chapter planning guide - glencoeglencoe.com/ebooks/social_studies/wgc_2012_nat/twe/chap15.pdfchapter...

Chapter Planning Guide

368A

Levels Resources Chapter Opener

Section 1

Section2

Chapter AssessBL OL AL ELL

FOCUSBL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 15-1 15-2

TEACHBL ELL Guided Reading Activity, URB* p. 31 p. 32

BL ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 24

BL OL AL ELL Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB p. 27

OL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 29

BL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* pp. 106–108

pp. 109–111

OL Foods Around the World pp. 18, 20

BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Atlas* ✓ ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL Map Overlay Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 5-1 5-4

BL OL AL ELL World Cultures Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 7, 8

BL OL AL ELLWorld Art and Architecture Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities

53, 56

BL OL AL ELL Location Activity, URB p. 1

OL AL Real-Life Applications & Problem Solving Activity, URB p. 3

OL AL World Literature Contemporary Selection, URB p. 11

GIS Simulations, Strategies, and Activities p. 18

BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Desk Maps ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL Writer’s Guidebook for Social Studies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

OL AL World History Primary Source Documents Library ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

National Geographic World Regions Video Program ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BookLink for Social Studies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

StudentWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

BL Below Level OL On Level

AL Above Level ELL English Language Learners

Print Material Transparency CD-ROM or DVD

Key to Teaching ResourcesKey to Ability Levels

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368A368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368A 1/25/10 1:57:58 PM1/25/10 1:57:58 PM

368B

Plus

All-In-One Planner and Resource Center

• Interactive Lesson Planner • Interactive Teacher Edition • Fully editable blackline masters • Section Spotlight Videos Launch• Differentiated Lesson Plans

• Printable reports of daily assignments

• Standards Tracking System

Levels Resources Chapter Opener

Section 1

Section2

Chapter AssessBL OL AL ELL

TEACH (continued)

BL OL AL ELL Section Spotlight Video Program ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL World Music: A Cultural Legacy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL High School Writing Process Transparencies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

TeacherResources

High School Character Education ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Inclusion for the High School Social Studies Classroom Strategies and Activities

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

High School Reading in the Content Area Strategies and Activities

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Success with English Learners ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Differentiated Instruction for the Geography Classroom ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Literacy Strategies in Social Studies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Standards-Based Instruction ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Presentation Plus! with MindJogger CheckPoint ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

TeacherWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

National Geographic Focus on Geography Literacy Teacher Guide ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

ASSESSBL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests p. 177 p. 178 p. 179

BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 45

BL OL AL ELL ExamView Assessment Suite 15-1 15-2 Ch. 15

CLOSEBL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 25

BL OL ELL Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Guide Foldables p. 57

Graphic Organizer Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities pp. 45–46

✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368B368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368B 1/25/10 1:58:08 PM1/25/10 1:58:08 PM

Chapter Integrating Technology

368C

Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC2630C15T for Chapter 15 resources.

You can easily launch a wide range of digital products from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill widget.

Student Teacher ParentWorld Geography and Cultures Online Learning Center (Web Site)

• Section Audio ● ● ●

• Spanish Chapter Audio Summaries ● ● ●

• Section Spotlight Videos ● ● ●

• StudentWorks™ Plus Online ● ● ●

• Multilingual Glossary ● ● ●

• Study-to-Go ● ● ●

• Chapter Overviews ● ● ●

• Self-Check Quizzes ● ● ●

• Student Web Activities ● ● ●

• ePuzzles and Games ● ● ●

• Vocabulary eFlashcards ● ● ●

• In-Motion Animations ● ● ●

• Study Central™ ● ● ●

• Nations of the World Atlas ● ● ●

• Glencoe Graphing Tool ● ● ●

• btw — Current Events Web Site ● ● ●

• Web Activity Lesson Plans ●

• Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ●

• Beyond the Textbook ● ● ●

Geography ONLINE

What is Study-to-Go?Study-to-Go provides portable textbook-based content direct from the Glencoe Web site to your students whenever and wherever they want.

How can Study-to-Go help my students?Study-to-Go content can be downloaded to a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a cell phone. Students can download Study Sets that include:• Self-Quiz—a series of multiple choice quizzes that provide instant answer feedback• Key Terms—definitions for textbook vocabulary• Flashcards—an assessment tool to help students study textbook key terms

Visit glencoe.com and enter a QuickPass™ code to go to Study-to-Go.

Using Study-to-Go

Teach With Technology

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368C368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368C 1/25/10 1:58:16 PM1/25/10 1:58:16 PM

http://www.glencoe.com


Additional Resources

368D

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps stu-dents increase their reading rate and fluency while maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national assessments.

• Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies concentrates on six essential reading skills that help students better comprehend what they read. The book includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written at increasing levels of difficulty.

• Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English.

• Content Vocabulary Workout (Grades 6-8) acceler-ates reading comprehension through focused vocabu-lary development. Social Studies content vocabulary comes from the glossaries of Glencoe’s Middle School Social Studies texts. www.jamestowneducation.com

Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to cre-ate a customized reading list for your students.

• Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest.

• The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections.

• A brief summary of each selection is included.

Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter:

For students at a Grade 7 reading level:• A Work of Art, by Anton Chekhov• A Terrible Night, by Anton Chekhov

For students at a Grade 9 reading level:• The Brothers Karamazov, by Fyodor Dostoevsky

For students at a Grade 10 reading level:• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,

by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

ReadingList Generator

CD-ROM

The following videotape programs are available from Glencoe as supplements to Chapter 15:

• Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis (ISBN 0-76-701199-6)

• Ivan the Terrible (ISBN 0-76-700517-1)

• Joseph Stalin: Red Terror (ISBN 0-56-501820-6-1)

• Rasputin: The Mad Monk (ISBN 0-76-700189-3)

• Faberge: Imperial Jeweler (ISBN 1-56-501878-8)

To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find class-room resources to accompany many of these videos, check the following pages:

A&E Television: www.aetv.com

The History Channel: www.historychannel.com

Index to National Geographic Magazine:

The following articles relate to this chapter:• “Signposts to a Lost Culture,” by Peter Gwin,

February 2007.

• “Send Me to Siberia,” by Paul Starobin, June 2008.

• “Soul of Russia,” by Serge Schmemann, April 2009.

• “Moscow Never Sleeps,” by Martin Cruz Smith, August 2008.

National Geographic Society Products To order the following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728:

• National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book).

Access National Geographic’s new dynamic MapMachine Web site and other geography resources at:

www.nationalgeographic.com

www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368D368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368D 1/25/10 1:58:27 PM1/25/10 1:58:27 PM

http://www.aetv.com

http://www.historychannel.com

http://www.jamestowneducation.com

http://www.nationalgeographic.com

http://www.nationalgeographix.com/maps

INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER CHAPTER

368 Unit 5

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF

Russia

Women in traditional clothes dance to celebrate the coming of spring in Moscow.

The movement of people, goods, and ideas causes societies to change over time. Europeans, Asians, and other peoples have shaped the cultural geography of Russia. The country’s various ethnic groups have influenced its tumultu-ous history and changes in govern-ment over time.

Essential Essential QuestionsQuestions

Section 1: Population and CultureHow might Russia’s diverse popula-tion have influenced its cultural geography?

