CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 18-MONTH OLD CHILDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your One Year Old, by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 18-month olds: I do it myself!Typically, an 18-month old child: does the opposite of most instructions by a parent seldom obeys any verbal command uses No! as chief word is not motivated by words is not able to wait NOW is the time that is important cannot stand frustration constantly seems to find ways to frustrate self treats people like objects (will step on, push, hit others, including babies, without remorse) has no concept of sharing needs one word commands (which probably wont be followed is very limited in what he understands, even though he now can use words to some extent is extremely immature emotionally; may tantrum easily and often has boundless energy and needs many outlets for it (especially stair climbing) can be distracted or lured away from a forbidden object or activityCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 2-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Two Year Old, by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 2-Year Olds: Terrible and TenderTypically, a 2-year old child:is less frustrated than between 18-23 months is more willing to do what he can and doesnt try too hard to do things beyond his ability is more coordinated; less likely to fall is less pre-occupied with keeping his balance; runs, climbs more easily has better language skills, is less frustrated because he can make himself more easily understood can wait a few minutes for want he wants can stand slight or temporary frustration is beginning to like the idea of pleasing others still cannot share, but can give another child a substitute toy is loving and affectionateCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 2-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Two Year Old, by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Typically, a 2 1/2-year old: is in a difficult phase is rigid and inflexible has almost no patience; wants what he wants when he wants it cannot adapt, give in or wait a little while demands that everything be in its proper (to him) place requires routines be followed rigidly; in the same sequence, wears the same clothes, eats the same food is extremely domineering and demanding: he must give the orders, make the decisions is subject to violent emotions; there is little modulation of emotional expression (it is all intense!) is in an age of opposite extremes; he finds it almost impossible to make a choice and stick with it finds it nearly impossible to change gears, is highly persistent is vigorous, enthusiastic, energeticCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 3-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Three Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 3-Year Olds: Friend or enemyTypically, a 3-year old: loves to conform uses the word Yes easily likes to share, likes the idea of We no longer needs the protection of rituals feels more secure in his relations with others and with himself enjoys cooperating likes to make friends has increased motor abilities has a marked increase and interest in vocabulary and language is easily influenced to behave when exciting new words are used, such as: secret, surprise, different, guess willingly goes forward toward new adventures is in a high period of equilibrium; pleased with himself and with othersCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 3-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Three Year Old, by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Typically, a 3 1/2-year old: enters a period of marked insecurity and disequilibrium can be extremely uncoordinated motorwise: stumbles, falls, may fear heights, hands may tremble, cannot draw firmly may become uncoordinated language-wise: may seem to stutter (esp. if was highly verbal previously) it is as if the mouth can no longer keep up with the mind [Note: It is important for parents to stay relaxed and accepting and to not make a big deal over speech struggles in order to prevent a later problem] may complain cannot see right or hear right; may cross eyes frequently uses tensional outlets more frequently: nail biting, eye blinking, nose picking, facial tics, grabbing genitals, thumb sucking may increase 3/12 is a peak time for usage of tensional outlets is emotionally insecure which leads to increased whining, crying, frequent questioning Do you love me? and frequent complaints You dont love me. may say, I hate you when frustrated by limits is extremely demanding of adults: may demand Dont look! Dont talk! Dont laugh! may demand all attention be on him; is very jealous of attention given to others is insecure with friends: demands all their attention, shows emotional extremes shy one minute, over-bearing the nextCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 4-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Four Year Old, by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 4-Year Olds: Out of BoundsOther descriptions Gesell offers: Expansive Boasting Joyous Exuberant Adventuresome Energetic Bossy EnthusiasticTypically, a 4-year old: has energy to burn, seems to be in perpetual motion. Loves to run, jump, climb. Is much more coordinated than in the last year. has discovered that the adult is not all powerful as once was believed. The 4-year