characterization: the key factor for standardization at nm

“Advanced characterization: the key factor for standardization atnm-scale”

Olha [email protected]

Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability |

Our mission

Development and transfer of microtechnologies to the industrial sector in order to

reinforce its competitive advantage.

Cooperation agreements with established companies

Creation of start-ups

about CSEM


Technology platforms to foster innovation

MEMS

Surface Engineering

Systems

Ultra-low-power integrated

systems

PV-center & energy management

about CSEM


Outlook

Nanotechnology and why do we care about it?

What are the benefits of using nanomaterials for aeronautic

application?

Link between standardization and characterization

Example: Nanocoatings for improved anti-icing properties

SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017


Nanotechnology

• Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at

dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nm or nanoscale.


https://www.sciencecenter.org


Why do we care?

• Things behave differently at this scale:

unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties

can emerge in materials at the nanoscale.

• Quantum mechanics plays a much more

important role

• Surface area: nanomaterials behave differently from

bulk materials of the same chemical


http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html

Volume:

1m x 1m x 1m = 1 m3

Surface Area:

(1m x 1m) x 6 sides = 6 m2

Volume:

(0.1m x 0.1m x 0.1m) x

1000 cubes = 1 m3

Surface Area:

(0.1m x 0.1m) x 6 sides x

1000 cubes = 60 m2

This increased surface area allows chemical reactions to go much faster


What are the benefits for aerospace?

The drive for lighter and more efficient air vehicles has led to the

rapid adoption of nanotechnology in aerospace manufacturing.

Substituting stronger material of the same weight can increase the

impact resistance of aircraft skin material.

Visionary ideas include fault tolerant and self-healing materials


• The main roadblock: is caused by uncertainty over the

environmental and health and safety implications of these

materials.


Link: standards & characterisations

• The aerospace material

standards allow industry to test

these materials in order to

evaluate their:

Structural,

thermal,

optical,

mechanical,

chemical,

electrical properties


Aerospace

Nanomaterials Characterization

Standards


Nanotechnology in aerospace materials

• Nanotube-Reinforced

Composites: improvement of the

mechanical properties of CNT-

reinforced composites

• Nanostructured metals &

nanocoatings: greater strength and

hardness

• Polymer Nanocomposites: superb

weight-to-strength ratios, and enhanced

resilience to vibration, fire and EMS


http://aerospaceengineeringblog.com

http://www.azonano.com


Polymer-based NanoClay Composites


http://imi.cncr-nrc.gc.ca

Conventional composite

Intercalated nanocomposite

Exfoliated nanocomposite


Techniques for Particle Sizing


source: www.malvern.com

Nano Microns


Average

diameter

9.8 ± 1 (nm)

Spherical Nanoparticles of 10nm (powder)



Can SAXS provide information about

bimodal & tri-modal particle

mixtures?

Bi- and trimodal systems



0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dv

(R)

[nm

-1]

25nm : 50nm : 80nm

[ 3 : 1 : 1 ]

Colloidal silica @ 0.8 Vol.%

Trimodal Size Distribution from SAXS Data

Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 16

Nanocoatings for improved anti-icing properties

• GOAL: ACHIEVE OPTIMUM

AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE

BY MEANS OF SURFACE

MODIFICATION

• To increase safety by avoiding icing

• To reduce weight and lower fuel

consumption by use of new

generation of low-energy consuming

active de-icing system

• To reduce pollution by reduced fuel

consumption



Anti-icing surfaces: CSEM Technologies

• Two biomimetic approaches

• Combination of surface structuration and hydrophobic chemistry –

Superhydrophobic/lotus effect

• Minimise the contact area between surface and water

• Delay ice crystallisation and reduce ice adhesion

• Grafting of freeze depressant agents

• Delay ice crystallisation and inhibit crystal growth

• Keep water liquid at the surface



Approach #1: Structuration of polymeric coatings

• Selected structuration process: Replication with microstructured mould

• Two families of coatings have been mainly investigated

• Thermoset resins: structuration remains challenging

• UV-cureable resins: good results on PnP or commercial formulations



Superhydrophobic surfaces https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IgRbcRRLy0


:

o High speed video recordings of water drops impacts on superhydrophobic surfaces:

Structure 2Flat Structure 1


Approach #1: Lab testing performances

• Long freezing delays measured with embossed

pillars+F-MVD (~1 min, 10 times longer than

solution fluorinated sol-gel coatings) (CSEM

structures)

• Low shear stress obtained with MVD™ treated

samples (< 0.02 MPa) (intrinsec roughness of

commercial coatings)

• High power reduction achieved with MVD™

treated surfaces (up to 66%!), compared to

commercial hydrophobic paints (anodised metallic

surface)



Approach #2: Freezing point depressant agents?

• Observation of polar fishes in the 60s/70s: their blood should have frozen

• From blood analysis: anti-freeze (glyco)proteins

• Mechanism:

• Tight binding to ice crystal and water

• Ice growth and freezing point reduction

• Possible to reproduce these effects with synthetic polymers?



Approach #2: Wind tunnel testing

• CSEM technology: polymer grafting on aeronautical resin

• Test in Icing wind tunnel (CIRA) coupled with an electrothermal

deicer

• Principle: decrease surface temperature up to the limit of ice-free conditions

• Much lower power consumption to get ice-free surfaces (heating down to 25°C

only!)



Sensitive mesoporous layers for aeronautic

• Pressure-Sensitive Paintings (PSP) for aero-dynamic testing in wind tunnel: meso-

porous sol-gel coatings are used to measure fast pressure variations observed in an

unsteady aerodynamic flow

• Higher sensibility when compared to standard PSP, better performances in

luminescence (10x) and responsiveness (Facq. up to 10KHz vs Facq.< 1KHz for std

PSP).

• Technology patented, will be transfered to ONERA (2017-18) for commercialization –

CCIFS Innovation Trophy awarded to CSEM


Thank you for your attention!

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www.csem.ch


Nano-consumer products

• There are over 1’300 consumer products around the world that are

manufacturer - identified as nanotechnology based.

• Touch screens (iPhone)

• Sunscreens

• Cosmetics

• Tennis rackets

• Bicycles

• Fabric

• Computer memory

• Also in aerospace…


http://www.economist.com

characterization: the key factor for standardization at nm

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