chapter three middle and south america. housekeeping items ► we will start scheduling the food and...
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CHAPTER THREECHAPTER THREE
Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America
Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America
Housekeeping ItemsHousekeeping Items
►We will start scheduling the food and We will start scheduling the food and music presentations today. Anyone not music presentations today. Anyone not in a group? Any group want to go first?in a group? Any group want to go first?The first week would be October 6The first week would be October 6thth and and 8th, though earlier is a possibility.8th, though earlier is a possibility.
►Wednesday the Geography Department Wednesday the Geography Department is hosting a pizza and pop social to give is hosting a pizza and pop social to give prospective and actual Geography prospective and actual Geography students (and faculty) a chance to students (and faculty) a chance to meet. Because it conflicts with this meet. Because it conflicts with this course, I will try to adjourn early.course, I will try to adjourn early.
I.I. THE GEOGRAPHIC THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTINGSETTING
►Wide variation in latitudesWide variation in latitudes From Antarctica in the south to north of From Antarctica in the south to north of
the tropicsthe tropics
►Wide variation in altitudesWide variation in altitudes Generally, highlands in the west, Generally, highlands in the west,
lowlands in the eastlowlands in the east
A. A. Physical PatternsPhysical Patterns
► LandformsLandforms HighlandsHighlands
► One continuous belt of mountains from One continuous belt of mountains from Alaska to Tierra del FuegoAlaska to Tierra del Fuego
► Molten rock erupts from volcanoesMolten rock erupts from volcanoes► Many Caribbean islands are volcanic in originMany Caribbean islands are volcanic in origin
SoufriSoufrièère Volcano on re Volcano on MontserratMontserrat
Figure 3.4
Courtesy of Mac Courtesy of Mac GoodwinGoodwin
A. Physical PatternsA. Physical Patterns
►LowlandsLowlands Stretch from the Andes to the Atlantic Stretch from the Andes to the Atlantic
OceanOcean Amazon Basin: largest feature, drained Amazon Basin: largest feature, drained
by Amazon River systemby Amazon River system►20% of world’s fresh water20% of world’s fresh water►World’s largest expanse of rainforestWorld’s largest expanse of rainforest
Interior of Amazon Basin home to Interior of Amazon Basin home to some of the last relatively undisturbed some of the last relatively undisturbed indigenous peoplesindigenous peoples
The Amazon LowlandsThe Amazon Lowlands
Figure 3.5
Layne Kennedy/CORBISLayne Kennedy/CORBIS
A. Physical PatternsA. Physical Patterns►ClimateClimate
Temperature-Altitude ZonesTemperature-Altitude Zones►Tierra calienteTierra caliente: hot; tropical rain forests : hot; tropical rain forests
thrive; up to 3000 feet.thrive; up to 3000 feet.►Tierra templadaTierra templada: temperate; year‑round : temperate; year‑round
spring like climate; 3000-6500 feet spring like climate; 3000-6500 feet ►Tierra friaTierra fria: cool; midlatitude crops; : cool; midlatitude crops;
population centers; 6500-12,000 feetpopulation centers; 6500-12,000 feet►Tierra heladaTierra helada: frozen; some cultivation; : frozen; some cultivation;
snow and glaciers; above 12,000 feetsnow and glaciers; above 12,000 feet
TemperatureTemperature--Altitude Altitude ZonesZones
Figure 3.7
A. Physical PatternsA. Physical Patterns►PrecipitationPrecipitation
Trade winds: come in from Atlantic, Trade winds: come in from Atlantic, bringing seasonal rains at the equatorbringing seasonal rains at the equator►Hurricanes during summer and fallHurricanes during summer and fall
Winds from Pacific blocked by AndesWinds from Pacific blocked by Andes►Also, cold Peru Current doesn’t hold moistureAlso, cold Peru Current doesn’t hold moisture►When changing direction “El NiWhen changing direction “El Niñño”o”
Climate ZonesClimate Zones
Figure 3.6
B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime
►The Peopling of Middle and South The Peopling of Middle and South AmericaAmerica Reached Tierra del Fuego 30,000-Reached Tierra del Fuego 30,000-
13,000 years ago13,000 years ago 50-100 million people by 1492 in 50-100 million people by 1492 in
advanced societiesadvanced societies►Irrigation, terracing, urban sewers, shifting Irrigation, terracing, urban sewers, shifting
cultivationcultivation Aztecs: Highly organized empire of Aztecs: Highly organized empire of
MexicoMexico►Higher standard of living than EuropeHigher standard of living than Europe
Incas: Largest empire of Americas, on Incas: Largest empire of Americas, on west coast of South Americawest coast of South America
Incan TerracesIncan Terraces
Figure 3.8
Tom Dempsey/www.photoseek.comTom Dempsey/www.photoseek.com
B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime
►European ConquestEuropean Conquest Within 40 years of Columbus, all Within 40 years of Columbus, all
population centers in region population centers in region subjugatedsubjugated
Superior military technologySuperior military technology Vulnerability to diseaseVulnerability to disease
►Smallpox, measlesSmallpox, measles
Within 150 years, total population of Within 150 years, total population of Americas reduced by 90%Americas reduced by 90%►Beginning of slave tradeBeginning of slave trade