Section 2: History and GovernmentHow have Russia’s history and gov-ernment been shaped by its many ethnic groups?

Geography ONLINE

Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC9952C15 for Chapter 15 resources.

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 368 1/11/10 3:07:49 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 369 1/11/10 3:08:15 PM

368

FocusMore About the PhotoVisual Literacy After a long winter, the spring celebration of Maslenitsa is a welcome event. This is a celebration much like Mardi Gras, in that it takes place right before the Great Fast that precedes Easter. Also called Blini (or Pancake) Week, Russians cele-brate by dancing, enjoying the outdoors, and eating pancakes that represent the sun.

TeachAs you begin teaching

this chapter, read the Big Idea out loud to students. Explain that the Big Idea is a broad, or high-level, concept that will help them under-stand what they are about to learn. Use the Essential Question for each section to help students focus on the Big Idea.

Section 1Population and Culture Essential Essential Question Question How might Russia’s diverse population influence its cultural geo-graphy? Russia is a vast country that spreads from the European west to the east of Asia. It is made up of a multitude of culturally diverse ethnic

groups, each of which brings its own influences to Russian culture. During the rule of communism in the twentieth century, these influences became more widespread as the government displaced people and cultures by moving them from place to place. Tell students that in Section 1, they will read about Russia’s diverse cultures. OL

368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 368368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 368 1/25/10 1:56:02 PM1/25/10 1:56:02 PM


INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER

Essential Questions

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 368 1/11/10 3:07:49 PM

RUSSIA

Organizing Information Make a Three-Tab Book to help you orga-nize information about the cultural geography of Russia.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, use your Foldable to take notes about the population pat-terns, culture, and history and government of Russia.

Chapter 15 369

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 369 1/11/10 3:08:15 PM

369

Section 2History and Government Essential Essential Question Question How have Russia’s history and government been shaped by its many ethnic groups? (Historically, size and diversity have played a major role in Russia’s

history and politics. With so many people repre-senting so many diverse cultures, Russia’s history and politics have been turbulent.) In Section 2 students will learn about how Russian history and politics have been influenced by its large and diverse population. OL

Previewing the RegionIf you have not already done so, engage students in the Regional Atlas and Country Profiles activi-ties to help them become familiar with the general content of the region.

Dinah Zike’sFoldables

Purpose Students will create a three-dimensional Foldable to take notes on population pat-terns, culture, history, and gov-ernment of Russia. The completed Foldable will help students prepare for assessment.

Geography ONLINE

Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC2630C15T

for Chapter 15 resources.



Section 1CHAPTER SECTION 1Guide to ReadingEssential Essential QuestionQuestionHow might Russia’s diverse popula-tion have influenced its cultural geography?

Content Vocabulary

Academic Vocabulary• ethnic (p. 371)• evident (p. 375)

Places to Locate

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about the population and culture of Russia, complete a graphic organizer simi-lar to the one below by filling in the different ethnic groups.

Population and CultureMany of Russia’s cultural traditions date back centuries. Maslenitsa began long ago as a folk holiday celebrating the coming of spring. It has since been absorbed into the Eastern Orthodox religion.

Voices Around the World“This . . . is the Russian version of Mardi Gras. All over the country people cele-brate the last period of merrymaking before the Great Fast preceding Easter. The festival starts February 5, and for the next four days Russians —many in traditional costumes — build bonfires, enjoy sled rides, try to avoid injury during mock fistfights, . . . and eat pancakes, which symbolize the sun. The best places to take part in maslenitsa are . . . to the northwest in the Golden Ring, a region of old Russian cities offering fine examples of Russian culture, traditions, and architecture dating back to the 12th century.”

Cassandra Franklin-Barbajosa, “Russia: Five Cultural Bests,”

National Geographic, January 2004

• ethnic group (p. 371)

• Soviet era (p. 371)

• nationality (p. 371)

• sovereignty (p. 372)

• atheism (p. 373)• pogrom (p. 373)• intelligentsia

(p. 374)• socialist realism

(p. 375)

• Tatarstan (p. 372)

• Lena River (p. 372)

• Moscow (p. 372)

• Caspian Sea (p. 373)

Celebrating Maslenitsa in Red Square, Moscow

Major EthnicGroups

370 Unit 5

sectionaudio

spotlightvideo

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 370 1/11/10 3:08:42 PM

MAIN Idea

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 371 1/11/10 3:08:59 PM

FocusDaily Focus Transparency 15.1

Guide to ReadingAnswers to Graphic Organizer:

Resource Manager

Russian Turkic

Slav Caucasian

Paleo-Siberian Uralic-Altaic

Ukrainian Ossetian

Major EthnicGroups

Teacher Edition• Taking Notes, p. 371• Organizing, p. 373• Identifying, p. 374

Additional Resources• Guide Reading 15-1,

URB, p. 31• RENTG, pp. 106–108

Teacher Edition• Cause and Effect, p. 372• Drawing Conclusions,

p. 374

Additional Resources• World Literature, URB,

p. 11• Real-Life Applications,

URB p. 3• Quizzes and Tests, p. 177

Teacher Edition• Verbal/Linguistic, p. 373• Gifted/Talented, p. 375

Additional Resources• Diff. Instr. for the Geo.

Classroom, pp. 57–59• Foldables, p. 57• Location Act., URB p. 1

Teacher Edition• Descriptive Writing,

p. 374

Additional Resources• World Art & Arch.

Trans. 53, 56

Additional Resources• Daily Focus Skills

Trans. 15-1• Map Overlay Trans. 5, 5-1• World Cultures Trans. 7, 8

Reading Strategies

Critical Thinking

Differentiated InstructionR C D W SWriting

SupportSkill Practice

To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 15, Section 1 video at glencoe.com.



Section 1CHAPTER

Essential Question

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 370 1/11/10 3:08:42 PM

BarentsSea

LaptevSea

EastSiberian

Sea

Chukchi Sea

Kara Sea

BeringSea

Sea ofOkhotsk

Sea ofJapan

(East Sea)

Baltic Sea

Casp

ian

Sea

BlackSea

LakeBaikal

ARCTIC OCEAN

60°N

40°N

160°E

180°

140°E

120°E100°E80°E

60°E

20°E

40°E

0° 80°N

ARC

TIC

CIR

CLE

PACIFIC OCEAN

EUROPE

ASIASource: C.I.A., U.S.S.R. Summary Map

1,000 miles

1,000 kilometers

0

0

Two-Point Equidistant projection

N

S W

E

RUSSIA

Chapter 15 371

In 1991, after the fall of the Soviet Union, sev-eral of these larger republics, including Russia, became independent countries. Although Russia is ethnically very diverse — 32 ethnic groups have their own republics or administrative territories within Russia — about 80 percent of the popula-tion is ethnic Russian.

The Slavs Ethnic Russians are part of a larger ethnic group known as Slavs, a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples that also includes Poles, Serbs, Ukrainians, and other eastern Europeans. The Russian Slavs have dom-inated the country’s politics and culture.

Caucasian Peoples Another large group of diverse peoples is classified as Caucasian (kaw•KAY•zhuhn) because they live in the Caucasus region of southwestern Russia. Caucasian groups include the Chechens, Dagestanis, and Ingushetians.

