chapter v baru terkini.docx
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CHAPTER V
RESEARCH LOCATION
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A. Study site
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Geographically, Desa WisataLakkang is situated at Tallo River estuary in the middle of
Makassar City, South Sulaesi, !ndonesia Lakkang is a village inha"ited "y around #$$
family and appro%imately &$$$ of people ith idth of the area are around &'( hectares)
Lakkang as separated "y the land of Makassar "y the Tallo river*s hich &$+ &( meter
idth and meter depth) Lakkang proudly knon as Desa Wisata, Lakkang in -$&&)
Despite of it, in -$$. Lakkang already "ecome the place for orld /a"itat day ith the
theme 0cities magnet of hope1) !t also one of the integrated research area as ell as the
conservation of natural and cultural site)The activity for their daily living mostly is
Desa Wisata
Lakkang
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fisherman and farmer) To reach the destination, it needs to across the Tallo river*s "y the
"oat that take a"out &( minutes)
Desa Wisata lakkang "ecome the choice of the study site "ecause of the ecosystem that
still "eing preserved ith still a lot of trees, ponds and lake that "eing undistur"ed)
There ere several environmental factors in Desa Wisata, Lakkang that make it most
favaoura"le for the mos2uitoes a"undance such as temperature 3-(+-4C5,humidity 3$+
4$65, and ha"itat 3fishpond, "am"oo trees, paddy field ,river5 as mos2uito "reeding site
and the host preference like animals or livestock and human "eing)
The average temperature and humidity in Desa Wisata, Lakkang hich is around -47C
and &6 is the optimum temperature and humidity for the mos2uitoes presence) 8esides,
the ha"itat "ecome the ma9or impact in the distri"ution of mos2uitoes "ecause mos2uito
usually not fly aay from their "reeding site ith the host preference like human "eing
and animals "ecome one of the factors that make the mos2uitoes to "eing attract to the
area as their sources of food)
CHAPTER VI
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A.Result studies
The study as "eing conducted in Desa Wisata, Lakkang, Makassar from & st +#rd
:ovem"er -$&( ith the studies a"out the Species distri"ution of mos2uitoes that potentially
transmit disease in Desa Wisata, Lakkang, Makassar)
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;igure <)& The map of location of study site in Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar -$&(
There are three sites of the location of study in Desa Wisata Lakkang in order to find out the
distri"ution of mos2uito species "ased on the ha"itat and their "reeding site) =t such, at site &,
there are "am"oo trees and livestock 3cattle>co5 and fishpond around there, hile for site -,
there are surrounded dominantly "y the river and for the site #, there are mostly covered "y the
paddy field)
;rom the results of studies, the total num"er of mos2uitoes collected per genera and per species,
the num"er of mos2uitoes distri"ution "ased on the day, sites, time and the percentage of all the
genus and species that "een captured is recorded as "elo?
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;igure ()& Total num"er of mos2uito collected per genera in Desa Wisata lakkang, Makassar
from &st+#rd :ovem"er -$&()
5445
81
Total number of mosquito olleted !er "enus
Anopheles Culex
;igure ()- The total num"er of Anopheles species collected in Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar
from &st+#rd :ovem"er -$&()
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998
4012
435
Total number of Ano!#eles s!eies olleted
An.subpictus An.ine!nitus An."agus
;igure ()# Total num"er of Culex species collected in Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar from & st+
#rd :ovem"er -$&()
4
##
Total number of Cule$ s!eies olleted
Cx.pipiens g$oup Cx.sitiens g$oup
;rom the pie chart a"ove, it shos that num"er of mos2uito collected in Desa Wisata Lakkang
for three days start from &st until #rd :ovem"er -$&( ith involve to popular types of genera
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hich is Anopheles and Culex) The total num"er for overall of mos2uito collection is ((-., ith
the num"er of Culex is 4& hile for =nopheles is (<<( that very much difference in num"er)
Anopheles subpictus shos the highest num"er in species ith <$&- folloed "y Anopheles
indefinitus ith ''4 and Anopheles vagus for the least num"er ith only <#() @therise, for
genus of Culex, the highest num"er is Culex sitiens group ith compared to Culex pipiens
group ith only < total num"ers from the entire mos2uito collected)
;igure ()< =verage densities of Anopheles species for # days from total distri"ution of mos2uito
in Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar &st+#rd :ovem"er -$&()
;igure ()( =verage densities of Culex species for # days from total distri"ution of mos2uito in
Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar &st+#rd :ovem"er -$&(
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;rom the result a"ove, it shos that the difference of mos2uito densities of genus anopheles and
Culex that "eing collected) The Anopheles subpictus shos that the highest num"er ith &## of
=nopheles population ith Culex sitiens group "eing the highest "y -. from population of culex)
8ased on this, An.subpictus reported as ma9or densities in mos2uito distri"ution in Desa Wisata
Lakkang for three days compared to other genus and anopheles species.
