Chapters 28 and 29

1. Imperfect & Pluperfect Active Subjunctives

2. Passive Subjunctives

3. Using the subjunctive and Tenses (Independent uses)

4. Sequence of Tenses (Dependent uses)

5. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Adverbial)

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)

1. The Subjunctive

person number tense voice mood

1st

2nd

3rd

singularplural

presentimperfect

future

perfectpluperfect

future perfect

activepassive

indicativesubjuncti

veimperativ

einfinitiveparticiple

1. Imperfect Active Subjunctive

More forms!!!

Imperfect Active Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard endings

1. The Imperfect Active Subjunctive…

amāremamārēsamāret

amārēmusamārētisamārent

monēremmonērēsmonēret

monērēmusmonērētismonērent

vinceremvincerēsvinceret

vincerēmusvincerētisvincerent

caperemcaperēscaperet

caperēmuscaperētiscaperent

audīremaudīrēsaudīret

audīrēmusaudīrētisaudīrent

Remember:Imperfect Active Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard endings

1. Pluperfect Active Subjunctive

More forms!!!

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive = Perfect Active Infinitive + standard endings

1. The Pluperfect Active Subjunctive

amāvissemamāvissēsamāvisset

amāvissēmusamāvissētisamāvissent

monuissemmonuissēsmonuisset

monuissēmusmonuissētismonuissent

vīcissemvīcissēsvīcisset

vīcissēmusvīcissētisvīcissent

audīvissemaudīvissēsaudīvisset

audīvissēmusaudīvissētisaudīvissent

Remember:Pluperfect Active Subjunctive = Perfect Active Infinitive + standard endings

1. Subjunctive of Sum

Good news!

Sum, esse does nothing strange in the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives.

Take the proper infinitive and stick on the standard endings, just like any other verb.

See §111 on pg. 222 for the table of forms for sum, esse.

2. Present Passive Subjunctive

Building on what you know

Present Passive Subjunctive= Present Stem with proper present subjunctive stem vowel* + standard passive endings

*Subjunctive Stem Vowel Mnemonics:

• We beat a giant liar

• She wears a diamond tiara

• Clem steams clams in Siam

See pg. 233 for chart

2. Imperfect Passive Subjunctive

Imperfect Passive Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard passive endings

See pg. 234 for chart

2. Perfect Passive Subjunctive

Perfect Passive Subjunctive = Fourth Principle Part + present subjunctive of sum

amātus sim

amātus sīs

amātus sit

Etc.

See pg. 234 for chart

The perfect passive is already associated with the present of sum, since the perfect passive indicative

uses the present indicative of sum.

2. Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive = Fourth Principle Part + imperfect subjunctive of sum

amātus essem

amātus essēs

amātus esset

Etc.

See pg. 234 for chart

The pluperfect passive is already associated with the imperfect of sum, since the pluperfect passive

indicative uses the imperfect indicative of sum.

That’s it! We’re done!

Well, in terms of forms: mostly yes.

But overall use of the subjunctive: no.

On to when to use these various tenses and using subjunctives in dependent clauses.

3. Subjunctives and Tenses (Independent uses)

Use/Tense of the Subjunctive

Present Imperfect Perfect Plupefect

Hortatory Eāmus.Let’s go.

Jussive Eat.Let him go.

Īret.He should’ve gone.

Nē īerīs.Don’t go.

Optative Utinam eant. I wish they would go (in the future).

Utinam īrent.I wish they were going (now).

Utinam īssent.I wish they had gone (in the past).

Deliberative Maneam an abeam?*

īrem?Should I have gone?

*You too can turn Clash song titles into Latin.

4. Sequence of Tenses

Tense of Main Verb

Relation toMain Verb

Primary tenses:PresentFuture

Future PerfectPerfect

Secondary Tenses:

ImperfectPerfect

Pluperfect

Contemporaneous or After

Present Imperfect

Before Perfect Pluperfect

Find your main verb tense in the top row, then go down to find the proper subjunctive to show actions contemporaneous/after or before.

5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses

Purpose - answers “Why?” or “For what purpose?”

Purpose clauses (in order to do something) are generally introduced by ut or utī.

Negative purpose (in order that something not happen) clauses are introduced by nē.

Since a purpose clause generally refers to a contemporaneous/after action, the present and the imperfect subjunctives are most commonly used.