Population PatternsMAIN MAIN IdeaIdea Ethnic groups, migrations, and inva-

sions have shaped population patterns in Russia.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How has the ethnic diver-sity in your town or city changed over the years? Read to learn about the factors that have shaped Russia’s population.

Russia today is home to one of the widest vari-eties of ethnic groups in the world — there are more than 120 different groups. An ethnic groupshares a common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or a combination of these things.

The PeopleOver the centuries Russia grew from a territory

to a multiethnic empire that stretched from Europe to the Pacific Ocean. In the process, many non-Russian ethnic groups came under its control. During the Soviet era — the period between 1922 and 1991 when Russia was part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) — regional politi-cal boundaries often reflected the locations of major ethnic groups, or nationalities.

Ethnic Groups in Russia

1. Place Where in Russia do most of the Ukrainian peoples live? Turkic peoples?

2. Movement How have the settlement patterns of ethnic groups affected political boundaries?

Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com.

R

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 371 1/11/10 3:08:59 PM

371

TeachR Reading Strategy

Taking Notes Tell students that taking and organizing notes is a key factor in many forms of read-ing strategies. Remind them that notetaking can be their own per-sonalized way of keeping track of the important points of any read-ing or lesson. OL

Hands-On Chapter Project

Step 1

Russia: A Cultural Excursion

Step 1: Plan a Cultural Tour of Russia Students will research and collect information and art related to a cultural tour of Russia.

Essential Question If you were to design a tour for students traveling to Russia, where would you send them and what would they see?

Directions Have students work in groups to research the diverse cultures of Russia with the goal of preparing a package of cul-tural experiences to offer student travelers. Along the way, have groups consider and research the arts, folk events, sports, muse-ums, historical sites, and anything they think other students would find interesting.

Putting It Together As they do their research, have groups organize pictures and descriptions to be considered for their package. In this step, groups should gather as much information as they can, realizing that, in the end you cannot do everything and that some things will have to be discarded. OL

(Chapter Project continues on page 379.)

Answers1. Ukrainians live in the west,

north of the Black Sea. Turkic peoples live in south-ern and eastern Russia.

2. Ethnic groups have their own republics or administra-tive territories within Russia.



Section 1CHAPTER

BarentsSea

BeringSea

Sea ofOkhotsk

Sea ofJapan

(East Sea)

Casp

ian

Sea

Black

Sea

Baltic Sea

ARCTIC OCEAN60°N

40°N

160°E

180°

140°E

120°E100°E80°E60°E

20°E

40°E

0° 80°N

AR

CTIC

CIR

CLE

St. Petersburg

MoscowNizhniy Novgorod

Yekaterinburg

Kazan

SamaraUfa

Volgograd

Rostov-na-DonuChelyabinsk

OmskNovosibirsk

EUROPE

ASIA1,000 miles

1,000 kilometers

0

0


N

SW

E

372 Unit 5

Turkic Peoples Turkic-speaking peoples live in southwestern Russia in the Caucasus area and in the middle Volga area. The Turkic peoples of Russia include the Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs, and the Sakha. The most numerous of these groups are the Tatars, many of whom live in Tatarstan (ta•tuhr•STAN), a western republic. Russia has ruled Tatarstan since the mid-1550s. However, the republic, like other Russian republics, does have a limited amount of sovereignty (SAH•vuh•ruhn•tee), or self-rule.

The Sakha are a combination of local groups and Turkic peoples who originally settled along the middle Lena River. Formerly seminomadic, the Sakha in southern Siberia have expanded into northeastern Russia.

Density and DistributionAbout 80 percent of all Russians live in western

Russia. This is due in part to the rich soil, water-ways, and a milder climate than that in eastern Russia. Densely settled western Russia includes the country’s industrialized cities. The major industrial city is Moscow, Russia’s capital. Since

Russia: Population Density

Cities(Statistics reflect

metropolitan areas.)

Over 10,000,000

5,000,000–10,000,000

2,000,000–5,000,000

1,000,000–2,000,000

POPULATIONPersq. km

Persq. mi.

1,250 andover

250–1,249

63–249

25–62

2.5–24

Less than 2.5

500 and over100–499

25–99

10–24

1–9

Less than 1

1990, urban population growth in many industri-alized centers has leveled off or decreased.

Population is more dispersed east of the Ural Mountains. Only 20 percent of Russia’s popula-tion lives in Siberia, an area that accounts for about two-thirds of the country’s land area. Frozen tundra, mountains, and forests make most of this part of Russia unsuitable for farming.

During the earlier years of the Soviet era, many ethnic Russians migrated to non-Russian repub-lics of the Soviet Union. In the 1970s, however, this trend began to reverse. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, more ethnic Russians have returned to their homeland. Most have set-tled in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and southwest-ern Russia. Because of this trend, the number of people moving into the country has been greater than the number of Russians leaving the country.

Human-Environment InteractionWhy do most people live in western Russia?

1. Human-Environment Interaction What factors have contributed to the sparse population of eastern Russia?

2. Location Where are many of Russia’s largest cities located? Why is this important?

Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com.

C

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 372 1/11/10 3:09:02 PM

MAIN Idea

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 373 1/11/10 3:09:08 PM

372

Differentiated Instruction

C Critical ThinkingDetermining Cause and Effect Point out to students that human-environment interaction is an example of cause and effect as it relates to population distribu-tion. Ask: What environmental qualities make your location a desirable place to live and work? (Answers will vary but might touch on proximity to waterways, arable land, or job opportunities.) OL

For additional practice on this skill, see the Skills Handbook.

BL Differentiated Instruction, p. 62

OL Enrichment Activity, URB, p. 29

AL Differentiated Instruction, p. 59

ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB, p. 24

Create a Map

Give students a blank map of Russia and ask them to work in pairs to trace the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Ask them to label the following on their map:

Moscow Yekaterinburg Omsk Irkutsk Lake Baikal Vladivostok

Discuss the importance of having a railroad that connects Russia’s Far East to the more populous west.

Ethnic Groups

Source: CIA World Factbook, 2006

Workforce

Free Speech

Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups

WorkforceWorkforce

Free SpeechFree Speech

Copyright © Glencoe/M

cGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The M

cGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Name Date Class

Enrichment Activity 15

Major Events in Twentieth-Century Russian History

—The Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first spacecraft to circle the earth.

—A revolution overthrows the government of CzarNicholas II.

—Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet Air Force officer, becomes the first person to orbit the Earth.

—The Soviet Union collapses; Boris Yeltsin becomes the first democratically elected president of Russia.

—Mikhail Gorbachev introduces his policies of glasnostand perestroika.

—On December 31, Yeltsin resigns.

—German forces invade the Soviet Union during World War II.

—The Soviet Union is established; Joseph Stalinbecomes general secretary of the Communist Party.

—Vladimir Putin is elected president of Russia.

A revolution overthrew the Communist government in 1917.

Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reform known as glasnost.

The first spacecraft to circle the Earth was the Soviet-made Sputnik I.

The Soviet Union collapsed in 1999.

Boris Yeltsin was the first democratically elected president of Russia.

The Soviet Union lasted for 69 years.

Vladimir Putin was elected president of Russia on the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Soviet Union.

Copy

right

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-Hi

ll Co

mpa

nies

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-Hi

ll Co

mpa

nies

, Inc

.