;igure (). =verage mos2uito densities for each site in Desa isata lakkang, Makassar from &st+#rd
:ovem"er -$&()
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1 2 3
0
100
200
300
400
500
%00
#00
A%era"e number of mosquito in all site
site
;igure () =verage Anopheles densities for each site in Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar from & st+
#rd :ovem"er -$&()
1 2 3
0
200
400
%00
800
1000
1200
&enus ' Ano!#eles
&ite
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;igure ()4 =verage Culex densities for each site in Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar from & st+#rd
:ovem"er -$&()
1 2 3
0
24
%
8
10
12
14
1%
18
20
&enus ' Cule$
&ite
;rom the three column chart a"ove, it shos the highest densities of mos2uito in three kind of
site) !n overall, site & shos the highest densities of mos2uitoes for three days as ell as same
ith the genus of anopheles, hile for the genus of Culex, the site - is the highest densities) =s
e going through from this result, the a"undance of anopheles at site & contri"utes in influencing
the densities of mos2uitoes for each site)
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;igure ()' =verage Mos2uitoes densities "ased on time in Desa Wisata, Lakkang from &st+ #rd
:ovem"er -$&()
;igure ()&$ =verage Anopheles densities for each time 3.pm+(am5 in Desa Wisata, Lakkang from
&st
+ #rd
:ovem"er -$&()
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;igure ()&& =verage Culex densities for each time 3.pm+(am5 in Desa Wisata, Lakkang from & st+
#rd :ovem"er -$&()
;rom the graph chart a"ove, in overall it shos that the peak time of the a"undance of
mos2uitoes is around &4 pm until -& pm and after that, it shos the fluctuation in densities of
mos2uitoes ith the loest densities in < am) The result as same goes ith Anopheles peak time,
"ut 9ust after &4+-& pm, the num"ers of mos2uitoes are steeply decreasing) hile for the Culex
peak time there are a little "it difference as the time is very much fluctuation in num"er of
mos2uitoes densities ith the highest num"er is &4 pm and -# pm)
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;igure ()&- =verage Mos2uitoes densities "ased on day in Desa Wisata, Lakkang ry from & st+ #rd
:ovem"er -$&()
;igure ()&# =verage Anopheles densities for each day in Desa Wisata, Lakkang from &st+ #rd
:ovem"er -$&()
1 2 3
0
200
400
%00
800
1000
&enus' Ano!#eles
Da'
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;igure ()&< =verage Culex densities for each day in Desa Wisata, Lakkang from &st+ #rd
:ovem"er -$&()
1 2 3
0
2
4
%
8
10
12
14
1%
18
&enus' Cule$
Da'
!n general, from the column chart a"ove, on the third day shoed the most num"er of
mos2uitoes distri"ution than on the first day and second day) =s e going specific in genus,
Anopheles shos the same result ith the third day is the highest densities of anopheles
mos2uitoes, instead, the Culex most a"undance on first day folloed "y second and third day)
/oever, the densities of total mos2uitoes on day mostly depend or influence on the total
num"er of Anopheles on third day)
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;igure ()&( Aercentage of mos2uitoes collected in genus from total distri"ution in Desa Wisata
Lakkang, Makassar from &st+#rd :ovem"er -$&()
98.5
1.5
Perenta"e of &enus
Anpheles Culex
;igure ()&. Aercentage of mos2uitoes collected in species from total distri"ution in Desa Wisata
Lakkang, Makassar from &st+#rd :ovem"er -$&()
18.1
#2.%
#.90.11.4
Perenta"e of s!eies
An. (ne!nitus An. &ubpictus An. )agus Cx. *ipiens g$oup
Cx. &itiens g$oup
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8ased on the pie chart a"ove, it shos that the highest distri"ution num"er of mos2uitoes in
Desa Wisata Lakkang is from the genus of Anopheles ith (<<( then folloed "y Culex ith 4&
in total num"er) The percentage from "oth theses genus ith anopheles is much highest in '4)(
and Culex only a"out &)()The percentage of this genus shos a lot of difference in num"er)
@therise, in percentage of species Anopheles Subpictus record the highest ith -). ith the
loest percentage goes to Culex Pipiens group ith only $)& percent in total distri"ution for
three days)
Discussions
!n this research, the results shoed that the site or ha"itat, time of "iting activity and the day of
collected of sample are important drivers as to look and study of the mos2uito community and