old learns that he can do bad things and the world will not stop. wants limits, wants to know the rules and boundaries. Can understand simple directions You can go as far as that tree, You can play with everything on the playground up to that fence. when angry, will hit, kick, spit. Needs to have adults intervene if his behavior is getting out of his control. is less stressed and has less of a need for tensional outlets responds well to praise. experiments with language to an extreme. This is an age of bathroom words 4-year olds delight in the shock value of words that upset or surprise parents. Expect phrases like poopey-head and doo-doo face. They also will use swear words they have heard without knowing what they mean, just because they get a rise out of people. is fascinated with body functions, especially what bodies produce. One result is a fascination with bathrooms. starts to want privacy when using the bathroom exhibits intense emotions: can go from love to hate in a heartbeat. Is passionately in love with mother, and hates it when she changes anything about herself (a new hair style, new clothes). Will love or hate certain foods, people. loves anything new loves adventures, loves to experiment. Uses lots of why questions. Usually isnt as much interested in the exact mechanics of something, i.e., the how it works part, but rather the purpose of something, the why of it. May not have the intellectual maturity to fully understand explanations. may repeat and repeat a why question, because he or she may not be able to understand the explanation and may feel frustrated with you and with himself because he cannot make it make sense. He keeps asking because of the desire to understand remains but the ability is not there yet. is becoming a conversationalist: wants to have discussions, wants to use new-found vocabulary and the power he has discovered in language. Sometimes the child asks why because he wants to have conversations with parent and has learned that this is a way to achieve that. loves exaggeration: a million, billion ants on the sidewalk, as tall as the sky, as big as my house and loves silly language. Loves to laugh; can get almost hysterical with laughter. Loves to boast about being the biggest, strongest, best, happiest, meanest, etc. has a very active imagination, may have an imaginary friend. Has trouble differentiating real from pretend. Because the child of this age is so caught up in imaginative thinking and play, parents should not label behavior as lying when a child makes up a story. The child is not lying in the same way an older child might lie. Children of this age should not be punished for telling untruths, nor should they be readily believed when they tell stories that they swear are the truth. The wise parent requires real evidence before believing! may like violent stories with lots of action. May demand gory details, especially related to death. Whats it like to be inside a coffin. How much time does it take to dig the hole. Doesnt understand that death is permanent; expects the person to magically be able to return. loves to be speedy. Is less interested in fully completing something as beginning it and moving on quickly to the next thing. loves to play with other children and is learning to play cooperatively. Much more willing to share and take turns. Likes to do big projects with a group. Likes to have friends, likes to meet new friends, like to see himself as a friend. Curious about bodily functions of others. May engage in sex play, playing doctor. not ready to be trusted around younger siblings. May promise to be gentle but may not be able to follow through. with regard to fears, does not have a lot of fears. May fear fire, the sound of sirens, the dark, wild animals, and mother leaving, especially at night. health-wise, he may get frequent colds and may have stomach aches in social situations, may need to urinate in difficult situations or at mealtimes. May forget to go to the bathroom when into serious play. intellectually, has learned about time can understand past, present, future. Understands concept of days today, everyday, yesterday, tomorrow, a week, a month, every morning, afternoon, evening. Can learn seasons and holidays. Can understand spatial concepts: up, down, in, out, over, around, under. Is often extremely interested in what is behind things. May want to check behind objects and people. can count three objects, can recite numbers from 1 to 10. Can skip on one foot. Can wash and dry face and hands, can brush teeth. Can draw a man with two parts: head and legs. Can dress and undress self. Can lace shoes. Has approximately 1550 vocabulary words.CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 4-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Four Year Old, by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Typically, a 4 1/2-year old: is more interested in figuring out what is real and what is pretend is a little less wild can stick with a task a little longer emotions are still quite volatile and uncertain: he laughs and cries easily more persistent and demanding, less easy to distract. Behaviors may seem purposely obnoxious has a new awareness of good and bad. Loves real life stories that show who is the good guy and who is the bad guy spiritually, may like the idea that there is a God who is strong and a friend. If part of family routine, likes to say prayers and bless everyone. This