My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg

Name Date Class

general term for a major ethnic group

self-rule

supreme ruler of Russia

belief calling for greater economic equality

member of a revolutionary group led by Lenin

philosophy calling for a new society led byworkers

country controlled by the Soviet Union

struggle between communism and capitalismfor world influence

policy of economic restructuring

policy of greater political openness

belief that there is no God

second largest religion in Russia

the religion of Tuva, Buryatia, Kalmykia

organized religious persecution

artists glorified Soviet communism

atheism

Bolshevik

Cold War

communism

czar

ethnic group

glasnost

Buddhism

intelligentsia

nationality

Islam

perestroika

pogrom

Russification

satellite

serf

socialism

socialist realism

sovereignty

Leveled Activities

Answers1. It is cold, and the land is

swampy and mountainous.

2. In the west and the south. Soil is rich, there are water-ways, and the climate is milder in those regions, so most of Russia’s population lives there.

Answer: oil, waterways, and a milder climate



Section 1CHAPTER

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 372 1/11/10 3:09:02 PM

Muslim: 8.2%

RussianOrthodox:

53.1%

Nonreligious:25.8%

RomanCatholic:1.0%

Jewish: 0.6%

Traditionalbeliefs: 0.8%

Atheist: 5.0%

UkrainianOrthodox: 0.9%

Other: 1.2%

Protestant: 0.9%

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009.

RUSSIA

Chapter 15 373

CultureMAIN MAIN IdeaIdea The policies of the Soviet government

have had lasting effects on Russia’s culture.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How has religion influ-enced culture in the United States? Read to learn about the influence of religion in Russia.

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, millions of Russians are rediscovering their faiths and tradi-tions and expressing themselves creatively.

Language and Religion Although more than 100 languages are spo-

ken in Russia today, Russian is the country’s official language. Ethnic Russians generally speak only this language, while people belong-ing to other ethnic groups are bilingual and speak their own language and Russian. The Altaic family of languages is spoken by the Turkic peoples of western Russia. The primary languages spoken in eastern Russia are Russian and the Turkic languages spoken by the Sakha.

The Soviet government strictly discouraged religious practices and discriminated against certain groups. It actively promoted atheism(AY•thee•ih•zuhm), or the belief that there is no God or other supreme being. In the late 1980s, however, the government began to relax its restrictions on religion.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the influx of many foreign missionaries from Western Christian denominations prompted lawmakers in 1997 to place restrictions on the activities of newly estab-lished religious groups. Only Russian Orthodoxy, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism were allowed full liberty as traditional religions of Russia.

Christianity The Eastern Orthodox Church had been central to Russian culture for a thousand years before the Communist revolution in 1917. In 988 Prince Vladimir, leader of Kievan Rus, adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity as Russia’s official religion. By 1453 the Byzantine Empire, the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church, had fallen, and Russia asserted its claim as leader of the Orthodox Christian world.

Today, most Russians who claim a religious affiliation belong to the Russian branch of the Orthodox Church. Many of the churches that were looted or destroyed during the Soviet era

have been repaired and rebuilt. Other Christian groups, including Roman Catholics and Protestants, have also reemerged.

Islam Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia and also enjoying a rebirth. The majority of people who practice Islam in Russia live in the Caucasus region and between the Volga River and the Urals. Most Russian Muslims follow the Sunni branch, which is practiced in most Arab countries as well as in Turkey and Afghanistan.

Judaism People practicing Judaism in Russia have long been persecuted. In czarist times, Jews could settle only in certain areas, could not own land, and were often the targets of organized persecution and massacres known as pogroms.Yet Jewish communities managed to thrive in many of Russia’s cities.

Events in the twentieth century took a tragic toll on Russia’s Jews. As a result, many Jews migrated to Israel or the United States. Despite lingering prejudice, Jewish communities in Russia are restoring their religious practices.

Buddhism The republics of Tuva, Buryatia, and Kalmykia (kal•MIH•kee•uh), near the Caspian Sea, have a large number of Buddhists, giving the religion traditional status in the country. A small number of Buddhists live in the larger cities such as St. Petersburg and Moscow, where they have access to urban Buddhist centers and facilities.

Religion in Russia Today

1. Place How does the number of Christians in Russia compare to the number of Muslims?

2. Place Why do you think so many Russians classify themselves as nonreligious?D

R

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 373 1/11/10 3:09:08 PM

373

D Differentiated InstructionVerbal/Linguistic ELL stu-dents may appreciate help in using various pronunciation keys. Students may be interested in seeing English/Russian dic-tionaries and learning the Cyrillic alphabet. ELL

R Reading StrategyOrganizing Have students cre-ate a chart that presents the fol-lowing information on Russia’s four officially recognized religions: percentage of population repre-sented, how the religion came to Russia, key points of the religion’s history in Russia, and the religion’s contributions to Russian culture. Students may need to use library or Internet resources. OL

Additional Support

Answers1. There are more than six

times as many Christians as Muslims.

2. The government actively promoted atheism for many years.

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Language Arts Have students work in groups to learn the Russian alphabet or some basic Russian words and phrases.

Groups will work to develop a short Russian language presentation for the rest of the class. Tell them that their presentation can be learn-ing and presenting the Russian alphabet. Explain that if they do this type of activity, they should

write the letters on the board and give the rest of the class instruction on how to pronounce the letter. Another group could sing the Alphabet Song in Russian. Other groups might consider developing short verbal exchanges to present for the class that would include name introductions and polite exchanges. OL


Section 1CHAPTER Teen Life

inEducation and Health Care

During the Soviet era, education was free but mandatory. The emphasis was on math, science, and engineering rather than on language, his-tory, and literature. This produced generations of technology-focused government officials. They, along with prominent educators, writers, and artists, made up the Soviet intelligentsia(in•tel•luh•JEHN•see•uh), or intellectual elite.

The curriculum changed dramatically after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Schools began to emphasize a more balanced approach, including language, history, and literature. Today, students have a choice of different types of schools, but the country’s unstable economy has limited school budgets. Teachers often abandon teach-ing because of the low pay and low morale. In addition, students focus on earning money rather than getting an education.

Russia is experiencing a demographic decline as the quality and availability of health care have worsened. Average life expectancy is 68 years, 10 years shorter than in the United States. The infant mortality rate, or the number of deaths per 1,000 births, is 9 compared to the U.S. rate of 6.6. Since 1992 the Russian death rate has exceeded the birthrate, resulting in negative pop-ulation growth.

Disease, lifestyle choices such as smoking tobacco and drinking alcoholic beverages, and inefficient health-care systems all threaten the well-being of Russia’s people. Additionally, an aging population, rising infertility, and increas-ing rates of infectious disease, including HIV and AIDS, have put a strain on an already strug-gling health-care system. The clinics and hospi-tals that are still run by the government are often inefficient and lose capable medical staff because of poor pay.

The ArtsThe arts in Russia were often inspired by reli-

gion. For example, churches were crowned with onion-shaped domes that symbolized heaven in the Russian Orthodox tradition. Russian art changed its focus to nonreligious themes in the early 1700s when Peter the Great introduced European culture. By the early 1800s, Russia had entered an artistic golden age that lasted into the 1900s.

The fall of communism and the rise of democ-racy in Russia have lessened the differences between teens in Russia and the United States. Teens in Russia enjoy American movies and music, as well as watching TV with family and friends. Unlike most American teens, however, most Russian teens live with their extended family, including grandparents and sometimes even great-grandparents.