distri"ution and hether of this mos2uitoes have potentially in transmitting disease to human)
@verall, a"undance of mos2uitoes as mostly from the genus of =nopheles accounting ith '4)(
6 hile Cule% making up to &)(6 3;igure ()&(5 of the total num"er of mos2uitoes caught in
Desa Wisata Lakkang study area) An. subpictus ere more a"undant in the area ith -).6 ith
the loest as Cx. Pipiens group accounting only $)&6 of total population 3;igure ()&.5
The distri"ution of mos2uitoes varied considera"ly throughout the site or sampling area, day of
collected and time of caught) The landscape of the site consists of "am"oo tree, river, and paddy
field and also surrounded "y fishpond and livestock) River and fishpond mostly covered and
dominated the area respectively, hile paddy field and livestock contri"uted relatively little to
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the area inside of the total area "ut still make it a "ig influence in distri"ution and a"undance of
mos2uitoes) ="undance of =nopheles as greatest in site &3;igure ()5, hile a"undance of
Cule% peaked in site - 3;igure ()45) Despite considera"le "ig difference in population siBe
throughout the different site, the relative a"undance of mos2uitoes shoed the strong positive
linear relationship to the anopheles) ;or instance, the a"undance of anopheles for each site as
significantly associated ith the total densities of mos2uitoes on the site) 8esides, overall
mos2uito a"undance as significantly greater in sites ith hosts+rich 3site&5 than hosts+ poor
location 3site - and #5 3;igure <)&5) =ccording to the Burkett-Cadena, -$&# mos2uitoes choose
sites "ased on hosts in addition to ha"itat) The "est model of =nopheles included "am"oo tree,
fishpond, and river as ha"itat and cos as hosts) This overall pattern of mos2uito a"undance
"eing greater at sites ith greater host richness as also o"served ithin each ha"itat type) !n
this study, the location or site ith hosts+richness as near to the livestock, villagers, and
"am"oo tree, hile for the host poor location at the site around river and dried paddy field) ;or
=nopheles, significantly ere found at site & ith more hosts regardless of ha"itat make up
3;igure <)& and ;igure ()5) =t site here river as a ma9or component of the ha"itat, difference
in Culex, it as significantly more a"undant around the river and fishpond "ut still more density
at certain area at that site hich highest num"er of hosts 3;igure <)& and ;igure ()45) !n this
studies shoed that the magnitude of the difference in mos2uito a"undance "eteen anopheles
and Culex as so great in num"er on the same site 3;igure () and ()45) =t site ith the dense of
"am"oo tree covered, for e%ample, anopheles a"undance as not significantly shos of highest
host a"undance at the site) While for the less cover area like a river, the most a"undance of
mos2uito such as Culex as at the site of host+ rich location like near to the houses of villagers
than host poor location 3far aay from the villager*s houses5) !n this results, it indicate that "oth
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ha"itat or site and hosts are important drivers of the mos2uito densities ,"ut that ithin the
landscape, host a"undance e%erts an especially strong effect on mos2uito distri"ution) The
magnitude of the effect that host distri"ution has on mos2uito a"undance as stronger for
Anopheles than for Culex as the great num"er of Anopheles make the contri"ution of Culex at the
area 3;igure ().5) :onetheless, a"undance of "oth mos2uito genus as significantly greater at
locations ith greater host a"undance, regardless of ha"itat type) @ur study confirms the findings
of others 3 Burkett-Cadena et al ) -$ that ha"itat is important in determining the suita"ility of
an area for adult mos2uitoes, "ut it also e2ually driven "y the presence of host animal) When one
considers the importance of hosts in the mos2uito life cycle as most mos2uito species cannot
reproduce ithout taking a "lood meal) =ny individuals in a location in hich hosts are a"sent
ould lose their reproductive potential, a strong selective for aggregating near host populations)
=mong the mos2uito species collected of genus =nopheles and Culex that have "een identified
as potential in transmitting diseases, none e%hi"ited an e%clusive tendency for "iting indoors or
