chapter017
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 17
Analysis of Qualitative Data
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Qualitative Analysis Challenges
• No universal rules; no one set way to do an analysis correctly
• Voluminous amount of narrative data = lots of intensive work
• Need for strong inductive powers and creativity
• Condensing rich data to fit into concise reports
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Qualitative Analysis Styles
• Template analysis style (e.g., ethnographic analysis)
• Editing analysis style (e.g., grounded theory analysis, phenomenological analysis)
• Immersion/crystallization style (e.g., some hermeneutic, critical studies)
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Tasks in Qualitative Data Management and Organization
• Transcribing the data
• Developing a category scheme
• Coding the data
• Organizing the data
– Manual methods of organization (conceptual files)
– Computerized methods of organization using CAQDAS
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General Analytic Overview—Some Analytic Steps
• Identify themes or regularities.
• Search for patterns among themes, variations in the data.
• Develop charting devices, timelines.
• Validate themes, patterns.
• In some cases, calculate quasi-statistics.
• Integrate thematic pieces.
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Question
Is the following statement True or False?
• Editing analysis style would be appropriate to use for analyzing ethnographic studies.
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Answer
• False
– Editing analysis would be appropriate for grounded theory analysis and phenomenological analysis.
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Ethnographic Analysis: Spradley’s 12-Step Method
1. Locating an informant
2. Interviewing an informant
3. Making an ethnographic record
4. Asking descriptive questions
5. Analyzing ethnographic interviews
6. Making a domain analysis (1st level of analysis)
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Ethnographic Analysis: Spradley’s 12-Step Method (Cont.) 7. Asking structural questions
8. Making a taxonomic analysis (2nd level)
9. Asking contrast questions
10. Making a componential analysis (3rd level)
11. Discovering cultural themes, theme analysis (4th level)
12. Writing the ethnography
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Phenomenological Analysis• Three broad schools of phenomenology:
– Duquesne school (descriptive phenomenology)
• Colaizzi
• Giorgi
• Van Kaam
– Utrecht school (descriptive and interpretive phenomenology)
• Van Manen
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Phenomenological Analysis (cont.)
• Three broad schools of phenomenology (cont.):
– Heideggerian hermeneutics (interpretive)
• Gadamer
• Diekelmann, Allen, and Tanner
• Benner
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Colaizzi’s Method• Read all protocols; get a feeling for them.
• Extract significant statements.
• Spell out meaning of each significant statement.
• Organize formulated meanings into clusters of themes.
• Integrate results into exhaustive description of phenomenon.
• Formulate exhaustive description of phenomenon into unequivocal statement of identification.
• Validate by asking participants about findings.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Van Manen’s Phenomenological Method:
• Effort to grasp essential meaning of the experience
• Three methods of extracting meaning:
– Holistic approach
– Selective approach
– Detailed approach
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Is the following statement True or False?
• There are five broad schools of phenomenological analysis.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
• False
– There are three broad schools of phenomenological analysis.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The 7-Stage Team Approach to Hermeneutic Analysis: Diekelmann et al.
• Reading all interviews
• Preparing interpretive summaries for each one
• Team analysis of selected interviews
• Resolving interpretive disagreements
• Identifying recurring themes that reflect common meanings
• Identifying emergent relationships among themes (constitutive patterns)
• Reviewing thematic analysis by the whole team
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Benner’s hermeneutic analysis
• Search for paradigm cases
• Thematic analysis
• Analysis of exemplars
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Grounded Theory Analysis
• Uses constant comparative method of analysis
• Two competing grounded theory strategies:
– Glaser and Strauss (Glaserian)
– Strauss and Corbin (Straussian)
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Coding: Glaserian Approach• Substantive codes
– Open codes—ends when core category is identified
– One type of core category is a basic social process (BSP)
• Level I (in vivo) codes; Level II codes; Level III codes
– Selective codes—codes relating to core category only
• Theoretical codes
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Question
Is the following statement True or False?
• Grounded theory analysis involves the use of a constant comparative method.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
• True
– Grounded theory analysis uses a constant comparative method analysis, a method that involves comparing elements present in one data source with those in another.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Examples of Families of Theoretical Codes (Glaser)
• Process: Stages, phases, passages, transitions
• Strategy: Tactics, techniques, maneuverings
• Cutting point: Boundaries, turning points
• The six Cs: Causes, contexts, conditions, contingencies, consequences, and covariances
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Strauss and Corbin’s Method of Grounded Theory
• Three Types of Coding
– Open coding
– Axial coding
– Selective coding—deciding on the central (or core) category