Chasing Chilliwack: recent Chasing Chilliwack: recent historical Canadian census historical Canadian census

aggregate statisticsaggregate statistics[version 2][version 2]

A workshop at ACCOLEDS 2008A workshop at ACCOLEDS 2008

Laine Ruus <Laine Ruus <laine.ruus@utoronto.ca>>

2008-12-022008-12-02

OutlineOutline

IntroductionIntroduction What’s changed about census, and What’s changed about census, and

when did it changewhen did it change Following a geographic area over Following a geographic area over

time time

How Chilliwack grew

Sources:http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/misc/accoleds/2008/

accoleds08_resources.htm#fn1

IntroductionIntroduction

Study of change over time is increasingly Study of change over time is increasingly interesting, as data time-lines get longerinteresting, as data time-lines get longer

Most pre-1961 census products are print-Most pre-1961 census products are print-only only

STC began to make extensive use of STC began to make extensive use of computer equipment with the 1951 census; computer equipment with the 1951 census; computer-readable aggregate statistics computer-readable aggregate statistics beginning in 1961beginning in 1961

CCRI has a project to produce microdata CCRI has a project to produce microdata from 1911-1951 census, as well as some from 1911-1951 census, as well as some aggregate productsaggregate products

Introduction (cont’d)Introduction (cont’d)

Working with historical census Working with historical census aggregate data involves dealing aggregate data involves dealing with:with: Changes to variable collection, coding, Changes to variable collection, coding,

and definitionsand definitions Changes to units of observationChanges to units of observation Changes to census geographyChanges to census geography Changes to file organizationChanges to file organization Changes to census productsChanges to census products

Changes to variable collection, Changes to variable collection, coding, and definitionscoding, and definitions

Compare the definition of ethnic origin in Compare the definition of ethnic origin in 1981 (p.14 in):1981 (p.14 in):

http://prod.library.utoronto.ca:8090/datalib/codebooks/c/cc81/http://prod.library.utoronto.ca:8090/datalib/codebooks/c/cc81/dict81.pdfdict81.pdf

With those in 2006:With those in 2006:http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/dictionary/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/dictionary/

pop030a.cfmpop030a.cfm and and http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/

reportsandguides/ethnic-origin.cfmreportsandguides/ethnic-origin.cfm

How a variable is collected is one How a variable is collected is one thing, how it is coded is another…thing, how it is coded is another…

1981 ethnic origin :1981 ethnic origin : EA-level: profile & BST (12)EA-level: profile & BST (12) CT-level: profile (5); BST (42)CT-level: profile (5); BST (42) CSD-level: profile (5); BST (12, 42)CSD-level: profile (5); BST (12, 42)

1991 ethnic origin :1991 ethnic origin : EA-level: profile (35); BST (25)EA-level: profile (35); BST (25) CT-level: profile (35 ); BST (25) CT-level: profile (35 ); BST (25) CSD-level: profile (35); BST (25)CSD-level: profile (35); BST (25)

2001 ethnic origin :2001 ethnic origin : DA/CT/CSD level: profile (61); BST (na)DA/CT/CSD level: profile (61); BST (na)

[BST=basic summary tabulation][BST=basic summary tabulation]

19711971 19811981 19911991 20012001 20062006

British British IslesIsles

BritishBritish BritishBritish British British IslesIsles

EnglishEnglish EnglishEnglish EnglishEnglish

ScottishScottish ScottishScottish ScottishScottish

IrishIrish IrishIrish IrishIrish

Other Other BritishBritish

WelshWelsh WelshWelsh

British British n.i.e.n.i.e.

CornishCornish

ManxManx

British British n.i.e.n.i.e.

Changes to unit of observationChanges to unit of observation Now 5 basic units of observation: individual, Now 5 basic units of observation: individual,

census family, economic family, household, census family, economic family, household, dwellingdwelling

1871 – individual1871 – individual 1921 – ‘census family’ versus ‘private family’ 1921 – ‘census family’ versus ‘private family’ 1931 – ‘private family’ became ‘household’1931 – ‘private family’ became ‘household’ 1956 – ‘economic family’ introduced1956 – ‘economic family’ introduced Note:Note: alwaysalways use the appropriate use the appropriate

denominator – short form population for denominator – short form population for short form variables, long form population short form variables, long form population for long form variables!for long form variables!

