chapter_15_vessels.ppt

7/29/2019 Chapter_15_Vessels.ppt

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Chapter 15

Blood Vessels & Circulation


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Blood Vessels

Arteries blood vessels carrying blood away

from heart

Arterioles small extensions of arteries

Capillaries thin walled vessels that allow forexchange of substances to and from blood

Venules receive blood from capillaries (small

extensions of veins) Veins blood vessels carrying blood to heart


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Blood Circuits

Pulmonary Circuit

Carries blood from the heart to the lungs,

where carbon dioxide is eliminated and

oxygen is replinished, and carries oxygenatedblood back to the heart

Systemic Circuit

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart tothe rest of the body, and delivers oxygen-

depleted blood back to the heart


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Blood Circuits

Pulmonary Circuit

Pulmonary Trunk

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary capillaries

Pulmonary Veins


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Blood Circuits


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Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle


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Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle


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Pulmonary trunk

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Pulmonary arteries


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Pulmonary trunk

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Pulmonary arteries

Lung


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Pulmonary trunk

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Pulmonary arteries

Lung


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Pulmonary trunk

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Pulmonary arteries

Lung

Pulmonary veins


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Blood Circuits

Systemic Circuit

Aorta

Systemic arteries

Systemic capillaries

Systemic veins

Inferior & Superior vena cava


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Blood Circuits


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Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle


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Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Aorta


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Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Aorta


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Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Aorta


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Superior or Inferior Vena Cava

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Aorta

Right atrium


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Vessel Structure

Blood vessels have 3 layers called tunics

Tunica intima innermost layer

Lines the lumen

Made of simple squamous epithelial cells

Tunica media middle layer

Made up of smooth muscle & elastic tissue

Tunica externa outer layer Made of connective tissue


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Vessel Structure


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Vessel Structure

Smooth muscle in middle tunic controlled

by autonomic nervous system

Muscles contract, vessels constrict

Muscles relax, vessels dilate

Elastic fibers allow stretching of vessels

and return to normal


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Vessel Structure

Capillaries

Only composed of tunica intima (the

innermost layer)

Single layer of epithelial cells allows for

exchange of substances such as nutrients

and gases


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Vessel Structure

Arteries vs. Veins

Arteries have thicker tunica media (smooth muscle

layer); Veins have thin tunica media

Veins have one-way valves extending into thelumen; Arteries do not


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Arteries vs. Veins

Arteries depend on pumping of the heart for

circulation

Veins depend on:

Contraction of skeletal muscles

Valves

Thoracic expansion during breathing (p. 336)


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Systemic Arteries

Aorta

Ascending aorta

Aortic arch

Descending aorta

Thoracic aorta

Abdominal aorta


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Systemic Arteries

Aortic arch

Brachiocephalic Trunk

Right common carotid a.

Right subclavian a.

Left Common Carotid artery

Left Subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic: Brachio = arm ; Cephalic = head


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Systemic Arteries

Celiac trunk

Common hepatic artery

Left gastric artery

Splenic artery

Renal arteries


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Systemic Arteries

Common iliac artery

External iliac a.

Internal iliac a.


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Systemic Arteries

External Iliac a.

Femoral a.

Popliteal a.

Anterior tibial a.

Posterior tibial a.


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Systemic Arteries

Subclavian artery

Axillary artery

Brachial artery Radial a.

Ulnar a.


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Systemic Veins

Superior Vena Cava

Brachiocephalic v. (R & L)

Internal jugular v.

External jugular v.

Subclavian v.


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Systemic Veins

Subclavian vein

Basilic v.

Axillary v.

Cephalic v.

Brachial v.

Radial v.

Ulnar v.


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Systemic Veins

Inferior vena cava

Hepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

Collects blood from intestines, stomach, pancreas,spleen

Renal vein


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Systemic Veins

Inferior vena cava

Common iliac v.

Internal Iliac v.

External Iliac v. Great saphenous v.

Femoral v.

Popliteal v.

Anterior tibial v. Posterior tibial v.

Fibular v.


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Circulation Physiology

Tissue fluid / Interstitial fluid

Surrounds all body cells

Fluid and contents leaked from capillaries

Diffusion

Blood Pressure


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Circulation Physiology

Vasodilation widening of blood vessels

Vasoconstriction decrease of diameter of

blood vessels

Vasomotor center located in medulla;

regulates vasomotor activities

Precapillary sphincter loop of smooth

muscle around arterioles leading to the

capillary


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Pulse

Wave of pressure exerted on arterial walls

by force of the heart

Pulse can only be taken at an artery


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Blood Pressure

Force exerted by blood against walls of

the vessels

Determined by: cardiac output &

resistance to flow


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Blood Pressure

Cardiac Output volume of blood pumped

out of each ventricle in 1 minute; based

on:

Heart rate

Stroke volume


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Blood Pressure

Resistance to blood flow:

Vasomotor changes

Vasoconstriction increases resistance

Elasticity of blood vessels Atherosclerosis increases resistance

Viscosity

Thicker blood has more resistance Total blood volume

Blood loss = less blood = less resistance


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Blood Pressure

Measurement

Sphygmomanometer

Systolic pressure

Pressure in arteries during ventricular systole(contraction)

~120 mmHg

Diastolic pressure

Pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole(relaxation)

~80 mmHg


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Blood Pressure

Abnormally low blood pressure -

Hypotension

Abnormally high blood pressure

Hypertension


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Blood Pressure

Hypertensions effects

Weakens vessels and leads to aneurysms

Add stress to the heart, causing enlargement

and eventual weakening

Stress kidneys, damage renal vessels

Damage lining of vessels, leading to

atherosclerosis


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Blood Pressure

Hypertensions treatments

Diet, exercise, weight loss

Drugs

Diuretics water loss

Drugs that limit production of renin (ACE inhibitors)

Renin is a hormone produced in kidney, causes water &

salt retention, & vasoconstriction

Drugs that relax blood vessels (vasodilators)


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Vascular disorders

Atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries by fatlike substance

called plaque, separating smooth muscle from

elastic tissueAccounts for 40% of all deaths in the US


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Vascular disorders

Aneurysm

Weakness in walls of a blood vessel that

leads to formation of a bulging sac

Sac can put pressure on surrounding organs

Can rupture, causing death


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Vascular disorders

Shock

Inadequate blood flow to body tissues

Cardiogenic shock heart muscle damage, as in

myocardial infarction Septic shock overwhelming bacterial infection

Hypovolemic shock burns or hemorrhage cause

low blood volume

Anaphylactic shock severe allergic reaction toforeign substances


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Vascular disorders

Thrombosis formation of a blood clot in

a vessel

Embolus the clot dislodges and moves

throughout the vessel Pulmonary embolism the embolus reaches

the lungs; fatal

Phlebitis inflammation of a vein; cancontribute to embolus formation

(thrombophlebitis)


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Vascular disorders

Varicose veins

Most commonly in saphenous veins

Swollen, distorted veins

Faulty valves

In the rectum = hemorrhoids


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1. pulmonary circuit (include chambers, vessels,capillaries, organs)

2. systemic circuit

3. draw aorta, including: Brachiocephalic trunk

Common carotid arteries

Subclavian arteries

Celiac trunk (3 parts)

Renal arteries

Common iliac branches

External, internal iliac a. Femoral a.

Popliteal a.

Anterior, posterior tibial a.

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