B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime
►A Global Exchange of Crops and A Global Exchange of Crops and AnimalsAnimals European crops: European crops: rice, sugarcane, rice, sugarcane,
bananas, citrus, melons, onions, bananas, citrus, melons, onions, apples, wheat, barley, and oatsapples, wheat, barley, and oats
American crops: potatoes, manioc American crops: potatoes, manioc (cassava), corn, peanuts, cacao, (cassava), corn, peanuts, cacao, peppers, pineapples, and tomatoespeppers, pineapples, and tomatoes
European animals: sheep, goats, European animals: sheep, goats, oxen, cattle, donkeys, horses, and oxen, cattle, donkeys, horses, and mulesmules
Spanish and Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese Trade Routes, circa 1600Trade Routes, circa 1600
Figure 3.10
B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime
►The Legacy of UnderdevelopmentThe Legacy of Underdevelopment Today, 30% of the people lack land, Today, 30% of the people lack land,
education, and food/shelter; a small education, and food/shelter; a small elite class is very wealthyelite class is very wealthy►Mercantilism: export-based economy, Mercantilism: export-based economy,
based on resource extraction from coloniesbased on resource extraction from colonies►Anti-colonial revolts replaced far-away Anti-colonial revolts replaced far-away
elites with local ones (creoles and elites with local ones (creoles and mestizos)mestizos)
►Economies largely remain oriented to Economies largely remain oriented to exporting of resourcesexporting of resources
Colonial Heritage of Colonial Heritage of Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America
Figure 3.11
C.C. Population PatternsPopulation Patterns
►Major migrationMajor migration Rural to urban Rural to urban
►Population DistributionPopulation Distribution No relationship between population and No relationship between population and
physical landformsphysical landforms►Population GrowthPopulation Growth
Fast, but some countries are going Fast, but some countries are going through demographic transition through demographic transition (contraception)(contraception)
Population DistributionPopulation Distribution
Figure 3.12
C.C. Population PatternsPopulation Patterns
►Migration and UrbanizationMigration and Urbanization Crowded cities result from rural-urban Crowded cities result from rural-urban
migrationmigration►75% urbanization rate75% urbanization rate►Lack of infrastructure, housingLack of infrastructure, housing
Primate cities: over ¼ of country’s Primate cities: over ¼ of country’s populationpopulation►Leads to overcrowding, anti-rural bias in Leads to overcrowding, anti-rural bias in
government policygovernment policy►Squatters: Squatters: colonias, barrios, favelas, or colonias, barrios, favelas, or
barriadasbarriadas
OverurbanizationOverurbanization
Figure 3.16
AP Photo/Silvia IzquirdoAP Photo/Silvia Izquirdo
II. CURRENT II. CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC ISSUESGEOGRAPHIC ISSUES
►Power and wealth in the region Power and wealth in the region was concentrated in colonial eliteswas concentrated in colonial elites
►Remains so today despite:Remains so today despite: Economic modernizationEconomic modernization UrbanizationUrbanization
►Assumption of huge government Assumption of huge government debts during 1970s and 1980sdebts during 1970s and 1980s No economic benefitNo economic benefit Supported by taxes on the poorSupported by taxes on the poor
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►Not as poor as other regions (sub-Not as poor as other regions (sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia)Asia) Widest income disparity in the worldWidest income disparity in the world Wide disparity inhibits development, Wide disparity inhibits development,
political stabilitypolitical stability
►Globalization has benefited urban Globalization has benefited urban middle-class and elites rather than middle-class and elites rather than working classworking class
Income DisparityIncome Disparity
Table 3.2
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►Phases of Economic DevelopmentPhases of Economic Development The Early Extractive PhaseThe Early Extractive Phase
►Colonialism, haciendas, plantationsColonialism, haciendas, plantations The Import Substitution The Import Substitution
Industrialization PhaseIndustrialization Phase►Nationalization of industry; land Nationalization of industry; land
reformreform The Current Structural Adjustment The Current Structural Adjustment
PhasePhase►Free Trade Zones, maquiladorasFree Trade Zones, maquiladoras
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►The Informal EconomyThe Informal Economy Causes: Canceled subsidies; reduced Causes: Canceled subsidies; reduced
government jobs; recession; government jobs; recession; underemployment; losses in real wages underemployment; losses in real wages
Positive effects: Workers support their Positive effects: Workers support their families; lower prices; conservation of families; lower prices; conservation of resources; promotes resources; promotes entrepreneurialismentrepreneurialism
Negative effects: Workers pay bribes Negative effects: Workers pay bribes instead of taxes; no recourse to lawinstead of taxes; no recourse to law