Census products by Census products by geographic area and mediumgeographic area and medium

Enumeration areas: 1961-1996Enumeration areas: 1961-1996 Computer-readable only, never available in printComputer-readable only, never available in print

Dissemination areas: 2001-2006Dissemination areas: 2001-2006 Computer-readable only, never available in printComputer-readable only, never available in print

Census tract:Census tract: Print/microfiche: 1951-2006Print/microfiche: 1951-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006Computer-readable: 1971-2006

Provincial census tractsProvincial census tracts Print: 1981Print: 1981 Computer-readable: 1971-1981Computer-readable: 1971-1981

Census products by geographic area and Census products by geographic area and medium (cont’d)medium (cont’d)

Census subdivision (municipalities) levelCensus subdivision (municipalities) level Print: 1851-2006Print: 1851-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006Computer-readable: 1971-2006

Census division (counties) levelCensus division (counties) level Print: 1851-2006Print: 1851-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006Computer-readable: 1971-2006

CMA/CACMA/CA Print: 1936/1941-2006Print: 1936/1941-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006Computer-readable: 1971-2006

Census products by geographic area and Census products by geographic area and medium (cont’d)medium (cont’d)

Federal electoral district levelFederal electoral district level Print: 1851-2001Print: 1851-2001 Computer-readable: 1971-2006Computer-readable: 1971-2006

Forward sortation area levelForward sortation area level Never in printNever in print Computer-readable: 1986-2006Computer-readable: 1986-2006

Province levelProvince level Print: 1840-2006Print: 1840-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006Computer-readable: 1971-2006

p=printp=print

m=machine-m=machine-readablereadable

Prov/Prov/FED/FED/CMACMA

CD/CSD CD/CSD etc.etc.

ProfileProfile BSTsBSTs

18711871 pp

19411941 pp

19511951 pp pp

19611961 pp p p pp mm

19711971 pp pp pp mm

19811981 pp pp p/mp/m mm

19861986 pp p/mp/m p/mp/m mm

19911991 p/m p/m (4)(4) pp p/mp/m mm

19961996 mm mm p/mp/m mm

20012001 mm mm p/mp/m mm

Brief guide to census Brief guide to census geography: what changes and geography: what changes and

whywhy Enumeration areas were the basic building Enumeration areas were the basic building

blockblock Did not cross other STC boundariesDid not cross other STC boundaries Therefore could be added up to all higher Therefore could be added up to all higher

levels of geographylevels of geography Physical area covered by one enumeratorPhysical area covered by one enumerator Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3)Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3) Not geographically stable (ie could and did Not geographically stable (ie could and did

change with each census/stack on top of each change with each census/stack on top of each other, etcother, etc

Brief guide to census geography: what Brief guide to census geography: what changes and why (cont’d)changes and why (cont’d)

Dissemination areas introduced in 2001Dissemination areas introduced in 2001 DAs replace EAs as smallest geographic area DAs replace EAs as smallest geographic area

for which census data are releasedfor which census data are released DAs respect CTs, CSDs, and by extension, CD DAs respect CTs, CSDs, and by extension, CD

boundariesboundaries Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4)Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4) Planned to be geographically stablePlanned to be geographically stable Comprised of Dissemination Blocks (DBs), the Comprised of Dissemination Blocks (DBs), the

new basic building block new basic building block No standard data products except population No standard data products except population

and dwelling counts at DB leveland dwelling counts at DB level

Changes to census geography (cont’d)Changes to census geography (cont’d)

Census tracts Census tracts first defined in 1941 census, as ‘social areas’first defined in 1941 census, as ‘social areas’ renamed census tracts (1951)renamed census tracts (1951) major reorganization of census tract major reorganization of census tract

boundaries and names in 1971boundaries and names in 1971 assigned numeric code: cma(3)+ctcode(4) and assigned numeric code: cma(3)+ctcode(4) and

numeric ‘name’ (cma(3)+ctname(7.2)numeric ‘name’ (cma(3)+ctname(7.2) split when they grow too big (and STC has the split when they grow too big (and STC has the

budget to split them)budget to split them) when they split, ‘root’ remains the same, ie when they split, ‘root’ remains the same, ie

7.00 becomes 7.01 and 7.027.00 becomes 7.01 and 7.02

Changes to census geography (cont’d)Changes to census geography (cont’d)

Area aggregates/Provincial census tracts Area aggregates/Provincial census tracts Created in 1971, as ‘area aggregates’Created in 1971, as ‘area aggregates’ 1976 became provincial census tracts1976 became provincial census tracts covered all Canada outside census-tracted covered all Canada outside census-tracted

urban areasurban areas only available in BCTs, in 1971only available in BCTs, in 1971 1981 included in BCTs and print profile1981 included in BCTs and print profile assigned a numeric code: prov(2)+pctcode (4)assigned a numeric code: prov(2)+pctcode (4) disappeared in 1986 census productsdisappeared in 1986 census products