Did you know . . . Students attend school Monday through Saturday.

Some students attend special schools where they can perfect a talent such as music or ballet.

Soccer is a favorite sport. Ice hockey and ice skating are also very popular due to the cold climate in many parts of Russia.

New Year’s Day is the most popular holiday in Russia. Russians celebrate it in much the same way as many Americans celebrate Christmas, with a tree and presents.

Most people use public transportation such as the bus, subway, trolley, or train.

The voting age is 18.

Russia

374 Unit 5

W

R

C

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 374 1/11/10 3:09:15 PM

Essential Question

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 375 1/11/10 3:09:28 PM

374

W Writing SupportDescriptive Writing Ask stu-dents to use the material in the “Teen Life in Russia” feature and in the text to write a one-page description of a teenager’s life in modern Russia. OL

R Reading StrategyIdentifying Ask: During the Soviet era, what was the focus of the Russian educational system? (math, science, and engineering) BL

C Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Organize students into two groups. One group will use library or Internet resources to research the literacy rate and amount of federal funding for education in the United States. The other group will do the same for Russia. Groups should draw conclusions based on the relationships between funding and literacy rates. Have groups share their research and conclusions. OL

Additional Support

Russian Literature The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are considered a golden age for the arts in Russia, particularly for literary arts. Writers such as Anton Chekhov, Nikolai Gogol, and Mikhail Bulgakov are consid-ered to be some of the greatest writers Russia has ever produced. These three writers wrote novels as well as plays. Have students work in

groups to research the works of these writers. Three suggested starting points can be The Cherry Orchard by Chekhov, The Nose by Gogol, and The Master and Margarita by Bulgakov. Ask: What is considered particularly Russian about each of these works? Have each group prepare and present a staged reading from each of the authors they choose. AL

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Collaborative Learning

Helping students to manipu-

late information by working

in groups is a great way to

keep students engaged.


Section 1CHAPTER

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 374 1/11/10 3:09:15 PM

RUSSIA

SECTION 1 REVIEWVocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: ethnic group, Soviet era, nationality,

sovereignty, atheism, pogrom, intelligentsia, socialist realism.

Main Ideas 2. How have the many ethnic groups in Russia shaped the coun-

try’s population patterns? 3. Describe an example in which migration has shaped popula-

tion patterns in Russia. 4. Create a graphic organizer like the one below, and use it to fill

in the key details for each aspect of Russian culture during the Soviet era and today.

Critical Thinking 5. Answering the Essential Essential Question Question How did the arrival

of foreign missionaries affect religion in Russia? 6. Comparing and Contrasting Write a paragraph comparing

the Russian education system during the Soviet era with the system today.

7. Analyzing Visuals Study the map of ethnic groups on page 371. Which ethnic groups are the most spatially concentrated?

Writing About Geography 8. Expository Writing Consider the ways in which physical

geography influenced culture in Russia. In which part of the country do most followers of Islam live? Write a paragraph explaining why you think this is so.

Russian arts are characterized by a list of well-known artists. Painters such as Viktor Vasnetsov and composers such as Pyotr (Peter) Tchaikovsky contributed to the richness of Russian culture. The works of poets Aleksandr Pushkin, Boris Pasternak, and Anna Akhmatova, and novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky have made Russian literature famous.

The Soviet government limited individual artistic expression and believed that it was the artists’ duty to glorify the government’s achievements in their works, an approach known as socialist realism.Artists who did not follow these guidelines were punished, as is evident in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s book The Gulag Archipelago.

Beginning in the mid-1980s, activity in the arts renewed as loosening government controls allowed the printing of previously unpublished works and new materials. During the height of Soviet repression, some works had been smuggled from Russia and printed in other countries.

Geography ONLINE

Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.com, select the

click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 15 for an activ-ity on Russian literature.

Geography ONLINE

Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

Chapter 15 375

Religion Education and Health Care

The Arts Family Life and Leisure

Aspects of Russian Culture

Family Life and LeisureLiving conditions in Russia affect family life.

Due to a housing shortage, most families live in large apartment blocks. The apartments are usu-ally very small — a bedroom, living room, kitchen, and bathroom — for a family of four. Extended family members often live together. For example, many newly married couples have to live with their parents until they can afford a home of their own. Grandmothers, or babushkas, may live with their adult children and grandchildren. Babushkas help with cooking, cleaning, and tak-ing care of the children.

Attending concerts, the ballet, and the theater all provide popular entertainment. Sports, both ama-teur and professional, are popular with all age groups. Russia’s tennis, track and field, and ice hockey athletes have had remarkable success in international events, as have figure skaters and gymnasts.

Today Russians observe May Day more as a spring festival than as a workers’ holiday. Tradi-tional religious holidays have also reemerged. In 1991, Christmas, celebrated by Eastern Orthodox Christians on January 7, became an official holi-day in Russia for the first time since 1918.

Regions What contributed to a resurgence of the arts in the 1980s?

D

World Geography and Cultures Web site, and

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 375 1/11/10 3:09:28 PM

375

Answers

Section 1 Review

D Differentiated InstructionGifted and Talented Have students read passages from The Gulag Archipelago to learn more about Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s personal experiences in a Soviet prison camp. AL

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are found in the section and the Glossary.

2. Ethnic groups have settled in self-selected regions that have become political entities. Thirty-two ethnic groups have their own republic or administrative territory in Russia.

3. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, many ethnic Russians living in former Soviet republics returned to Russia, giving Russia a positive immigration rate.

4. Religion: Soviet Era — atheism; today—Russian Orthodox, other Christian, Muslim, or nonreligious; Education and Health Care:

Soviet era—free and mandatory, focused on math, science, and engineering; today — students can choose where to go to school and what to study; the health care system has deteriorated; The Arts: Soviet era—socialist realism; today—artists are free to choose their own style; Family Life and Leisure: Today—most families live with extended families. Concerts, ballet, theater, and sporting events are popular leisure activities.

5. The arrival of foreign missionaries prompted Russian lawmakers to place restrictions on newly established religious groups.

6. During the Soviet era, education was free and mandatory. It was focused on math, sci-ence, and engineering. Today education includes language, history, and literature, and students can choose where to go to school, but the country’s struggling econ-omy sways people to look for work instead of pursuing an education.

7. Caucasian, Ossetian, Paleo-Siberian 8. the southwest, its proximity to predomi-

nately Muslim Southwest and Central Asia

Geography ONLINE

Objectives and answers to the Student Web Activity can be found at glencoe.com under the Web Activity Lesson Plan for this program.

Answer: loos-ening government controls

AssessGeography ONLINE

Study Central™ provides sum-maries, interactive games, and online graphic organizers to help students review content.

CloseIdentifying Ask: Ethnic Russians are part of what larger ethnic group? (Slavs)





WHY GEOGRAPHY MATTERS

376 Unit 5


Problem:Since the beginning of Russian occupation, the Chechens have sought independence from foreign rule.

Important Dates in Chechen History1991 USSR collapses; Chechnya declares independence

1994—1996 First Chechen War

1999 Russians invade; Second Chechen War begins

2003 Referendum approves new constitution giving Chechnya more autonomy

2007–2009 Ramzan Kadyrov becomes Chechen president; maintains support of Russia; claims insurgency has been crushed

Protest Natalia Estemirova, a human rights activist, was kidnapped and murdered in Chechnya in 2009. She was a critic of the Kremlin’s policies in Chechnya.