Examples: Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet. He says this in order to help them. Librōs lēgīmus ut multa discerēmus. We read books so that we would

learn many things.

5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses

Result – answers “So that what?” or “With what result?”

Result clauses generally introduced by ut or utī. The negative is introduced by ut nōn (or: nihil, nēmō, numquam, or nūllus, -a, -um).

Expresses the result of some condition.

Don’t always follow sequence of tenses rules. Argh! Exceptions! (See example below)

Sign post words i.e. ita; sīc; tālis, -e; tantus, -a, -um; tam; etc.

Examples: Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did such great things that he saved

the city. Vulnus tantum erat ut perīerit. The wound was so great that he died.

(Perfect subjunctive used for emphasizing the result.)

5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses

Circumstance, Cause, Concessions – a.k.a. cum clauses

Generally introduced by cum. A nōn is used with the verb for negation.

Cum + indicative (Ch. 18) = specific time

Cum + subjunctive = situation or circumstances under which an action occurred.

Examples: “cum circumstantial:” cum manērem rūrī, accēpī tuās litterās. When I

was remaining in the country, I received your letters. “cum causal:” id nōn est difficile cum tantum copiīs valeāmus. It is

not difficult since we are so strong in troops. “cum concessive:” Cēnam parāvit cum aegra fuisset. She prepared

dinner although she had been sick.

5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples

BRH 135

Tenē mē nē fugiam. Et revocā mē ad dominum meum Viventium in areā Callistī.

Revocā: (1st conj. Imperative) to bring back

Viventius: the master’s name

In areā Callistī: in the plaza of Callistus

From a slave’s collar

5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples

5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples

From a bath house at Ostia:

BRH 131

Ut bene cacāret, ventrem palpāvit Solōn.

Cacō (1st): to defecate

Ventrem: venter, ventris – stomach

Solōn: nom. sing. 6th cent. Athenian statesman

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)

You already know that dependent clauses can be the objects of verb. Hence indirect statement, objective infinitives, relative clauses used as nouns (see chs. 22, 21, and 19 respectively)

Dependent clauses can operate in a similar manner. They can be used in the following constructions:

Indirect questions Indirect commands Substantive result clauses

Identification of these various uses is based on the words that introduce the clause.

Translation of the Latin subjunctive generally does not result in using a subjunctive in English.

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)

Indirect questions

What to look for: main verb of speaking, asking, telling, etc and a question word (who, what, where, when, why, how, etc)

Follow sequence of tenses Except for future which is future participle + present (primary tense

MV) or imperfect (secondary tense MV) of sum

Rogābō quid

faciat he is doing. Same time

fēcerit he did. Before

factūrus sit he will do. After

Rogāveram quid

faceret he was doing. Same time

fēcisset he had done. Before

factūrus esset he would do. After

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)

Indirect commands

What to look for: main verb of speaking, asking, telling, etc and ut or nē

Follow sequence of tenses

Iubeō, vetō, and cupiō take objective infinitives and not subjunctives

Usually translated by an infinitive in English

Compare: Hoc facite! Hoc faciant. Persuādet eīs ut hoc faciant. Persuāsit eīs ut hoc facerent.

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)

Noun Result/Substantive Result Clause

What to look for: often main verb of doing, making, completing, and accomplishing and then ut or ut nōn for the negative

Follow sequence of tenses

Examples: Perfēcī ut ē rēgnō ille discēderet. I brought it about that that man

departed from the kingdom. Efficiam ut omnēs intellegant. I will make them all understand.

Note that the English translation does not always mirror the clauses of the Latin. See the difference between the examples.

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples

BRH 148 From a fragmentary tombstone.

Hōc qui scire cupis iaceant quae membra <in> sepulcrō, discēs dum relegās hōs modo versiculōs.

Membrum, -ī, N: limb Sepulcrum, -ī, N: tomb Dum...modo: provided that Relego, relegere: to read again Versiculus, -ī, M: little verse

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples

6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples

Again from the Baths of the Seven Sages at Ostia

BRH 150:

Dūrum cacantes monuit ut nitant Thales.

Thales: nom. sing. A thinker from Miletus

Nitor, nitī, nixus sum: to strain oneself

Note that the author forgot/did not know that this was a deponent verb. Also is nitant the correct tense?