Changes to census geography (cont’d)Changes to census geography (cont’d)

Census subdivisions (municipalities)Census subdivisions (municipalities) Defined Municipality Acts of by Defined Municipality Acts of by

provincial/territorial governments, + provincial/territorial governments, + unincorporated areasunincorporated areas

Named areas, but assigned numeric code: Named areas, but assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2)+csd(3)prov(2)+cd(2)+csd(3)

See: See: Standard geographical classifications (1974-2008)Standard geographical classifications (1974-2008) Interim list of changes to municipal boundaries, Interim list of changes to municipal boundaries,

status, and names status, and names

http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/codebooks/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/codebooks/cstdli/92f0009xpb.htmcstdli/92f0009xpb.htm

Changes to census geography (cont’d)Changes to census geography (cont’d)

Indian reservesIndian reserves Indian reserves defined by IANDIndian reserves defined by IAND 1961 Indian reserves lumped together in each 1961 Indian reserves lumped together in each

countycounty 1971 Indian reserves lumped together in each 1971 Indian reserves lumped together in each

census subdivision (municipality)census subdivision (municipality) 1981 Indian reserves became discrete census 1981 Indian reserves became discrete census

subdivisionssubdivisions

Changes to census geography (cont’d)Changes to census geography (cont’d)

Census divisions/counties, etc.Census divisions/counties, etc. defined by provincial legislation (in some defined by provincial legislation (in some

provinces only), or by Statistics Canadaprovinces only), or by Statistics Canada Name and assigned numeric code: Name and assigned numeric code:

prov(2)+cd(2)prov(2)+cd(2)

Census metropolitan areas/census Census metropolitan areas/census agglomerationsagglomerations Defined by urban core plus ‘labour watershed’ Defined by urban core plus ‘labour watershed’

(STC defined)(STC defined) Aggregations of complete CSDsAggregations of complete CSDs Name and assigned numeric code: cma(3)Name and assigned numeric code: cma(3)

Changes to census geography (cont’d)Changes to census geography (cont’d)

Federal electoral districtsFederal electoral districts Defined by federal Electoral Boundary Defined by federal Electoral Boundary

Readjustment Acts, about every 10 years.Readjustment Acts, about every 10 years. Name and numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3)Name and numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3)

Forward sortation areas (FSAs) + Local Forward sortation areas (FSAs) + Local delivery units (LDU)delivery units (LDU) Defined by Canada PostDefined by Canada Post Do not respect/are not respected by any Do not respect/are not respected by any

Statistics Canada geographic areasStatistics Canada geographic areas 3-6 digit alpha-numeric codes3-6 digit alpha-numeric codes

Adding up census geographyAdding up census geography

The following table shows which The following table shows which levels of census geography can be levels of census geography can be added up to which larger levels of added up to which larger levels of census geographycensus geography

Why you should avoid doing so Why you should avoid doing so whenever possible:whenever possible: Area suppressionArea suppression Random rounding causes distortionRandom rounding causes distortion

EaEa DaDa Ct Ct (+pct)(+pct)

CmCma/caa/ca

csdcsd cdcd fedfed huhu provprov

EaEa XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX

DaDa XX XX X X XX XX XX

Ct Ct (+pct)(+pct)

XX XX XX

(X)(X)

Cma/Cma/

caca XX XX

csdcsd XX XX XX XX

cdcd XX XX

fedfed XX XX

huhu XX XX

provprov XX

Adding up levels of census geography:

hu=health unit

Four ways to chase census Four ways to chase census geography over timegeography over time

Named areas, through Official lists Named areas, through Official lists and Geography tape/attribute and Geography tape/attribute file/Geosuitefile/Geosuite

Coded areas, through EA/DA and CT Coded areas, through EA/DA and CT correspondence filescorrespondence files

Paper maps where availablePaper maps where available Overlaying vector/boundary files, Overlaying vector/boundary files,

where availablewhere available

Identifying areasIdentifying areas Larger geographic areas have names, and Larger geographic areas have names, and

have been assigned numeric codeshave been assigned numeric codes Both codes and names can changeBoth codes and names can change Eg ‘23’=‘’Vancouver’ in 1971; ’933’ = Eg ‘23’=‘’Vancouver’ in 1971; ’933’ =

‘’Vancouver’ post-1971‘’Vancouver’ post-1971 Eg ‘Hull’ became ‘Gatineau’ in 2006Eg ‘Hull’ became ‘Gatineau’ in 2006

CTs and EAs/DAs have only codesCTs and EAs/DAs have only codes Ctuid=cma(3)+ctname(7) Ctuid=cma(3)+ctname(7) Dauid=prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4)Dauid=prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4) Eauid=prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3)Eauid=prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3)

Exercise 1:Exercise 1:

Is/was Chilliwack, BC a CMA or a CA?Is/was Chilliwack, BC a CMA or a CA?

