chapter presentation final

8/9/2019 Chapter Presentation FINAL

1/37

Group 6

Apekshya Bhusal

Dixa Shrestha

Erika Koirala

The research process:elements of research design


2/37

esearch DesignDetailed outline of ho! a research shall "e

conducted

oad map that gi#es direction to the

researcher for sol#ing the pro"lem in hand


3/37

Elements$%ssues related to esearch Design

&' (urpose of the study

)' *ocation

+' Types of in#estigation

,' Extent of researcher interference

-' Time hori.on /0ross sectional and longitudinal1

6' 2nit of analysis

3' Sampling Design


4/37

%ssues contd''

4' Data 0ollection 5ethod

' 5easurement and measures

&7' Data analysis


5/37

esearch DesignEmphasis on the elements of research design

depends upon the purpose of the study

Example &: %f a critical 8nancial decision to in#est

millions of dollars in a pro9ect is "ased on the results

of research in#estigation then careful attention to

detail is necessary to ensure that the study has

accepta"le le#el of con8dence


6/37

Example ): (urpose of the research is to

generate a pro8le of managers in an

organi.ation to pu"lish a ne!sletter

esearcher should ensure that added

sophistication and rigor of research should

add "ene8t and commensurate !ith larger

in#estment of resources


7/37

&' (urpose of the studyA' Exploratory Study

B' Descripti#e Study

0' ;ypothesis Testing

D' 0ase study analysis


8/37

A' Exploratory study2ndertaken !hen not much is kno!n a"out the situation

2ndertaken to "etter comprehend the nature of pro"lem

Example: A service provider would want to know

why his customers are switching to other service

providers


9/37

Exploratory study< Example

&' 5anager of 5=0 is curious to kno! if !ork

ethic #alues of employees !orking in its

su"sidiary in (ennathur city are di>erent

from those of Americans

)' esearcher !ant to kno! the factors that

in?uence the ad#ancement of !oman in

organi.ations


10/37

A'Exploratory Study0an "e undertaken

%nter#ie!

@ocus group discussion

Doing a study for the 8rst time in a

particular organi.ation does not make the

research exploratory in nature


11/37

Descripti#e study2ndertaken in order to ascertain and "e a"le to descri"e

the characteristics of #aria"les in a situation

Example

A "ank manager !ants to ha#e a pro8le of the indi#iduals!ho ha#e loan payments outstanding for 6 months and

more' %t !ould include details of their a#erage age

earnings nature of occupation' This might help him to

elicit further information or decide right a!ay on the types

of indi#iduals !ho should "e made ineligi"le for loans in

the future'


12/37

Descripti#e study2ndertaken to learn a"out and descri"e the

characteristics of a group of a employee

2ndertaken to understand the characteristics of

organi.ation that follo! certain characteristics

Goal

(ro#ide a researcher a pro8le or to descri"e

rele#ant aspect of phenomenon of interest from an

indi#idual organi.ational industry perspecti#e etc


13/37

B' Descripti#e Study

Descripti#e study helps to:

2nderstand the characteristics of a group

in a situation

Think systematically a"out aspects in a

gi#en situation

>er ideas for further pro"e and research


14/37

Situation !arranting Descripti#eStudy

5arketing 5anager !ant to de#elop pricingsales distri"ution and ad#ertising strategy

5ight ask information regarding the

competitors&' (ercentage of company that ha#e prices higher andlo!er than the industry a#erage terms of sale controlof price

)' (ercentage of competitors hiring in and

independent agents+' Types of distri"ution channel used percentage of

customers using each

,' (ercentage of competitors spending more onad#ertising than the 8rm using less

-' (ercentage of those using !e" to sell the product


15/37

B' Descripti#e studyuantitati#e data in terms of freCuency

mean standard de#iation are essential for

descripti#e study


16/37

0' ;ypothesis TestingExplain the nature of certain relationship

Esta"lish the di>erences among the group

Esta"lish the independence of t!o or more

factors in a situation


17/37

Explain the nature ofrelationship

5arketing manager !ants to kno! if the

sales !ill dou"le if he dou"les ad#ertising

dollars

;ypothesis: %f ad#ertising is increased sales !ill go up


18/37

Esta"lish the di>erences amonggroups

;ypothesis: 5ore men than !omen are

!histle "lo!ers


19/37

Esta"lish the independence of t!oor more factors

;ypothesis: orking the night shift /as

opposed to day shift1 is related to !hether

or not one is married'