can allay some bedtime fears. may struggle to get to sleep.CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Five Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 5-Year olds: A golden ageTypically, a 5-year old: enjoys life looks consistently on lifes sunny side uses positive language Sure!, Alright!, Fine!, Lovely!, Wonderful, I just love! is determined to do things just right may ask for permission to do even simple things lives in the here and now adores parents and sees them as the ultimate authorities has strong feelings for family, including pets sees mother as the center of his world and wants to please her and be near her needs reassurance that he is loved cares a lot about his own room, home, street, neighborhood, classroom is not as adventurous is quieter by nature likes the security of tried and true is able to judge what he can and cannot do; therefore, is more confident and secure is less resistant, not working on proving that he is his own boss can protect himself from over-stimulation, i.e. knows his own limits is not much of a worrier is impressed with his own increased abilities loves to read, learn new facts, practice writing may ascribe human feelings to inanimate objects (It is raining because the clouds got angry) has a more accurate and detailed concept of death however, since they may still think death is reversible, they are often can be matter-of-fact and unemotional about death may have occasional nightmares may have frequent frightening animal dreams some may still wet the bed at night (not a concern) may do better with siblings, but may over-estimate abilities to care for younger children gets along well with others, although plays better with two friends than with three loves to play house plays with blocks loves to climb, swing, jump and skip has less interest in sex play may make up stories with violence as the main themeParents may need to consider whether their 5-year old is ready to begin first grade. Some are not ready in the different areas of maturity: emotional, social, physical, as well as the often more emphasized intellectual.CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Five Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Typically, a 5 1/2-year old: is not as likely to obey as age 5 will rebel and go against what he is asked to do is brash and combative is hesitant and indecisive at times can be over-demanding and explosive at other times can be shy one minute, bold the next defies in order to dawdle is in a constant state of tension, which results in an increase in tensional outlet behaviors (chewing on lose clothing, biting or tapping pencils) is calmer at school than at home may throw temper tantrums experiences an increase in colds, headaches, earaches, stomachaches feet hurt, face hurts may have toileting accidents when overly excited is restless and finds it hard to sit still is more awkward finds it hard to maintain grasp of pencil may reverse numbers or letters (this is not a good age to teach reading or writing)Parents may need to consider whether their 5-year old is ready to begin first grade. Some are not ready in the different areas of maturity: emotional, social, physical, as well as the often more emphasized intellectual.CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 6-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Six Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic Description of 6-Year Old: Loving and DefiantTypically, a 6-year old: is expansive and out of bounds is dramatic is loud likes to show off is demanding, contrary or combative is competitive needs to be the fastest, best, the winner may be violent may remind parents of 2 1/2-year old can be ambivalent, may have trouble making choices is stubborn can be very affectionate sees self, not the mother, as the center of the universe goes from hating mother to loving her; can fear that she will get sick, die, not be there when he comes home from school may think father knows everything is at his best and worst with primary caregiver is easily hurt emotionally cries easily when hurt physically has a hard time dealing with any failure cannot bear to lose or be criticized loves to be flattered and praised can be extremely enthusiastic and adventuresome asks a lot of questions tends to fling clothes all over the house often loses shoes suddenly seems clumsy may go through parents private stuffParents may feel: incompetent out of control angry and losing their tempers a lotSchool/learning: likes to learn and be read to frequently reverses letters and numbers wants to be good at school likes to conform may like a strict teacher can get confused if school rules differ from home rules relationship with teacher is not as intense as it will be in another year Siblings: can be very jealous can be very bossy, especially with younger siblings argues, bullies, torments, hitsFriends: can make friends easily, but relationships tend to be stormy because he is so stormy aggressive, quarrelsome, belligerent excitable, emotional will cheat to win and will accuse others of cheatingEating: uncoordinated stuffs mouth talks with mouth full grabs for food knocks over milk falls off chair wants biggestBedtime is easier than at 5 1/2 likes to talk before bed may rebel at bedtime sleeps wellElimination: occasionally has a daytime accident will be very ashamed about such accidentsTensional outlets increase: restless, hands always