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►Regional Trade and Trade Regional Trade and Trade AgreementsAgreements NAFTA: U.S., Mexico, CanadaNAFTA: U.S., Mexico, Canada Mercosur: Mercosur: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,
Uruguay, and VenezuelaUruguay, and Venezuela FTAA: U.S. attempt to create FTAA: U.S. attempt to create
hemispheric free trade blochemispheric free trade bloc►Mixed record: increases income Mixed record: increases income
inequality, yet helps economies inequality, yet helps economies achieve more economic achieve more economic independenceindependence
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►Global Free Trade Issues as Seen from Global Free Trade Issues as Seen from Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America Recent opposition to free trade talksRecent opposition to free trade talks Perceived hypocrisy of the G8Perceived hypocrisy of the G8
►Promotion of free trade while practicing Promotion of free trade while practicing protectionist policies for endangered protectionist policies for endangered industriesindustries
WTO Protest in CancWTO Protest in Cancúúnn
Figure 3.23
Reuters/Juan Carlos Ulate AW/GNReuters/Juan Carlos Ulate AW/GN
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►Agriculture and Contested Agriculture and Contested SpaceSpace Large-scale, absentee-owned, export-Large-scale, absentee-owned, export-
oriented agriculture promotedoriented agriculture promoted►Smaller farmers are often squeezed outSmaller farmers are often squeezed out
Resistance by rural farmersResistance by rural farmers►E.g., Zapatistas, Movement of Landless E.g., Zapatistas, Movement of Landless
FarmersFarmers
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
► Is Democracy Rising?Is Democracy Rising? All countries in the region except Cuba All countries in the region except Cuba
have democratically elected have democratically elected governmentsgovernments
Some threatened with coups d’étatSome threatened with coups d’état ►Policies unpopular with the masses, powerful Policies unpopular with the masses, powerful
elites, or the United Stateselites, or the United States►Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, and Bolivia Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, and Bolivia
Democracy fragile and not necessarily Democracy fragile and not necessarily transparenttransparent
First Indigenous President in First Indigenous President in South AmericaSouth America
Figure 3.26
Reuters/David MercaoReuters/David Mercao
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►Political corruptionPolitical corruption Bribes and kickbacks widespread, Bribes and kickbacks widespread,
undermining faith in governmentundermining faith in government►Drug TradeDrug Trade
Undermines democracy and rule of lawUndermines democracy and rule of law Central America and northwestern South Central America and northwestern South
AmericaAmerica U.S. attempts to staunch the flow of U.S. attempts to staunch the flow of
drugs are largely a failure, as evidenced drugs are largely a failure, as evidenced by falling prices of cocaineby falling prices of cocaine
Geography of CocaineGeography of Cocaine
Figure 3.27
A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues
►U.S. Involvement in the Region’s U.S. Involvement in the Region’s PoliticsPolitics Monroe Doctrine: protecting American Monroe Doctrine: protecting American
business and political interestsbusiness and political interests►Recently, U.S. interventions in: Cuba, Recently, U.S. interventions in: Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Chile, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Chile, Panama, and VenezuelaPanama, and Venezuela
►Political Impacts of Information Political Impacts of Information TechnologyTechnology Used by activists to organizeUsed by activists to organize More “online and wired” than many More “online and wired” than many
regionsregions►Especially the CaribbeanEspecially the Caribbean►Brazil 10Brazil 10thth in the world in Internet users in the world in Internet users
Internet Use in Middle Internet Use in Middle and South Americaand South America
Figure 3.28
B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues►Cultural DiversityCultural Diversity
One of the world’s most culturally rich One of the world’s most culturally rich regionsregions►Indigenous peoples, people of African, Indigenous peoples, people of African,
European, South Asian, East Asian European, South Asian, East Asian descentdescent
►Mestizos now majority in Central America Mestizos now majority in Central America and much of South Americaand much of South America
In urban areas, both:In urban areas, both:►Acculturation: cultural borrowingAcculturation: cultural borrowing►Assimilation: loss of old cultural identityAssimilation: loss of old cultural identity
B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues
►Race and the Social Significance of Race and the Social Significance of Skin ColorSkin Color Race not as critical as in North AmericaRace not as critical as in North America Instead: family, wealth, education, place Instead: family, wealth, education, place
of residence, and occupation critical to of residence, and occupation critical to social statussocial status
Still, correlation between light skin and Still, correlation between light skin and wealthwealth
B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues
►Family and Gender RolesFamily and Gender Roles Extended family: individuals tend to Extended family: individuals tend to