20/37

D' 0ase Analysis

%n#ol#es in


21/37

)' Type of %n#estigation%' 0ausal study

%%' 0orrelation study

III. Causal Study:

. To esta"lish a de8nite cause and e>ect

relationship

. esearcher interest is to delineate the factors

undou"tedly causing the pro"lem


22/37

II. Correlational Study

0onducted !hen a researcher is interested

in delineating the important #aria"les

associated !ith the pro"lem


23/37

Example: 0ausal and 0orrelationalstudy

0ausal study Cuestion: Does smoking

causes cancer

0orrelational study Cuestion: Are smoking

and cancer related

Are smoking drinking che!ing to"acco

associated !ith cancer %f so !hich of

these contri"utes most to the #ariance in


24/37

Extent of esearcher %nterference!ith the Study

0orrelation study: normal ?o! of !ork

E'g': factor in?uencing training e>ecti#enessect relationship using the same natural

en#ironment in !hich employees normally function

*a" experiment: experiment done to esta"lish a

cause and e>ect relationships creating an arti8cial

en#ironment in !hich all the extraneous factors arestrictly controlled


27/37

2nit of Analysis

*e#el of aggregation of the data collected

during the su"seCuent data analysis stage

%ndi#idual: moti#ational le#el of employees

in general

Dyad: hus"and

super#isor Fsu"ordinate relationships in

!orkplace


28/37

2nit of AnalysisGroup: of employees from each department

using the ne! %S

Di#ision: (HG< di#isions /soap paper oil etc1 that

made pro8t o#er &)I during the current year

%ndustry: 9o" placement cell F !hich industry

employed most of their graduating students

0ountries: 5=0< pro8t of #arious regional centers

for each country are aggregated


29/37

Time hori.on : 0ross sectionalstudies

Data gathered 9ust once o#er a period of daysor !eeks or months'

Also kno!n as cross sectional studies '

Example :

Data collected "y stock "roker to studytur"ulence in stock market at that period of time '

Drug companyJs research for ne! o"esity pill '/ ho! many o"ese people are interested in"uying ne! pill 1

%n "oth example data collected at one period oftime !as sucient '


30/37

Time hori.on: *ongitudinal studies

Study of people or phenomena at more than one

point in time in order to ans!er research Cuestion

Example Study of employee "eha#ior "efore and

after the hange in top management '

Study is carried out longitudinally across the

period of time '

%t takes more time cost resources than cross

sectional study


31/37

0ont' /*ongitudinal studies1

ell planned longitudinal relationship help

8nd cause and e>ect relationship

*ike sales #olume of product "efore and

after ad#ertisement '

Experiential design are longitudinal study

since data are collected "efore and after

manipulation '


32/37

e#ie! of the element of researchdesign

The researcher makes the appropriate decision to

"e made in the study design "ased upon pro"lem

de8nition

Decision regarding :

(ropose of the study

Type of in#estigation

Extent of researcherJs interferenceStudy setting

2nit analysis and time hori.on


33/37

0ontd'

0ompromise ideal research design due tocost and time constraint

igorous and costly research design isnecessary if result of the study are critical

for making important decision 'esearcher has to "e clear a"out each

aspect discussed in the chapter "eforecollecting the data


34/37

5anagerial implicationKno!ledge a"out research design issue help the

manager to :

2nderstand !hat researcher is trying to do

hy report sometimes indicate small sample

si.e !hen lot of time is spent to collect data

from di>erent sources '

;elp the manager to kno! !hat type of design

!ill yield accepta"le result in ecient manner '


35/37

@or example

hich #aria"le is needed $!hich is not

needed and directly e>ects or does not

e>ect the employee performance '

This decision might gi#e economy in

resources

Kno!ledge a"out interconnection among

#arious aspect of research design help

manager to

0all for the most e>ecti#e study


36/37

5ain ad#antage2nderstand relationship "et!een casual and

correlational studies

5anager !ont make casual assumption

A could cause B

B could cause A

Both A and B could con#ary / "ecause of third

#aria"le 1Study and intelligently comment on research proposal '


37/37

T;A=K L2

chapter presentation final

Documents