busy, wiggles, kicks temper tantrums bites fingernails chews on hair or pencils picks noseMany health complaints: legs hurt arms hurt back of neck hurts scalp is very sensitive Increased illnesses mucous membranes are easily irritated peak of ear infections complains that it is too hot and perspires easily increased allergies more accidents hates the sight of blood and anything that penetrates the body makes a big fuss whenever hurtSuggestions for parenting your 6-year old: Offer frequent praise Give three chances to comply Use counting (Lets see if you can do that by the time I count to ten) Use of clock (See if you can do that by 3 oclock) Side-step versus confront issues i.e. change subject, if possible Limit direct commands Bargain whenever possible Ignore unless it is life-threatening, morally wrong or dangerous (B. Coloroso) Use time-outsCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 6-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Six Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Typically, a 6 1/2-year old: is a little calmer than at six loves intellectual challenges shows off accomplishments proudly loves jokes and guessing games is more warm and loving loves mother again has boundless enthusiasm loves to explore is sympathetic is more appreciative has a huge capacity to enjoy lifeCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 7-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Seven Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of a 7-year old: Age of WithdrawalTypically, a 7-year old: is calmer than at age 6 is moody, morose, melancholy broods and sulks is thoughtful and a good listener loves to think, observe, and reflect is absent-minded procrastinates is easily distracted is self-absorbed loves to argue but goes along with solutions often asks, Why do I have to? and Why should I? is less selfish and more forgiving is hard to satisfy is easily disappointed does not respond well to humor thinks others are mean, hateful, unfriendly, always picking on him, not liking him may tell stories of maltreatment may join several peers to gang up on one child or may become target of other children ganging up on him does not want others to laugh at him worries about everything, including: not doing well in school hurricanes (or any natural disaster) war that family wont have enough money people he loves will die that any pain or discomfort is a sign of a fatal illness has many fears, including: being late for school the dark has overcome some previous fears such as of the dentist or swimming wants control and privacy likes a room of his own to which he can retreat does not like to be touched or seen without clothes likes to plan his own days has increasing control over body, thoughts and temper may talk to himself in front of mirror Parents: gets along rather well with mother wants her support and sympathy believes parents like the other children in the family more than him admires father, especially boys may worship themSiblings: fights with siblings is best with much older and much younger siblings with siblings close in age, things are just not fair enough enjoys family outings less tattlingSex: may not notice sex differences are mushy some, especially boys, are more hostile towards the opposite sexSchool/learning: enjoys learning can idolize a teacher may have a crush on a teacher frequently asks for permission to do tasks wants to be special at home, can complain a lot about school not a good messenger for bringing papers home from school may give a gift to the teacher that actually is something that belongs to mother enjoys reading as skills improve understands time better (which may be why there is an increase in worrying about being late) sets high standards for self, wants perfect scores and papers, erases a lot perseveres once starts an activityPhysical development: has more headaches, rubs eyes complains of pain, especially knee pains is more coordinated is more cautiousPlay: not as adventuresome can stick with one activity for a long time can play competitive games better because winning is not so important likes computer play likes to collect things loves nature loves to participate in sportsFrequent use of: I cant This is serious I feel embarrassed a lot of self-criticismEthics: tries to live up to standards for being good tries to tell the truth, but is quick with excuses believes fairness is very important may collect things that really dont belong to himSuggestions for parenting your 7-year old: Use a gentle approach Show appreciation Provide reasonable amounts of sympathy Do not to take reports of unfairness too seriously Stay calmCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 8-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Eight Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 8 Year Olds: Lively and outgoingTypically, an 8-year old: is high energy, speedy, walks quickly, talks quickly, eats quickly, reads quickly can shift easily from one activity to the next likes rough and tumble play and loud games is better coordinated wants to expand boundaries of personal space is more self-aware can express himself through emotions such as amazement and curiosity loves to talk can be very dramatic often exaggerates can approach strangers with more confidence cares about relationships heightened curiosity in learning how relationships around him function curious about all that is going on in the