outdoors and their activity varied in the different localities) Anopheles and Culex did not sho
marked indoor or outdoor "iting preference ith 9ust slightly little of difference in num"er)
Mos2uito peaked activity as determined for the most a"undant species from &4?$$-<?$$ hour
and during one night from &4?$$.?$$ hour 3;igure ()'5, and e%pressed as the average densities
of mos2uitoes collected per hour per genus and per total mos2uitoes 3;igure ()'+()&&5) !n
general, =nopheles e%hi"ited peaked activity throughout the night) /oever, activity peaks
varied slightly at collection sites) The highest peak activity as "eteen &'?$$-&?$$ hours)
=ctivities during the overnight collection ere lo and occurred at $-?$$$<?$$ 3;igure ()&$5)
While for the Culex, as the figure ()&& shon that the highest num"er as associated ith
slightly fluctuation ith the time of their activity, the most activity time as "eteen &4?$$+
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-&?$$ hour and steeply peaks at -#?$$ hour "efore the midnight) This results supported "y the
Ndoen et al ,-$&& hose acclaim that the period of greater activity for most mos2uitoes as early
in the night ith significantly more specimen collected at dusk than at dan, evening than
morning "efore rather than after night) ;or the Anopheles, it had significantly higher activity in
the evening than in the morning, ith a rapid increase after sunset "efore midnight rather than
after and there as significantly more activity 9ust "efore dan than 9ust after sunset) !n contrast,
Culex as already active at sunset and activity peaked at -#?$$ pm ith most of activity "eteen
&4?$$ pm and $#?#$ am as in figure ()&&)
= total of (,(-. mos2uitoes corresponding to to genus ith three species from Anopheles and
to groups from Culex ere collected from three days of sampling) ;rom the studies, =nopheles
as the most a"undant in the first and third day of collection 3& st and #rd :ovem"er -$&(5
accounting for (& and '-< of total collections, respectively3;igure ()) While, for Culex, it
as mostly same ith first until third day ith the most a"undant in first day ith & of total
collection ith the gap of mean proportion for another day as 9ust smaller as shon in figure
()&<) /oever in this locality, the peak a"undance for this genus as o"served in early
:ovem"er hich coincides ith the "eginning of rainy season 3:ovem"er to =pril5 and the end
of dry season 3May to @cto"er5) =ccording to the Uttah et al , -$&#, all the mos2uito species
ere more a"undant during the rainy season than during the dry season as the rains make more
"reeding sites availa"le) /oever, the peaks in adult and older female mos2uito densities ere
highly in dry season compared to the rainy season) 8esides, factors other than climate and
availa"ility of "reeding sites may affect the population density) =s e looking through from the
result of the studies, overall, it shoed that the average proportion of mos2uito collection is
greatest on the third day ith the num"er of ((' ith the loest on the second day "y 4' from
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the total collection as in figure ()&-) @ne of such factors is the temperature and humidity as there
ere very optimum conditions for mos2uitoes to fly for their activity time on a third day
compared to first and second day ith more indy condition) To "e understanda"le, adult
mos2uito as higher in the dry condition there"y increasing the transmission potential during
that period, hile during the rainy day, the higher production of mos2uitoes due to the
availa"ility of more "reeding sites ith the indy or loer temperature that reduce their activity)
The An. subpictus as ell as An. indefinitus are potential vector of malaria that may have serious
conse2uences for malaria epidemiology in Desa Wisata Lakkang as it making up to -).6
3;igure ()&.5 and "ecome the most a"undant species in the area of study) =ccording Singh .! ,
-$&<, 0 An. subpictus has "een recogniBed as an important vector of malaria in Sri Lanka and
some other countries like Malaysia and Maldives1) 8esides, An. subpictus also "ecomes one of
ma9or malaria vector in !ndonesia as "eing stated "y Ndoen et al, -$&$ 0 The most e%tensively
occurring malaria vectors in !ndonesia are An. sundaicus, An. subpictus, An. barbirostris, An.
