

Project Title:

1. Investigation of improved inter-particle models for two-phase packed bed

hydrodynamics.

2. Investigation of multiple hydrodynamic states (hysteresis) in two-phase packed bed

fluid flow systems


Proposed by: Saman Ilankoon


2 for each proposed project


General Description:

Modelling of two-phase hydrodynamics in packed bed systems (eg. trickle bed reactors) is

crucial to number of industrial applications in chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and waste

water treatment industries such as hydrogenation, hydrotreating, hydrocracking,

hydrodesulfurization, oxidation and removal of dissolved organic compounds from industrial

wastewaters. An understanding of underlying flow mechanisms in these systems is essential to

accurately model and design the packed bed reactor systems. The particle bed systems typically

employ both non-porous and porous particles and there have been a number of studies of fluid

flow in two-phase systems.

Project 1: However, the effect of particle porosity on liquid holdup in packed bed hydrodynamics has not

been extensively studied. Packed bed in a trickle bed reactor typically constitutes porous

particles that are mainly in the size range of millimeters. Thus, the porosity of the packed

particles has two distinct length scales, namely that of the channels between the particles and

that within the particles. This means that the liquid holdup within the particles will not have the

same effect on fluid flow as the holdup between the particles. The use of a direct relationship

between the liquid holdup and the flow permeability of the system is thus not entirely

appropriate and the inter- and intra-particle liquid contents must be considered separately.

However, none of the previous works in two-phase packed bed systems have addressed this

important question. In order to investigate this, two-phase (both liquid and gas flow) fluid flow

experiments in a packed bed system will be purposed in this project and the experimental results

will be used to develop improved inter-particle flow models. It will also provide better

understanding about underlying flow mechanisms in trickle bed reactors.

Project 2:

Multiple hydrodynamics states or hysteresis in trickle bed reactor systems has also been

observed by several researchers. Typically liquid holdup hysteresis and pressure drop hysteresis

have been reported in the trickle bed reactor literature. Rather than studying this effect some

investigators simply eliminated this by initially pre-wetting the experimental system, but Maiti

et al., (2006) reviewed the hysteresis effects in TBRs. In addition, Maiti et al., (2008) introduced

a new framework and a number of hypotheses have also been proposed to explain hysteresis

behaviour. Ilankoon (supervisor of this proposed project) and Neethling (2012) explained the

liquid holdup hysteresis behaviour in single-phase packed bed systems by performing novel set

of experiments and demonstrated that the dominant cause is a change in the number of liquid

rivulets flowing through the bed as the liquid flow rate is varied rather than a change in the

shape or structure of the individual rivulets (Ilankoon and Neethling, 2012, 2013). In order to

verify the same effect for two-phase packed bed systems (liquid and gas flow), fluid flow

experiments in a laboratory TBR system will be purposed in this project and the experimental

results will be used to explain hysteresis behaviour in two-phase fluid flow systems.


Project 1:

1. To evaluate the applicability of the single phase inter-particle flow model in two-phase

fluid flow systems.

2. To develop an improved theoritical model that predicts two-phase fluid flow behaviour.

Project 2:

1. To evaluate the possible mechanisms for hysteresis in two-phase fluid flow systems.

2. To develop an improved model for two-phase hydrodynamics that accounts liquid

holdup hysteresis in the system.



No, the materials will be purchased in Jan 2016 using FYP budgets.



this project

Packed bed system - available (will be used for 12 weeks)

Peristaltic pump - Not sure about the availability (7-8 weeks)

Compressed air supply (7-8 weeks)

Liquid distributor - will be designed

Packing materials - available (will be used for 12 weeks)

Balance - Not sure about the availability (7-8 weeks)

Deionised water (7-8 weeks)

Project code: Syed1D

Project Title: Lake Thermal Energy Conversion (LTEC).

Proposed by: Syed Tauqir Haider


6 Students, 3 Groups.


LTEC as a renewable energy technology will produce electricity using temperature gradient

between lake water and hot solar water reserve, concept is derived from the Ocean Thermal

Energy Conversion (OTEC). OCTE is a marine renewable energy technology that harnesses the

solar energy absorbed by the oceans to generate electric power.

Figure: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

OTEC uses the ocean’s warm surface water with a temperature of around 25°C (77°F) to

vaporize a working fluid, which has a low-boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapor expands

http://www.otecnews.org/what-is-otec/working-principle/

and spins a turbine coupled to a generator to produce electricity. The vapor is then cooled by

seawater that has been pumped from the deeper ocean layer, where the temperature is about

5°C (41°F). That condenses the working fluid back into a liquid, so it can be reused. This is a

continuous electricity generating cycle. The efficiency of the cycle is strongly determined by

the temperature differential. The bigger the temperature difference, the higher the efficiency.

LTEC has various advantages over OTEC. Firstly, LTEC will be using clean lake water compared

to corrosive sea water. Secondly, less cost of pumping water from lake rather than from deep

sea plus flexibility in selection of location, near populated area, saving in electricity

transmission.