A memorial for Natalia Estemirova

Occupation Russian occupation remains part of everyday life in Chechnya. These Russian soldiers talk as Chechen women travel through the rubble of Grozny, Chechnya’s capital.

➤➤➤

R

376-377_C15_WGM_879995.indd 376 2/5/10 12:31:22 PM 376-377_C15_WGM_879995.indd 377 1/11/10 3:11:11 PM

376

FocusIntroducing the FeatureAsk students to think about what they know of U.S. history when considering the situation in Chechnya. For example, the American colonies were con-trolled by England but fought for their independence, and the Confederate States seceded from the United States but were re -admitted to the Union after a bloody civil war. Discuss how the U.S. examples are similar to or dif-ferent from the battle between Russia and Chechnya. OL

TeachR Reading Strategy

Identifying Have students review the table of Important Dates in Chechen History. Ask: How long did the First Chechen War last? (2 years) When did Chechnya gain more autonomy? (2003) BL

Additional Support

Visual Literacy Grozny, the capital of Chechnya, used to be home to over 400,000 people. Years of war have destroyed this once-thriving city, and most residents have either been forced to leave, disappeared, or been killed. However, some people, mostly women, choose to stay in Chechnya, struggling to sur-

vive while their relatives or husbands fight the war for independence. Women and children pick their way through the rubble as they go about their daily activities. Some people stay because they are afraid they will be arrested by the Russian soldiers and sent to detention camps if they try to leave.

More About the Photo

376-377_C15_WGM_895263.indd 376376-377_C15_WGM_895263.indd 376 2/5/10 12:35:30 PM2/5/10 12:35:30 PM


➤➤

376-377_C15_WGM_879995.indd 376 1/11/10 3:10:37 PM

Chapter 15 377

History of TensionsChechnya has historically been occupied by other powers. First controlled by the Turks and then by the Russians, Chechens have long strived for independence.

What is the history of the conflict? Although Russia has long controlled Chechnya, the republic has maintained its cultural heritage.

Chechens have their own language and are pre-dominately Sunni Muslim, and these differences have fueled the Chechens’ desire for indepen-dence. Whenever internal or external conflict has weakened the Russian government, Chechen reb-els have attempted to fight for autonomy, but their efforts have been unsuccessful. The Russian government has several reasons for maintaining Chechnya’s status as a republic of the Russian Federation. Several oil and gas pipelines vital to the Russian economy run through Chechen terri-tory. Also, if Russia were to grant Chechnya inde-pendence, it would likely face uprisings by other ethnic groups and republics within the Russian Federation.

What is the current political climate? In May 2000, Russian president Vladimir Putin established direct rule of Chechnya to try to stop the rebels. In 2003 a new constitution was passed in a referen-dum. Under this new constitution, Chechnya is still a republic within the Russian Federation, but it has been given a significant amount of auton-omy. The new Chechen government is now strug-gling to recover from the violence waged by the Chechen rebels and to bring stability and peace to Chechnya and its people.

Moscow

BeringSea

CaspianSea

Sea ofOkhotsk

BlackSea

ARCTIC OCEAN

RUSSIA

ESTONIA

BELARUS

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN

UKRAINE

LATVIA

MOLDOVA LITHUANIA

GEORGIAARMENIA

AZERBAIJAN

TURKMENISTAN

CHECHNYA

1,000 miles

1,000 kilometers

0

0


N

S

W E

Russia and the Republics

Solution:Integrating Chechen representation into the Russian government may be the only solution to the ongoing animosity between the two groups.

THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY

1. Human Systems Research the conflict in Chechnya in more depth, and then write an essay detailing the diplomatic measures taken to try to bring stability to the republic.

2. The World in Spatial Terms How might Chechnya’s location contribute to Russia’s unwillingness to grant the republic its independence?

Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov (right) talks with Russian president Dmitry Medvedev about Chechen-Russian relations.

RUSSIA

C

376-377_C15_WGM_879995.indd 377 1/11/10 3:11:11 PM

377

C Critical ThinkingIdentifying Central Issues Pass out four or five index cards to each student. As they read the passage, ask them to write down one central issue for the Russian-Chechen conflict on each card. As a class, ask students to list the issues on the board, using tally marks for each student who iden-tified the same reasons. At the end of the activity, have students assess if they are in agreement about the central issues, or if important issues were overlooked. OL

Assess/CloseIdentifying Religion was a major factor in Chechnya’s quest for independence. However, the country had other reasons for wanting to separate from Russia. Ask: What are some of the rea-sons that Chechnya has wanted to separate from Russia? (Students should identify at least three issues in the Chechen-Russian conflict.)

Answers1. Essays should show an understanding of

the various diplomatic overtures between the Russians and the Chechens since the fall of the Soviet Union, includ-ing the peace agreement signed in 1996 by Boris Yeltsin.

2. Chechnya is on the southern border of Russia, making it an important gateway

into Georgia and south to Armenia and Azerbaijan. It is also close to the Caspian Sea. If Chechnya breaks off, surrounding regions may also break off, cutting off important trade routes. Chechnya also houses several oil and gas pipelines vital to the Russian economy.


376-377_C15_WGM_895263.indd 377376-377_C15_WGM_895263.indd 377 1/25/10 2:00:00 PM1/25/10 2:00:00 PM

Section 2CHAPTER SECTION 2 History and GovernmentSince the fall of the Soviet Union, Russians have struggled to move beyond this dark period of their past. Although difficult, the country is making steps toward democracy and a market economy.

Voices Around the World“A decade has passed since the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist, and during that time the Russian people have been subjected to nothing less than an economic and social revolution. Three-quarters of state enterprises have been fully or partly transferred to individual owners in a corrupt privatization drive. . . . [A]s a seven-week trip around Russia earlier this year showed, shoots

of new life are springing up through-out the country.”

— Fen Montaigne, “Russia Rising,”

National Geographic, November 2001

Guide to ReadingEssentialEssential QuestionQuestionHow have Russia’s history and government been shaped by its many ethnic groups?

Content Vocabulary

Academic Vocabulary• acquire (p. 380)• policy (p. 380)• aid (p. 381)

Places to Locate• Moskva River (p. 379)• St. Petersburg (p. 380)• Vladivostok (p. 380)

Reading StrategySequencing As you read about Russia’s history, complete a time line similar to the one below by recording major events in the country’s history.

• czar (p. 379)• serf (p. 379)• Russification

(p. 380)• socialism

(p. 380)• Bolshevik

(p. 381)

• communism (p. 381)

• satellite (p. 381)• Cold War

(p. 381)• perestroika

(p. 382)• glasnost (p. 382)

Signs of modern technology at an Internet café

378 Unit 5

sectionaudio

spotlightvideo

1533 1700 1861 1945

1613 1922 1985

1991

1917

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 378 1/11/10 3:13:47 PM

MAIN Idea

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 379 1/11/10 3:14:05 PM

To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 15, Section 2 video at glencoe.com.