subordinate their interests to those of the subordinate their interests to those of the familyfamily ►Families often live in domestic compoundsFamilies often live in domestic compounds
Marianismo:Marianismo: The Virgin Mary is held up as The Virgin Mary is held up as the model for womenthe model for women►Chastity and service to the familyChastity and service to the family
Machismo: Master of the householdMachismo: Master of the household►Father lots of children, be attractive, be Father lots of children, be attractive, be
engaging in social situationsengaging in social situations►Changing due to changes in infant Changing due to changes in infant
mortality, longer lifespansmortality, longer lifespans
B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues►Children in PovertyChildren in Poverty
1/3 of children in region work1/3 of children in region work Homelessness of children increasingly Homelessness of children increasingly
commoncommon Causes: Economic marginality of recent Causes: Economic marginality of recent
rural-to-urban migrants, particularly rural-to-urban migrants, particularly womenwomen
Severing of extended family ties from Severing of extended family ties from rural-to-urban migration removes rural-to-urban migration removes safety netsafety net
B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues
►Religion in Contemporary LifeReligion in Contemporary Life Roman Catholic Church historically Roman Catholic Church historically
dominantdominant►Partnered with Spanish and Portuguese Partnered with Spanish and Portuguese
colonistscolonists►Encouraged colonized to Encouraged colonized to accept their low accept their low
status, obey authority, and postpone status, obey authority, and postpone rewards until heavenrewards until heaven
Over time, Catholicism connected Over time, Catholicism connected more with poor, less with elitesmore with poor, less with elites►Liberation Theology: Catholic activists Liberation Theology: Catholic activists
teaching redistribution of wealthteaching redistribution of wealth
B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues
►Evangelical ProtestantismEvangelical Protestantism Imported from North AmericaImported from North America Fastest growing religion in regionFastest growing religion in region
►About 10% of ChristiansAbout 10% of Christians
““Gospel of Success”Gospel of Success”►Theology that those blessed by God will Theology that those blessed by God will
have prosperity in this lifehave prosperity in this life►Has led to increased social mobility but Has led to increased social mobility but
declining class-consciousnessdeclining class-consciousness
C. Environmental IssuesC. Environmental Issues
►Human settlement always had Human settlement always had consequences for the environment consequences for the environment
►Today, more severe because of Today, more severe because of growth in:growth in: PopulationPopulation Per capita domestic consumption of Per capita domestic consumption of
resourcesresources Exports of resourcesExports of resources
Human Impacts on Human Impacts on Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America
Figure 3.32
C. Environmental IssuesC. Environmental Issues►Tropical Forestlands in the Global Tropical Forestlands in the Global
EconomyEconomy Threats: logging of hardwoods, clearing Threats: logging of hardwoods, clearing
for agriculture or miningfor agriculture or mining Promoted by Brazil’s government Promoted by Brazil’s government
(creating jobs, cash exports, moving pop. (creating jobs, cash exports, moving pop. to rural areas)to rural areas)
Funded by Asian investors (already Funded by Asian investors (already depleted their own forests)depleted their own forests)
Increasing regulation leads to illegal Increasing regulation leads to illegal logginglogging
►Implications for global warmingImplications for global warming Amazon = “Lungs of the World”Amazon = “Lungs of the World”
C. Environmental IssuesC. Environmental Issues►The Environment and Economic The Environment and Economic
DevelopmentDevelopment Past: Governments argued that Past: Governments argued that
environmental regulation too expensiveenvironmental regulation too expensive Present: New focus on sustainable Present: New focus on sustainable
developmentdevelopment►Eco-tourism: natural and cultural Eco-tourism: natural and cultural
experiences in unfamiliar environmentsexperiences in unfamiliar environments Most rapidly growing segment of tourismMost rapidly growing segment of tourism
D. Measures of Human D. Measures of Human Well-BeingWell-Being
►GDP per capita masks the very wide GDP per capita masks the very wide disparity of wealth in the regiondisparity of wealth in the region ““Development” has increased disparityDevelopment” has increased disparity HDI higher than GDP because education HDI higher than GDP because education
is somewhat more available across is somewhat more available across gender and classgender and class►Nonetheless, general unavailability of Nonetheless, general unavailability of
education and health careeducation and health care
►HIV/AIDS growing problemHIV/AIDS growing problem Contribution of “machismo”Contribution of “machismo”
Human Well-being Human Well-being RankingsRankings
Table 3.3
III. SUBREGIONS OF III. SUBREGIONS OF MIDDLE AND SOUTH MIDDLE AND SOUTH
AMERICAAMERICA
Figure 3.1 again, unless there’s a new map with subregions
marked?