Students working on this project will develop in-depth knowledge base.


Group #: Scope of work for various groups

1. Investigate Organic Rankine cycle and Kalina cycle. Select working fluid, study

thermal and phase behavior of the working fluids.

2. Detail engineering drawings, Plant layout, equipment selection, sizing and costing

3. Detail Investigation, slection and design of solar concentrator for hot water

resiervior /storage required for LTCE.


chemicals and the funding source? N/A



this project N/A

Project code: Tey1

Project Title: Thermoresponsive microgels as Pickering emulsifier

Proposed by: Prof. Tey Beng Ti



The use of pickeiring emulsifier has been tremendously increased due to its higher

biocaompatibility and stronger adhesion to the droplet surface compares to surfactant.

Furthermore, different stimuli-responsive emulsion systems can be developed via

functionalization of the pickering emulsifier. One of the most commonly used thermo-

responsive pickering emulsifiers is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels.

However, the responsive temperature of PNIPAM microgels is fixed at 32 oC, which has limited

its applicability. Recently, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEGMA) has been

used widely in different applications due to its tunable resposive temperature via

copolymerization of different OEGMA derivatives. Therefore, the development of thermo-

responsive microgel with desired responsive temperature can be achieved.


To fabricate respective thermo-responsive microgels using different copolymerizations of

OEGMA derivatives.

To characterize the responsive temperature of microgel, stability of the pickering emulsions by

the POEGMA microgels and demonstration of destabilized of emulsion through modulation of

temperature.

The project is suggested to be completed within 6-8 weeks, excluding the planning, experiment

trials and report writing.



Yes, they are all available.



this project.

Malvern Mastersizer - 1-2 weeks

Malvern Zetasizer NanoZs – 1-2 weeks

Homogenizer - 1-2 weeks

Magnetic stirrer - 3-4 weeks

SEM/FE-SEM - 5 sample slots

Project code: Tey2

Project Title: Poly High Internal Phase Emulsion in monolith synthesis for

chromatography

Proposed by: Prof. Tey Beng Ti



Emulsions where the droplet phase occupies more than 74 vol% of internal phase are known as

HIPEs (High Internal Phase Emulsions). The external continuous phase can be converted into

a solid polymer and the emulsion droplets later removed yielding (in most cases) a highly

interconnected network of micron sized. PolyHIPEs garnered research interest due to rising

popularity of supermacroporous monolith as stationary phase for chromatography. HIPEs are

commonly stabilized with surfactants that can prove costly and troublesome to remove after

polymerisation. PHIPE can alternatively be stabilized with nanoparticle (NP) with desirable

functional group for post modification. Hence, this study aims to design an oil in water HIPE

stabilized with chitosan NP with water soluble acrylamide monomers as base polymer of the

continuous phase.


To fabricate polyHIPE monoliths using different proportion of base monomer HEMA

(hydroxyethyl metharylate), crosslinker N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide, chitosan NP

To characterize the specific surface area and mechanical strength of pHIPE monolith

The project is suggested to be completed within 6-8 weeks, excluding the planning, experiment

trials and report writing.



Yes, they are all available.



this project.

BET surface area analyser- 3-4 weeks

Malvern Zetasizer NanoZs – 1-2 weeks

Homogenizer - 1-2 weeks

Magnetic stirrer - 3-4 weeks

SEM/FE-SEM - 5 sample slots

Project code: Wu1

Project title: Biochemical conversion of palm oil mill fronds into xylitol


Proposed by: Dr. Wu Ta Yeong



Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to chemicals has greatly attracted attention for

establishing the sustainable society. The use of lignocellulose in agricultural waste for

conversion purpose is desirable because it can eliminate the competition against food.

Agricultural waste such as palm oil fronds is renewable and abundantly available in Malaysia.

In this study, palm oil fronds are pre-treated chemically so that the waste could be easily

transformed into xylose. By using biotechnological mean, the xylose is then bio-transformed

into xylitol by the yeast. Effects of bio-transformation such as temperature, initial pH and

stirring speed are investigated. Both xylitol concentration and yield are accessed throughout

this study.


To evaluate the effectiveness of bio-transformation from palm oil mill fronds into xylitol

by determining both xylitol concentration and yield.

To determine the specific substrate-consumption rate.



Basically, all the chemicals are available in the laboratory.



this project

Incubator shaker (Week 2 – Week 7)

Bioreactor (Week 8 – Week 9)

High performace liquid chromatograpghy (HPLC) (Week 2 – Week 9)

Project code: Wu2

Project Title: Bio-transformation of wastewater sludge into organic fertilizer through

vermicomposting





Vermicomposting is a composting process involving interactions between microorganisms and

earthworms to transform organic wastes into organic fertilizer, known as vermicompost. The

objective of this research is to investigate the potential of using Eudrilus eugeniae in

vermicomposting of wastewater sludge with rice straw as an amendment in different weight

ratio to obtain the best quality of vermicompost. The growth and reproduction of E. eugeniae

will be monitored weekly under controlled experimental condition. Besides, the maturity and

quality of vermicompost are assessed through fertilizer parameters such as total Kjeldahl

nitrogen (TKN), carbon (C), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium

(Mg). The parameters such moisture content, pH and electrical conductivity will also be

discussed in this research.