FocusDaily Focus Transparency 15.2

Guide to ReadingAnswers to Graphic:

Resource Manager

1547: Ivan IV becomes first czar

1613: Romanovs come to power

1700: Catherine the Great expands Russian empire

1861: Alexander II proposes set of limited reforms

1922: establishment of USSR

1945: end of WWII, USSR gains influ-ence over eastern and southeastern Europe

1985: Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power and introduces perestroika

Teacher Edition• Activating Prior

Knowledge, p. 382

Additional Resources• Guided Reading, 15-2,

URB, p. 32 • RENTG, pp. 109–111• Vocab. Act., URB p. 24

Teacher Edition• Making Infer., p. 380• Drawing Conclu., p. 381

Additional Resources• GIS Simulations, p. 18• Quizzes and Tests, p. 178

Teacher Edition• Below Grade Level,

p. 379• Visual/Spatial, p. 380

Additional Resources• Enrichment Act.,

URB p. 29• Reteaching Act.,

URB p. 25

Additional Resources• Graphic Organizer

Trans., pp. 45–46• Authentic Assess.,

p. 45

Teacher Edition• Reading a Time Line,

p. 381

Additional Resources• Daily Focus Skills

Trans. 15-2• Reinforcing Skills Act.,

URB, p. 27• Map Overlay Trans.

5, 5-4

Reading Strategies

Critical Thinking

Differentiated InstructionR C D W SWriting

SupportSkill Practice



Section 2CHAPTER

Essential Question

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 378 1/11/10 3:13:47 PM

Muscovy’s princes kept peace with the Mongols for about two centuries, but the peace did not last. Muscovy’s Prince Ivan III then brought many Slav territories under his control, thus earning the nick-name “the Great.” Ivan’s expanded realm eventu-ally became known as Russia. In Moscow, Ivan built a huge fortress called the Kremlin and filled the city with churches and palaces. Russia’s gov-ernment today, the Russian Federation, uses the Kremlin as its executive headquarters.

In 1547 Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV, became Russia’s first crowned czar (ZAHR), or supreme ruler. He crushed all opposition to his rule and expanded his realm’s borders into non-Slav territories, earning the name Ivan the Terrible.

After Ivan’s reign, the country faced foreign inva-sion, economic decline, and social upheaval. When the Romanov dynasty came to power in 1613, the government gradually tightened its grip on the people. By 1650 many peasants had become serfs,a virtually enslaved workforce bound to the land and under the control of nobility.

Sea ofOkhotsk

EastChina

Sea

SouthChina

Sea

YellowSea

Sea ofJapan

(East Sea)

Baltic Sea

Casp

ian

Sea

Black SeaMediterranean

Sea

Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf)

YeniseyR.Irtysh

R.

Huang

He

(Yellow

R.)

Ch

ang Jiang (Yangtze R.)

Lena

Am

ur

R.

Ob’ R.Don

Dan

ub

e

R.

R.

VolgaR.

R.

Tigris

R.

Euphrates R.

Indu

s R.

LakeBalkhash

AralSea

LakeBaikal

60°N

40°N20°N

140°E

120°E100°E80°E

40°E60°E

20°E

ARCTIC CIRCLE

TROPIC OF CANCER

EUROPE

A S I A

RUSSIANPRINCIPALITIES

Karakorum

Kazan‘

Sarai

KievMoscow

1236

1237

1241

1242

Route of Mongolsto Russia

Mongol Empire, 1294

Vassal states

800 miles

800 kilometers

0

0

Two-Point Equidistantprojection

N

S

W E

Mongol Invasions into Russia

Early HistoryMAINMAIN IdeaIdea Russia’s historical roots go back thou-

sands of years and include many ethnic groups.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What do you know about the early history of the United States? Read to learn about the people involved in the rise of Russia.

Russia’s historical roots go back to the a.d. 600s, when Slav farmers, hunters, and fishers settled near the waterways of the Northern European Plain.

Kievan RusDuring the 800s, Scandinavian warriors called

the Varangians settled among the Slavs living near the Dnieper and Volga Rivers. Within a century the Varangians had adopted the Slav language and many Slav customs. The Slav com-munities were eventually organized into a loose union of city-states known as Kievan Rus. Ruled by princes, the leading city-state, Kiev, con-trolled a prosperous trading route, using Russia’s western rivers to link the Baltic and Black Seas.

Eventually, fighting among the city-states weakened Kievan Rus. In the early 1200s, Mongols invaded Kiev and many of the Slav territo-ries from their foothold in Central Asia. Although the Mongols allowed the Slavs self-rule, they continued to control the area for more than 200 years.

The Rise of RussiaMany Slavs fled the Mongol

invasions and later settled along the Moskva River. One of their settlements grew into the city of Moscow, the cen-ter of a territory called Muscovy (muh•SKOH•vee), which was linked by rivers to major trade routes and sur-rounded by lands good for farming and fur trapping.

1. Movement From which direction did the Mongols invade Russia?

2. Location Near which bodies of water were vassal states located?

Chapter 15 379

D

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 379 1/11/10 3:14:05 PM

379

TeachD Differentiated

InstructionBelow Grade Level Help stu-dents distinguish among similar terms with different meanings, such as the difference between territory as land and territory as an official administrative region. Conversely, have students watch for groups of synonyms such as reign and rule. BL ELL

Hands-On Chapter Project

Step 2


Step 2: What is There to See and Do? Students will now consider the best way to present their findings for their cul-tural tour of Russia.

Directions Have the groups gather together to pitch their various ideas of where

to go in Russia. There should be a lot of them! As the ideas are laid out, have the groups work out a 10-day to two-week cultural tour that will take in 15–20 events, museums, and/or other cultural happenings.

Putting It Together Have the groups put together a cultural tour brochure that will appeal to students like them. The

brochure should include pictures and descriptions of what travelers can expect and why this is the tour of a lifetime. OL

(Chapter Project continues on the Visual Summary page.)

Answers1. from east to west

2. Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Don River, Volga River, Indus River, South China Sea, Chang Jiang

Did You Know?Slavs were often captured and forced into labor by other central European groups. The name for this practice — slavery — came from the name of this ethnic group, used by speakers of Middle English, Medieval Latin, and Late Greek.


Section 2CHAPTER

1920 19301910 1940

380 Unit 5

Romanov Czars and the EmpireWhile Russia struggled, western Europe moved

forward and left Russia behind. Then in the late 1600s, Czar Peter I — known as Peter the Great — came to power, determined to modernize Russia. Under Peter I, Russia enlarged its terri-tory, built a strong military, and developed trade with western Europe. To acquire seaports, Peter I gained land along the Baltic Sea from Sweden.

A new capital — St. Petersburg — was carved out of the wilderness along the Gulf of Finland, pro-viding access to the Baltic Sea and giving Russia “a window on the West.” Since most of Russia’s other ports were icebound for almost half the year, St. Petersburg became a major port.

During the late 1700s, Empress Catherine the Great continued to expand Russia’s empire and gained a long-sought-after warm-water port on the Black Sea. The Romanov expansion also brought many non-Russians under its rule. As the Russian nobility was adopting western European ways, a cultural gap developed between the nobil-ity and the serfs. The serfs followed traditional Russian ways and faced poverty.

Beginning in 1891, under Czar Alexander III, Russia expanded into Siberia with the construc-tion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Nearly 6,000 miles (9,700 km) long, it connects Moscow to Vladivostok. Once completed in 1916, the rail-road opened Russia’s interior to settlement.