The CaribbeanThe Caribbean
A. The CaribbeanA. The Caribbean
►Disparity between tourist image and Disparity between tourist image and realityreality Still, strong record of human well-beingStill, strong record of human well-being
►Turn from plantation agriculture to Turn from plantation agriculture to tourism, resource processingtourism, resource processing
►Contrasts:Contrasts: Cuba vs. Puerto RicoCuba vs. Puerto Rico Haiti vs. BarbadosHaiti vs. Barbados
MexicoMexico
B. MexicoB. Mexico
►Working towards middle-income Working towards middle-income statusstatus Remittances from workers in USARemittances from workers in USA
►$20 billion in 2005$20 billion in 2005►Temporary migrants, most return homeTemporary migrants, most return home
Service sector dominates (70% of GDP)Service sector dominates (70% of GDP)►Tourism on coast, urban servicesTourism on coast, urban services
Maquiladoras (27% of GDP) focused on Maquiladoras (27% of GDP) focused on U.S. border townsU.S. border towns►Cheap labor, few regulationsCheap labor, few regulations
Central AmericaCentral America
Figure 3.41
C. Central AmericaC. Central America
►More agriculturalMore agricultural Limited land ownership Limited land ownership income income
disparitydisparity Costa Rica: unusually egalitarianCosta Rica: unusually egalitarian
►Most people indigenous or ladino Most people indigenous or ladino (mestizo)(mestizo)
►Class conflict coincided with Cold WarClass conflict coincided with Cold War Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El
SalvadorSalvador
Northern Andes & Caribbean Northern Andes & Caribbean CoastCoast
Figure 3.43
D. Northern Andes and D. Northern Andes and Caribbean CoastCaribbean Coast
►The Guianas: Creole societiesThe Guianas: Creole societies Plantations and resource-based economiesPlantations and resource-based economies Asian and African labor leads to diversityAsian and African labor leads to diversity
►Columbia and Venezuela: Mestizo Columbia and Venezuela: Mestizo societiessocieties Oil in VenezuelaOil in Venezuela
►Chavez and populism/socialismChavez and populism/socialism Drug insurgency in ColombiaDrug insurgency in Colombia
►Attempts to wipe out drug production lead to Attempts to wipe out drug production lead to civil warcivil war
The Central AndesThe Central Andes
Figure 3.45
E. Central AndesE. Central Andes
►Poorest subregion; largest indigenous Poorest subregion; largest indigenous pop.pop. Agriculture along coast (mestizo, African)Agriculture along coast (mestizo, African) Altiplano: potato farming, mining, sheepAltiplano: potato farming, mining, sheep Amazon basin: resource extractionAmazon basin: resource extraction
►Altiplano and Amazon: home to indigenous pop.Altiplano and Amazon: home to indigenous pop.
► Increasing political role by indigenousIncreasing political role by indigenous Bolivia: first indigenous president in Bolivia: first indigenous president in
AmericasAmericas
The Southern ConeThe Southern Cone
Figure 3.47
F. The Southern ConeF. The Southern Cone
►Largely European populationsLargely European populations►Service-oriented economiesService-oriented economies
Strong role for agriculture in identity Strong role for agriculture in identity (Pampas)(Pampas)
►Class conflict coincided with Cold WarClass conflict coincided with Cold War►Buenos AiresBuenos Aires
Primate city, once world cityPrimate city, once world city Now suffering from restructuring, loan Now suffering from restructuring, loan
defaultdefault
BrazilBrazil
Figure 3.49
G. BrazilG. Brazil
►184 million people; vast income disparity184 million people; vast income disparity Same land area as USASame land area as USA
►Largest regional economy; 8Largest regional economy; 8thth largest in largest in worldworld Gold, silver, gems, titanium, manganese, ironGold, silver, gems, titanium, manganese, iron Highly industrialized southeastHighly industrialized southeast Shantytowns (favelas) result from Shantytowns (favelas) result from
urbanizationurbanization►Brasilia: forward capitalBrasilia: forward capital