family wants to be sure parents relationship is working is quick to pick up parents attitudes and values is demanding is evaluative hard on self regarding mistakes extremely sensitive to perceived criticism of others can shift blame quickly to others when he attacks someone (verbally or physically) is careless, sloppy, and accident prone daydreams tends to miss instructions and may frequently say What? can tell time better but may be more careless than the more anxious seven-year-old stage eagerly meets challenges can over-estimate abilities often boasts and then comes up with alibis not a good self-starter, but once started, needs some freedom to do it his own way hungry for praise (may put himself down in order to get it) likes to bargainMother: has a more intense relationship is highly possessive is very in-tune with her wants all her attention, including constant conversations wants her to play board games with him wants to please Mother wants to help her satisfy her needsFather: the relationship is not as intense as with mother may be less openly affectionate may mind father better than did previously may mind father better than minds motherSiblings: wants his fair share and all privileges that other siblings have needs specific instructions and lots of praise when caring for and playing with younger siblings can be too strict if caring for a younger sibling may take out his frustrations towards others with his own siblingsFriends: has more friends than he previously had wants a good two-way relationship is more willing to cooperate and conform may pick on any child considered to be an outsider plays more with same sex children beginning of secret clubs some eight-year-olds have many friends, others only one or twoEating: increased appetite will eat more new foodsClothes: sloppy throws clothes on floor is increasingly interested in brand names and in being in styleHealth tends to be healthier when sick, recovers rapidly when upset, may get stomach aches when overly excited, may get headaches may have numerous eye complaintsExtremely interested in and concerned about possessions and collectionslikes to acquire, barter, arrange and gloat about possessionsloves moneyEthics: has a better sense of good and bad and right and wrong better able to listen to reason can sometimes take responsibility for his mistakes truthfulness is still not a strong point, especially due to his tendency to exaggerate and dramatizeSex: increased interest in babies increased curiosity about life, sex and marriage shifted interest in the opposite sex boys can recognize and admire pretty girls; girls can recognize and admire handsome boys some sex play may occur boys especially may become interested in dirty jokes and smutty talkThinking: the beginning of abstract thinking can apply simple logic to a arrive at conclusions can reason deductively can classifySuggestions for parenting your 8-year old: Give specific, descriptive praise often Provide protection from trying to do too much Provide protection from excessive self-criticism Mother can try to spend a specific dedicated time each day where she is fully engaged with the childCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 9-YEAR OLDThe following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Nine Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of a 9-year old: UnpredictableThis is an age marked by more individual differences. Therefore, it is a more difficult age to describe and predict. For example: Some have strong feelings about family; others seem indifferent Some love money; others dont seem to care about it Some spend all their money; others hoard it Some are dexterous with their hands; others are not Some love sports; others are not interested Some are fascinated with violent TV shows and games; other are not and sometimes are even offended or upset by them Some are good eaters; others are not Some have little or no sleep problems; others have many Some go through activities or tasks with great speed; others much more slowlyTypically, a 9-year old: is described by parents as in a fog, in a daze, in another world is more thoughtful than at age eight, but not as unhappy at they were at seven can have wide mood swings may be impatient and short tempered, may have angry flare ups, but gets over them quickly is more eager to please, wants to be liked, loves to be chosen, will work for a favor, thrives on praise is more independent, self-motivated is more dependable and trustworthy is better able to reason things out worries more, is more anxious, more withdrawn, less certain, less speedy than the typical 8-year old is restless; boys let off steam by wrestling, girls are more likely to wander around the house has various and numerous interests loves to collect things can keep collections neat and organized likes to make checklists, likes to classify, identify and categorize information likes to understand how other things are classified, such as the various ranks in the military, car brands and models, types of airplanes likes to know what things cost is willing to attack new and difficult tasks can thoughtfully plan his approach to a project or activity likes to complete every last detail sometimes can exhaust himself trying to get everything finished satisfactorily may have trouble finding the time to do everything he has planned is willing to do something over and over again in order to become proficient at