Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

Chapters 22 and 33

Important Identification 22

Edo Goa Luzon Macao and Canton Manchu Mercantilism Factories (Portuguese)

Important Terms

Edo (Tokyo) Center of Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo

Period)

Goa Indian trading city Set up by Portuguese

Macao and Canton (China) Only 2 ports in Ming Europeans could trade

Chapter 22 Identify

Vasco da Gama▪ Voyage to India

▪ Opens trade to Indies (East)

Zhenghe▪ Chinese admiral under Ming

▪ Led trade expeditions▪ What does this show?▪ Why did it stop?

Hongwu (1368-1403)▪ 1st Ming Emperor

▪ Drove out the Mongols▪ Restored scholar-gentry

Chapter 22 Terms

Batavia (1620)▪ Dutch settlement on Java (Where?)

Jurchens (Zhurchen)▪ Known as Manchu▪ NE China overthrow Ming▪ Create the Qing dynasty

1603▪ Tokugawa Shogunate estab▪ Re-established central gov in Japan

Important terms 33

Green Revolution

Gandhi

Saddam Hussein

Apartheid

Nelson Mandela

Chapter 33 Terms

Neocolonialism▪ New nations “controlled” by former rulers▪ How can you control a nation without military force?

Hasan al-Banna▪ Led Muslim Brotherhood

▪ Egyptian reform group (founded 1928)

J Nehru▪ 1st leader of independent India▪ reformer

Nkrumah’s Ghana▪ Old Gold Coast (not the empire)▪ Ruled by Kwame Nkrumah (dictator)

▪ Political and economic programs failed (ousted 1966)

Chapter 33 Terms

Idi Amin▪ Military dictator Uganda 1971-1979

Gamal Abdul Nasser▪ Member of Free Officers movement

▪ Seized power from khedive in Egypt (1952)▪ Became leader of Egypt

Ayatollah Khomeini▪ Religious leader of Iran (1979 revolution)

▪ Muslim fundamentalist (eliminate W influence)

Idi Amin

“His excellency President for Life,Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of all Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in particular and the most ubiquitous of all King of Scotland”

Chapter 33

Suez Canal▪ Connects Mediterranean and Red Seas

▪ Why is this important?

F.W. de Klerk▪ White SA pm

▪ Helped to end apartheid

Nelson Mandela▪ Worked to end Apartheid▪ 1st black president of free SA

Europeans in Asia Chapter 22

Why did they go here?

1st to arrive?

Who preceded the Europeans?

Disappointment? 1. Not interested in European goods

▪ Except bullion 2. Not interested in Christianity (mostly P and S)) 3. Asian culture was doing well Problem? 4. Not enough Europeans to force changes long term

Portuguese

Used force to establish forts Ships were fewer but better Only Chinese were a match

Forts in early 1500’s Ormuz (Persian Gulf) Malacca (Malaysia) Calicut (India) learn goods aren’t wanted Goa (India)

Want spice trade and license trading ships (?) Avoid trading bullion WHY?

Rise of Dutch and English

Portuguese lost influence 1. Traders were corrupt 2. Didn’t have the man power 3. E and D (from Holland) were stronger

Dutch captured Malacca (Crucial to Asian trade) Build a fort a Batavia (Java) MAJOR FORT

English stay mostly in India

Dutch realize to succeed must estab peaceful trade English soon follow

Control of trade

Arab zone of Asian trade▪ Glass

Europeans control sea but not land▪ Stay near coasts▪ Ships stay near coasts avoid open sea WHY?▪ Europe accepts Asian power (open trade)

Sri Lanka (Port and Dutch)▪ Cinnamon

Java (Dutch)▪ Coffee

Philippines (except for Mindanao)▪ Spanish

Control of trade

India Gems Salt Cinnamon Cotton textiles Pepper

Missionaries

E and D not really interested

P and S (Catholics) Compete against H and I

Had some success with outcaste groups India WHY?

Ming China 1st emperor?

Reforms 1. Scholar-gentry restored (limit their power) 2. Education subsidies for academies and colleges 3. Civil service exam reinstated 4. Chief minister position abolished 5. Improve rural life 6. Reduce court factionalism, corruption, and

incompetence▪ Beaten on bare bottoms

Ming society

Social stratification Deference

Young – elders Women – men

WHY?

Japan 3 military centralizers

1. Nobunaga▪ Deposed last Ashikaga Shogun▪ Allowed Christian missionaries (combat Buddhists)

2. Toyotomo Hideyoshi▪ Kicked out the Christians (seen as a threat) ▪ Unsuccessfully tried to invade Korea

3. Tokugawa Ieyasu▪ 1603 Tokugawa Shogunate estab

▪ Brought political unity to Japan (ruled from Edo)▪ Tried to isolate Japan (W ideals banned)

Africa Post-colonial problems

Europeans leave▪ 1. Had colonized without thought to boundaries

▪ WHY is this a problem?▪ Keep boundaries Scared minorities might try further

change

▪ 2. Lacked technological and management skills▪ 3. Population growth (spurred by Europeans HOW?)

A. New world crops D. ended local wars B. outlawed birth control E. Railroads cut down on

famine C. Decrease disease

▪ 4. Power grabs and corruption▪ Many military leaders take over*** PROBLEMS?

One of the worst was Uganda

Population problems

African society (High birth rates) Lack of education of HBR problems Procreation shows virility and strength (no bc) Male children are critical to female standing Some feel children are necessary for lineage High mortality rates encouraged high birth

rates▪ Mortality rates decline but birth rates continue

Move to cities

Why? Problems?

Specialists concluded: Slums are only urban housing poor can find

▪ Supply them sanitation and electricity

▪ RESULT▪ Parasitic societies (Diminish natural resources)

Take from already lacking rural areas 1. Soil depletion (poor farming) 2. Deforestation 3. Industrial pollution

Egypt Muslim Brotherhood (1928) By whom?

Want:▪ 1. Fundamentalism 3. trade unions▪ 2. Land reform 4. religious unity

Didn’t like wealthy Egyptians or Europeans Strikes, riots, assassinations

Free Officers coup (led by?) Egypt defeated in Arab-Israeli War (1948) British control of Suez Canal

Egypt after 1952

1. State financed education through college 2. Gov employment programs 3. Subsidies to lower food costs 4. land redistribution (limit max amount) 5. Foreign properties seized

▪ British forced out of Suez Canal (1956)

Most Reforms failed (population issues and loss of W$)

▪ Six-Day War failed vs Israel (1967)▪ ASWAN HIGH DAM (Few things that did work well)

Anwar Sadat Try to fix Nasser’s failures

India

Nehru More successful than most (3rd world)

Preserving civil rights and democracy HOW?▪ 1. Developed communications▪ 2. Middle class▪ 3. Industrial and scientific sectors

Problems▪ 1. Population exceeds resources▪ 2. Wealthy landlords

Iran

Unique Not colonized (no W educated, little

infrastructure)

Regime angers many leads to revolution

Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Joined religion and politics (Term for that?) Reforms fail War with Iraq drains resources

South Africa

Nationalist Party (1948) Apartheid

Stay in power: 1. Arrest opposition 2. police state 3. use spies and informers 4.Divide opponents of Apartheid (favoritism)

SOUND FAMILIAR?

Apartheid ends (1994) Mandela De Klerk (Afrikaner)