"aculatus, An. aconitus, and An. balabacensis#) !n the passing of time, it may "ecome
epidemiologically important not only in the transmission of rural area of Desa Wisata Lakkang
"ut also in the transmission of ur"an malaria in Makassar as a hole) =s the study reporting the
higher distri"ution of An. subpictus in the area of study compared to other population of
mos2uitoes) Despite, the other species of =nopheles also that "een caught in the study area also
potentially in transmitting disease as ell as An. indefinitus that "ecome the second most
a"undant species making up &4)&6 of total population)
=t the first for so many years, according to ueda et al , -$&$, 0 An. vagus as not considered a
vector of human malaria parasites as it fed primarily over '$6 on cos and ater "uffalos and
as usually ranked the least attracted to humans of all the Anopheles tested1) /oever, over time
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evidence has indicating this species may serve as a secondary malaria vector under certain
circumstances like dense of host concentration) !n this study, An. vagus "ecomes the third
ranking in most num"er of mos2uitoes in the study area ith <#( making up )' 6 of total
population 3;igure ()&.5) !nstead, it not listed as ma9or malaria vector "ut it still have a potential
in transmitting the malaria to human as ell as in Desa Wisata Lakkang of study area)
8oth Culex sitiens group and Culex pipiens group "ecomes the potential vector for apanese
encephalitis according to $ohansen et al , -$$& ith Cx. sitiens group also regarded as a potential
vector of Ross River Eirus disease 3RRE5 3%uidelines to prevent &os'uito breeding , -$$45)
8ecome the first rank of Culex species ith &)<6 of total population as shon in figure ()&., it
may have steadily importance as a vector in research area of Desa Wisata Lakkang as it much
higher densities than the other Culex group) The Cx. sitiens group have great tendency in
esta"lished the disease as their natural "reeding site most in temporary flooded areas in tidal to
"rackish samps or e%tended saline ponding occur 3%uidelines to prevent &os'uito breeding ,
-$$45 as likely in Desa Wisata Lakkang that can "e an apprecia"le pest near productive "reeding
sites and also ithin - km from their "reeding sites (%uidelines to prevent &os'uito breeding ,
-$$45) Through the time, hen they "ecome ell esta"lished, this could lead to encephalitis
"ecoming ell adapted to Cx. sitiens group and could open the ne epidemiological challenges
in the transmission of apanese encephalitis and RRE virus in Makassar region)
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Chapter VII
CONCLUSION
!n the study, three days of field trip ere conducted in Desa Wisata Lakkang, Makassar to refine
knoledge of species distri"ution for species considered potential as vector in transmit disease)
!n general, the results demonstrated that An. subpictus as the most a"undant of mos2uito
population folloed "y An. indefinutus and An. vagus) While Cx. sitiens group folloed "ehind
the anopheles species and the loest num"er of population "elongs to Cx. pipens group)
Reporting from study, the distri"ution and a"undance of these mos2uito species much depended
on the site or ha"itat of the species ith host preference, time of "iting activity and the climate or
condition of environments the day of collecting sample) The varies of factor, still make the An.
subpictus is the most a"undance in the area of study as ell as "ecome the greatest potential in
transmitting disease ith the all condition most favoura"le for the species to "reeding and
"ecome the adult female mos2uito)
SUGGESTION
=dditional studies are recommended "y doing a survey or investigation a"out the seasonal and
a"undance of mos2uito species considered potential as vector disease) 8esides, the future study
also can investigate the "est suit for the vector control and measure of mos2uito from their
"reeding sites) Continues research of the mos2uito hether it has carried parasitic or viral inside
their "ody "y la"oratory analyses) The role of An. subpictus as the potential vector in Desa
Wisata Lakkang also can "e investigated