it boys can seem almost obsessed about achieving their goals, especially if there is a time pressure makes finer, more detailed evaluations of things, notices subtle differences in things and in emotions shows a lot of self-criticism. Wont accept a compliment if he thinks it is not fully deserved may ignore requests unless they make sense to him complains and gives excuses for not doing tasks, such as having some sudden physical ailment (eyes hurt so cannot read, stomach hurts so cannot clean up a mess) These complaints may be legitimate, i.e., the pain is real, but usually it is temporary blames others less shows the beginnings of conscience is more able to take responsibility for his actions and mistakes is very interested in determining what truly is fair is especially interested in Who started it? loves to talk about things; is less talking for the sake of hearing his own voice tells less tall tales and wild exaggerations believes less in fairy tales and magic, although may be very superstitious tends to be matter-of-fact about deathFriends: can be a loyal and devoted friend is willing to overlook small errors doesnt want to hurt others exhibits more intense disdain and disgust for opposite sex boys like to dash about, shouting girls are quieter, like to giggle and whisper likes to to be a member of a club or groupFamily relationships: is less willing to share details of his life with parents may question parents always being right and having all the power may question the rules may seem to be drawing away from the family circle may object to being called, My son, or My little girl may not like to talk about when he was younger may not want to be recognized in public by a parent appreciates grandparentsMother: is moving away from earlier preoccupation with mother has less interest in her comments or company Boys are often sulky around her and frequently find fault with her and can resent her efforts to make them neat and cleanFather: may be a growing respect for father and for fathers occupation enters a new relationship with his father based on shared interests, especially boysSiblings: may get along better than previously did with siblings is proud of older siblings able to respond nicely to younger siblings, especially if given some responsibility for caring for themSchool/Learning practicing and refining skills learned in the first three grades replaces learning to read with reading to learn loves to soak up information and memorize facts has trouble paraphrasing and explaining the real meanings can recognize views of others can correct incorrect first impressions by using logic may find it hard to sit still at school; often drums fingers, hums, sings, whistles, whispersCHARACTERISITICS OF THE 10-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Ten to Fourteen Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of a 10-year old: Relaxed and easy-goingTypically, a 10-year old: is frank, unselfconscious, accepts life and the world as they are is closely attached to family; mother has special prestige, but still gets along well with father can be very nurturing towards younger siblings, even pets is fond of friends likes to be in groups, clubs, gangs, which tend to be inclusive in their membership likes school, likes to learn and accepts a reasonable amount of homework without resentment is good at memorizing loves to talk delights in physical activities sliding, running, climbing, jumping has a strong moral sense of right and wrong emphasis on finding out what is wrong has a matter-of-fact attitude about philosophical issues life, death, deity, time, space issues is not self-centered but becoming aware of a conscienceSummary of adolescence: 10 is reminiscent of 5 self-contained, relaxed, direct, easy give and take 11 is tense, questioning, searches and tests self through conflicts with others 12 is better balanced accepts others, more objective, fluctuates from childish to mature attitudes 13 withdraws reminiscent of 7 14 more outgoing, compares self with others 15 is more introspective explores self in relation to ideas, ideals, opinions of others 16 more at ease, independent, self-reliantCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 11-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Ten to Fourteen Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of an 11-year old: Fluctuates between extremesTypically, an 11-year old: is talkative, outgoing and friendly is self-assertive, although may be called rude and difficult experiences wide range of moods and emotions- can fly into a rage or burst out in laughter can be loud and exuberant has a talent for gaiety and laughter interrupts insistently is impulsive is highly curious is still emotionally immature and unaware of how others see him wiggles a lot is increasingly hungry has appetite for experience as well as food fatigues readily can feel too hot or too cold as even the body becomes unstable as he enters adolescence exhibits best behavior when away from home still has a strong attachment to home quarrels with siblings rebels against parents; finds fault, argues, calls names, yells, talks back is more critical of father resists imposed tasks needs parents to balance reactions and not be too sensitive or too lenientSummary of adolescence: 10 is reminiscent of 5 self-contained, relaxed, direct, easy give and take 11 is tense, questioning, searches and tests self through conflicts with