What was Chilliwack’s CMA/CA code in What was Chilliwack’s CMA/CA code in 1971? In 2006? When did it change?1971? In 2006? When did it change?

Did Chilliwack have census tracts in 1971? Did Chilliwack have census tracts in 1971? In 2006?In 2006?

Hint: see table atHint: see table at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/other/referehttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/other/referenc.htm#sgcnc.htm#sgc

Chasing named places thru Chasing named places thru time:time:

Finding codes of ‘named’ areas over Finding codes of ‘named’ areas over time:time: Standard geographical classification (STC Standard geographical classification (STC

12-554+) 1974-200812-554+) 1974-2008 Geography attribute file/Geography tape fileGeography attribute file/Geography tape file

(1971-1996, 2006)(1971-1996, 2006) Geosuite/Georef Geosuite/Georef (1996-2006)(1996-2006) Interim list of changes to municipal Interim list of changes to municipal

boundaries, status, and names 1965- .boundaries, status, and names 1965- . Place name master file/Locality name file Place name master file/Locality name file

Exercise 2:Exercise 2:

What CSDs comprised Chilliwack CA in 1971?What CSDs comprised Chilliwack CA in 1971? Hint: use Geography tape/attribute files at:Hint: use Geography tape/attribute files at:

http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/sda.htm#agghttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/sda.htm#agg

provprov cdcd csd(s)csd(s)

19711971

19811981

19911991

20012001

20062006

You can accomplish much the same with the Geography tape files in SPSS, with the following syntax:

Chasing coded places thru Chasing coded places thru time:time:

Enumeration/dissemination area Enumeration/dissemination area correspondence filescorrespondence files available 1971/76 to presentavailable 1971/76 to present

Census tract correspondence files Census tract correspondence files Available for 1991-1996, 1996-2001, 2001-2006Available for 1991-1996, 1996-2001, 2001-2006 Prior years in print in census tract profile Prior years in print in census tract profile

volumesvolumes UT/DLS has created files of 1966-1971 to 1987-UT/DLS has created files of 1966-1971 to 1987-

19911991<http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/<http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/

georef.htm>georef.htm> These resources indicate only whether or These resources indicate only whether or

not there has been a change, not how muchnot there has been a change, not how much

Exercise 3:Exercise 3: What enumeration areas comprised Chilliwack CA?What enumeration areas comprised Chilliwack CA?

provprov fed/cdfed/cd ea/daea/da

19711971

19811981

19911991

20012001

20062006

Exercise 4:Exercise 4:

Calculate the %British ethnic origin in Calculate the %British ethnic origin in Chilliwack CA in 1981, in 2006?Chilliwack CA in 1981, in 2006?

The manual chaseThe manual chase

Need print maps of the areas at each censusNeed print maps of the areas at each census A list of print map resources at UT is at:A list of print map resources at UT is at:http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/prmapag.htmhttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/prmapag.htm Alternatively, use the Official lists (1961-1981), Alternatively, use the Official lists (1961-1981),

and Geosuite (1996- )and Geosuite (1996- ) Note: Official lists are difficult to track down Note: Official lists are difficult to track down

from some censuses, as these were not official from some censuses, as these were not official publications with DBS/STC catalogue numberspublications with DBS/STC catalogue numbers

Official Official lists/EA lists/EA reference reference listlist

Geography Geography tape filetape file

GeosuiteGeosuite

19611961 printprint

19711971 printprint XX

19811981 printprint XX

19861986 XX

19911991 XX

19961996 (in Geosuite)(in Geosuite) X X XX

20012001 (in Geosuite(in Geosuite XX

20062006 (in Geosuite(in Geosuite XX XX

20112011

Overlay vector filesOverlay vector files

Need vector files for each census. A list Need vector files for each census. A list of files available at UT, see:of files available at UT, see:

http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/spmapagg.htmspmapagg.htm

Requires appropriate GIS softwareRequires appropriate GIS software

Exercise 5:Exercise 5:

Using the CHASS analyzer interface at:Using the CHASS analyzer interface at:http://dc2.chass.utoronto.ca/census/1981/http://dc2.chass.utoronto.ca/census/1981/

save all 2006 Chilliwack census tracts, save all 2006 Chilliwack census tracts,

for the following variables: for the following variables: British ethnic origin, British ethnic origin,

the appropriate population total, the appropriate population total,

in .dbf format.in .dbf format.