Chapter Six

The Structure of MatterPA Standards

3.1.12.A Unifying Themes

3.4.10.A Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics

3.4.12.A Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics

Apply concepts of models as a method to predict and understand science and technology.

Explain concepts about the properties and structure of matter.

Explain the formation of compounds and their resulting properties using bonding theories (ionic and covalent).

Objectives:Compounds and MoleculesDistinguish between compounds and

mixtures.Relate the chemical formula of a compound

to the relative numbers of atoms or ions present in the compound.

Use models to visualize a compound’s chemical structure.

Describe how the chemical structure of a compound affects its properties.

Chemical Bonds

O2

H2

Chemical Reaction

H2O

Chemical Structure

Structure and Properties

Structure and PropertiesCompound State

(at 25°C)Melting Point (°C)

Boiling Point (°C)

Silicon dioxide, SO2 (quartz)

Solid 1,700 2,230

Magnesium fluoride, MgF2

Solid 1,261 2,239

Sodium Chloride, NaCl (table salt)

Solid 801 1,413

Sugar, C12H22,O11 Solid 185-186 -

Water, H2O Liquid 0 100

Dihydrogen sulfide, H2S Gas -86 -61

Structure and Properties

Ionic and Covalent BondingExplain why atoms sometimes join to form

bonds.Explain why some atoms transfer their

valence electrons to form ionic bonds, while other atoms share valence electrons to form different bonds.

Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Compare the properties of substances with different types of bonds.

Objectives:Compound Names and FormulasName simple ionic and covalent compounds.Predict the charge of a transition metal

cation in an ionic compound.Write chemical formulas for simple ionic

compounds.Distinguish a covalent compound’s

empirical formula from its molecular formula.

Objectives:Organic and Biochemical CompoundsDescribe how carbon atoms bond covalently

to form organic compounds.Identify the names and structures of groups

of simple organic compounds and polymers.Identify what makes up the polymers that

are essential to life.

Organic CompoundOrganic Compound

Covalently bounded compound that contains carbon

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alcohols

PolymersPolymer

Molecule that is a long chain made of smaller moleculesMonomer

Smaller molecule that makes up the polymerExamples

PlasticWoodCottonStarchProteinDNA

Examples

Biochemical Compounds

Biochemical Compounds

Biochemical Compounds