others 12 is better balanced accepts others, more objective, fluctuates from childish to mature attitudes 13 withdraws reminiscent of 7 14 more outgoing, compares self with others 15 is more introspective explores self in relation to ideas, ideals, opinions of others 16 more at ease, independent, self-reliantCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 12-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Ten to Fourteen Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 12-Year Olds: The calm before the storyTypically, a 12-year old: shows many changes for the better is less impulsive, more reasonable, more companionable, and shows better self-control wants to win approval from others can be more objective has a growing sense of humor, more cheerful, sociable can be excellent conversational company is friendly, out-going, cooperative, ready to please, spontaneous, positive and enthusiastic is more insightful doesnt want to be seen as a baby works at being grown-up accepts correction and discipline can atone for guilt felt is less naive in social relationships gets along better with all peers is influenced by the attitudes and interests of peer group shows empathy and can views things from the standpoint of others shows increased tact when caring for younger siblings has improved mother-daughter relationship likes to learn shows warm admiration for firm, well-informed teacher who has sense of humor can work independently, but desires group activity seizes opportunities for discussion or debate of political and civic issues shows increase in conceptual thinking, in abstracts shows initiative (example: might start own newspaper)Summary of adolescence: 10 is reminiscent of 5 self-contained, relaxed, direct, easy give and take 11 is tense, questioning, searches and tests self through conflicts with others 12 is better balanced accepts others, more objective, fluctuates from childish to mature attitudes 13 withdraws reminiscent of 7 14 more outgoing, compares self with others 15 is more introspective explores self in relation to ideas, ideals, opinions of others 16 more at ease, independent, self-reliantCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 13-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Ten to Fourteen Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 13-Year Olds: IntrospectiveTypically, a 13-year old: is not as open or communicative and may lapse into spells of silence is more serious, less spontaneous, more reflective and more self-critical exhibits occasional moodiness is more adaptable and dependable has a strong sense of duty muses about future, wishes, ambitions is more guarded may hesitate before expressing self, may be more shy with strangers is very sensitive to criticism and keenly perceptive of the emotional state of other persons is intrigued by the wide array of interpersonal relations needs a lot of sympathetic understanding at school, responds with intense interest to assignments and discussions has a great capacity to acquire knowledge through reading, listening, looking shows increased resistance to authority figures makes detailed criticisms of parents Girls may be very critical of mother, especially her dress, clothes, make-up seems to withdraw from family circle and from close confidential relationship with parents fights with siblings, particularly those between 6 and 11 years of age states propositions and questions ideas, thinks in terms of hypothetical conditions enjoys matching wits with a cooperative adult becomes aware of ability to reason searches for the right word or phrase is more discriminating about companions, has fewer friends is contemptuous of kid stuff of 12s Summary of adolescence: 10 is reminiscent of 5 self-contained, relaxed, direct, easy give and take 11 is tense, questioning, searches and tests self through conflicts with others 12 is better balanced accepts others, more objective, fluctuates from childish to mature attitudes 13 withdraws reminiscent of 7 14 more outgoing, compares self with others 15 is more introspective explores self in relation to ideas, ideals, opinions of others 16 more at ease, independent, self-reliantCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 14-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development, with the primary source being Your Ten to Fourteen Year Old by Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D. Also included is information from Pick Up Your Socks by Elizabeth Crary. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 14-Year Olds: Coming into His OwnTypically, a 14-year old: is robust, vigorous, expressive, gregarious enjoys life laughs a lot, has a good sense of humor is friendly and outgoing is optimistic has a new sense of contentment and relaxation is more self-assured is reasonable prefers company of peers can perceive how others feel and can see self as others see him is tolerant of differences in people wants to be popular has a high interest in being member of formal clubs, teams communicates with friends at all hours of day or night shows a more mature attitude towards adults in general shows greater respect and confidence based on increased understanding is interested in people and aware of personality differences loves to talk analyzing other people and their motives, confessing, denying, disputing can look at all sides of an issue likes to reason and is capable of independent thinking has the