To evaluate the effectiveness of vermicomposting in bio-transforming wastewater

sludge into fertilizer by monitoring the vermicompost maturity.

To determine the growth and mortality (if any) of the earthworms used during

vermicomposting process.



Basically, all the chemicals are available in the laboratory.



this project

TOC analyzer (Week 2 – Week 9)

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) instrument (Week 8 – 9)

Oven (Week 2 – Week 9)

Project code: Wu3M

Project Title: A preliminary life cycle assessment (LCA) of sugars produced from palm

oil mill fronds.

Project type: Cradle-to-grave analysis/Case study




Nowadays one of the most important environmental issues is the exponential increase of the

greenhouse effect by the polluting action of the industrial and transport sectors. Sugars are the

simplest biofuels alternatives that have the promise of reducing imported petroleum, creating

regional agricultural and energy sector employment, and decreasing emission of greenhouse

gases. The production of biofuels is considered a viable alternative for the pollution mitigation

but also to promote rural development. The proposed work presents an analysis of the

environmental impacts of the sugar production from palm oil mill fronds, taking into

consideration the balance of the energy life cycle and its net environmental impacts, both are

included in a LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) approach. The sugar is produced through the BTL

(Biomass to Liquid) route. The results of the environmental impacts were compared to others

LCA studies of biofuels.


To compare and analyze greenhouse gas emissions of sugars (biofuels) to fossil fuels

for determining savings of greenhouse gas emissions.

To determine the appalicability of reusing palm oil fronds in sugars production.



No chemicals are required.



this project

Laptop (Week 2 – Week 9)

Statistical software such as Excel (Week 2 – 9)

Project code: Yong1

Project Title: Optimization of acid pretreatment on palm shell-Concentration and

stirring rate


Proposed by: Estee Yong


2


Biomass in its raw state does not possess suitable chemical and physical properties for fueling

Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC). For this purpose, chemical treatment such as acid etching is

required for physicochemical properties modifications prior to pyrolysis. In this study,

optimization of the acid etching using different concentrations and stirring rates, will be tested.

A series of characterization analyses will be performed to examine the changes in

physicochemical properties. Furthermore, all samples will be tested in a button fuel cell to study

the electrochemical performance.


1. To prepare a series of palm shell samples treated with different conditions

2. To evaluate the characterizations of the pretreated palm shell

3. To evaluate the electrochemical performanc of the pretreated palm shell



Yes



this project

Thermogravimetric analysis (6 samples)

X-ray Diffraction (6 samples)

Scanning electron microscopy (6 samples)

Project code: Yong2

Project Title: Optimization of acid pretreatment on palm shell-Reaction temperature

and duration


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogravimetric_analysis



2


Biomass in its raw state does not possess suitable chemical and physical properties for fueling

Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC). For this purpose, chemical treatment such as acid etching is

required for physicochemical properties modifications prior to pyrolysis. In this study,

optimization of the acid etching using different reaction temperature and duration, will be

tested. A series of characterization analyses will be performed to examine the changes in

physicochemical properties. Furthermore, all samples will be tested in a button fuel cell to study

the electrochemical performance.


1. To prepare a series of palm shell samples treated with different conditions

2. To evaluate the characterizations of the pretreated palm shell

3. To evaluate the electrochemical performanc of the pretreated palm shell



Yes



this project

Thermogravimetric analysis (6 samples)

X-ray Diffraction (6 samples)

Scanning electron microscopy (6 samples)

Project code: Yong3

Project Title: Synthesis of button cell and stability test




2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogravimetric_analysis


Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) can achive almost 100 % theoretical efficiency. However the

high temperature operation may affect the stability of the button cell. It is hence important to

synthesize a unique button call that can withstand high temperature and show good stability

over a long period of time.


1. To synthesize the unique button cell

2. To evaluate the charactistic of the button cell

3. To evaluate the stability of the button cell



Yes



this project

FSEM (6 samples)

Project code: Yong4M

Project Title: Modelling of resistivity of button cell

Project type: Modelling



1


Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) has attracted plenty of attention due to its very high theoretical

efficiency. To facilitate the conversion of bench scale experiment into commercilization scale,

it is important to perform modelling to represent the reaction. The different resistivities over

the electrochemical reaction will be evaluated using EIS NOVA software.


1. To evaluate different resistivities present in the electrochemical reaction

2. To model the resistivity circuit

3. To evaluate the accuracy of modelling



No



this project

N.A

che4180 project proposal -sunway

Documents

project code

project uv

column capacity

column diameter

column size

babak2d project title

babak1 project title

upflow adsorption column