verbal comprehension and word fluency equal to 4/5s adult level tries to be realistic and objective in judgments, not as impulsive may over-commit can be objective about own development thus far and can begin to consider long-range plans feels embarrassed by parental conduct, yet home relations are more genial and less tense gets along well with younger siblings is exuberant, energetic but reasonable, has a fair measure of wisdom and philosophy, often expressed in wit and humorSummary of adolescence: 10 is reminiscent of 5 self-contained, relaxed, direct, easy give and take 11 is tense, questioning, searches and tests self through conflicts with others 12 is better balanced accepts others, more objective, fluctuates from childish to mature attitudes 13 withdraws reminiscent of 7 14 more outgoing, compares self with others 15 is more introspective explores self in relation to ideas, ideals, opinions of others 16 more at ease, independent, self-reliantCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 15-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 15-Year Olds: A Very Complex AgeTypically, a 15-year old: may be seen as indifferent or apathetic is more thoughtful, serious, introspective, and quiet even speaks with a soft voice may be more withdrawn, slow-to-warm, unwilling to reveal self is serious-minded but does not indulge in heavy moods has less energy, which may appear as laziness has less interest in food, even sweets shows increased self-awareness and perceptiveness can be confused about own potential and responsibilities respects the spoken word and works hard to accurately state thoughts and ideas focuses attention on details of thought and feeling, notices sensitivities, irritabilities, resistances, aversions and suspicions uses exaggerated language to express scorn is a stickler for precision, at times, is a perfectionist is moody, but not as intense and piercing as at 13 is very vulnerable is capable of harboring feelings of grudge, revenge and violence is sensitive about own limitations tasks that are too hard send him into a slump is reconciling loyalty to home, school and community resists limits and is striving to be more independent is more belligerent and defiant is gregarious in groups, likes gatherings, will follow a crowd, and enjoys spontaneous informal groupings feels conflicted over issues of attachment and detachment virtually secedes from family omits or skimps on greetings, keeps to self, wont sit with family at family functions; family unity at all-time low gets along better with siblings analyzes the personality traits of parents loves or hates school can enjoy competence in school, which can serve as an outlet from subservience at home craves guidance from outside the homeSummary of adolescence: 10 is reminiscent of 5 self-contained, relaxed, direct, easy give and take 11 is tense, questioning, searches and tests self through conflicts with others 12 is better balanced accepts others, more objective, fluctuates from childish to mature attitudes 13 withdraws reminiscent of 7 14 more outgoing, compares self with others 15 is more introspective explores self in relation to ideas, ideals, opinions of others 16 more at ease, independent, self-reliantCHARACTERISTICS OF THE 16-YEAR OLDMuch of the following information is based on the studies by The Gesell Institute of Human Development. As with all such lists, we add the disclaimer that each child is unique and will do things in his or her own unique way and in his or her own time, so some will behave this way at this age while others will exhibit these behaviors earlier or later. All of these characteristics are not evident in every child. Parents need to take into account each childs temperament, situational factors, age related developmental tasks and maturity level. Parents benefit from understanding the roller coaster of equilibrium and disequilibrium that marks child development.Basic description of 16-Year Olds: A Sense of IndependenceTypically, a 16-year old: is more self-possessed and under better control has greater self-reliance shows a deeper self-contentedness is cheerful, friendly, outgoing, well-adjusted, self-assured likes to banter and enjoys laughter teasing is good natured is more tolerant of world, takes life as it comes is not as self-critical is less impulsive and shows better judgment is not as moody or ruled by emotions, not as touchy, cries infrequently, can curb anger does not worry and tells others Dont worry about me is interested in human nature is more willing to see anothers point of view is interested in people likes to build up multiple friendships much companionship on a non-romantic basis is less influenced by peer group likes to meet friends in own home has fewer arguments with family members, including siblings may get summer job or attend special camp separate from home is more oriented towards the future plans for college, can talk about marriage in serious veinSummary of adolescence: 10 is reminiscent of 5 self-contained, relaxed, direct, easy give and take 11 is tense, questioning, searches and tests self through conflicts with others 12 is better balanced accepts others, more objective, fluctuates from childish to mature attitudes 13 withdraws reminiscent of 7 14 more outgoing, compares self with others 15 is more introspective explores self in relation to ideas, ideals, opinions of others 16 more at ease, independent, self-reliant