Location How was St. Petersburg important to the expansion of the Russian empire?

Revolution and ChangeMAINMAIN IdeaIdea Discontent with inequality in Russian

society led to revolution and freedom from genera-tions of czarist rule.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What led to the American Revolution? Read to learn about the factors that led to the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union.

A long cycle of halfhearted reforms, govern-ment repression, and the American and French Revolutions encouraged the desire among edu-cated Russians to open up Russian society.

The Russian RevolutionCzar Alexander II’s limited reforms, such as

freeing the serfs in 1861 without providing for their education, caused many former serfs to move to cities. There they faced the poor conditions and meager wages of factory work. Non-Russian peo-ples also faced prejudice when the government introduced the policy of Russification, which encouraged people to speak Russian and follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Those who refused were harshly persecuted, especially the Jews, who were often blamed for Russia’s problems.

This frustration and discontent led many Russian workers and thinkers to turn to socialism, a belief that calls for greater economic equality in society.

1917 Revolution forces Czar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne. Lenin becomes leader of Russia.

1922 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is established.

1924 Vladimir Lenin dies. Joseph Stalin emerges as the new leader.

1939 The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact gives the Soviet Union control of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and eastern Poland. Germany and the Soviet Union promise not to attack each other.

1941 Germany attacks the Soviet Union, drawing it into World War II.

History of the Soviet Union

C

D


380

C Critical ThinkingMaking Inferences The text states that the people maintained their Russian cultural identity and faced poverty. Ask: Is there a causal relationship between these two statements? (Some stu-dents may read the text that way, but you should point out that the wealth of the rulers and the nobility allowed them access to the West and the means to adopt European manners and goods.) AL

For additional practice in this skill, see the Skills Handbook.

D Differentiated InstructionVisual/Spatial Ask: What visual clue does the time line offer by showing a picture of Vladimir Lenin? (that Lenin was a very important part of Russian his-tory in the twentieth century) BL

Answer: It gave Russia access to a port that was free of ice year-round.

Did You Know?Did You Know?

• Lenin Vladimir Lenin was born Vladimir Ulyanov in Simbirsk, Russia, in 1870. After the Russian revolution, Simbirsk was renamed Ulyanovsk.

• Lenin’s Family Both of Lenin’s par-ents were schoolteachers. His older brother, Alexander, was arrested in

St. Petersburg for plotting against Tsar Alexander III. Alexander Ulyanov was convicted and hanged at the age of 17.

• Name Change Vladimir Ulyanov began using the pseudonym “Lenin” in the 1890s.

• Lenin’s Philosophy As a law student, Lenin studied the revolutionary writings of Karl Marx. “Leninism” was Lenin’s ver-sion of Marxist communism that aimed to empower the workers of Russia and the world. Lenin spelled out the basics of his philosophy in a publication enti-tled “What Is to be Done?”

Additional Support


Section 2CHAPTER

MAIN Idea

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 380 1/11/10 3:14:16 PM

1950 1960 1990

RUSSIA

Chapter 15 381

One of its biggest proponents, the German philos-opher Karl Marx, advocated public ownership of all land and a classless society with an equal shar-ing of wealth. This would occur after a revolution, led by the working classes, against the wealthy.

Increasing discontent caused strikes and dem-onstrations to break out in the early 1900s. Then in 1917, the hardships of World War I brought even larger numbers of workers and now sol-diers into the streets, demanding “bread and freedom.” These actions forced Nicholas II to abdicate his throne, bringing czarist rule to an end. The following year, Czar Nicholas and his family were killed. Their murders signaled the demise of Europe’s last absolute rulers and the emergence of communism in Russia.

The Soviet EraThe weak representative government established

in 1917 made it easy for the Bolsheviks, a revolu-tionary group led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, to seize control. The Bolsheviks believed in communism, a philosophy based on Karl Marx’s ideas that called for the violent overthrow of government and the creation of a society led by workers.

Promising the people “Peace, Land, and Bread!”, the Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from World War I, surrendering much territory to Germany. They used their complete political control to take over industry, direct food distribution, and estab-lish an eight-hour workday. Civil war eventually erupted between the Bolshevik Red Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Army.

The Bolsheviks won the civil war in 1922, and established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union. The Soviets gradu-ally regained Ukraine, Belarus, and large parts of the Caucasus region and Central Asia.

After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin became the leader of the Communist Party. Stalin took control of farms and factories as he made the USSR an industrial giant. He eliminated those who disagreed with him, and millions were either killed or died from hunger, physical hardships, or brutal conditions in labor camps.

A SuperpowerThe Soviet Union attained superpower status

after World War II. The USSR controlled most of Eastern Europe at the war’s end. By 1949 most of the region’s countries had become satellites,countries controlled by the Soviet Union.

The next four decades saw the Soviet Union and the United States engaged in the Cold War, the struggle between two competing sys-tems — communist and capitalist — for world influence and power. Although both countries built destructive nuclear weapons, the “weap-ons” used for this war were propaganda, the threat of force, and aid to developing countries.

Regions How did the size of Russia change after the Soviets gained control?

1945 Germany is defeated in World War II. Postwar agree-ments give the USSR influence over eastern and southeastern Europe.

1953 Joseph Stalin dies. Nikita Khrushchev becomes the Communist Party leader.

1961 Soviet astronaut Yury Gagarin becomes the first human to orbit the Earth.

1985 Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power and pro-poses perestroika, a restruc-turing of the economy.

1991 The USSR is dissolved.

1. Regions What did the Soviet Union gain from the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact?

2. Place What countries might the Soviet Union have had influence over after World War II?

C

S

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 381 1/11/10 3:14:19 PM

381

C Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Teach students the term sphere of influ-ence, which indicates countries that are close to a superpower either geographically, politically, or philo-sophically. Ask: How were the “weapons” described used to increase a superpower’s sphere of influence? (Propaganda and mone-tary aid were used to sway the popu-lace, and the threat of force was used to frighten weaker governments.)

S Skill PracticeReading a Time Line Ask: How long was the U.S.S.R. in existence? (69 years) BL

Differentiated Instruction

Answers1. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,

and Eastern Poland, and the promise that Germany wouldn’t attack Russia

2. The countries of eastern and southeastern Europe

BL Differentiated Instruction, p. 58

OL Guided Reading, URB, p. 31 AL Differentiated Instruction, p. 59

ELL Differentiated Instruction, p. 57

Proverbs

Russia and the Soviet Union

Education and Literacy

Capital Cities

Understanding Russia’s Past

St. Petersburg is Russia’s second largest city and its former capital. Tracing the name of the city during the twentieth century reveals a great deal about Russia’s political and cultural history. Ask students to identify the names the city has been called and when and why the name changed.

ProverbsProverbs

Russia and the Soviet UnionRussia and the Soviet Union

Education and LiteracyEducation and Literacy

Capital CitiesCapital Cities

Copyright © Glencoe/M

cGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The M

cGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Name Date Class

Population and Culture

The Soviet government disapproved of religion and instead promoted .

Russia is made up of more than 120 .

Only of the population lives in two-thirds of Russia’s land area.

Most Russians who claim a religious affiliation belong to the church.

Russian Slavs dominate Russia’s and culture.

Turkic-speaking peoples live in Russia.

Russia’s population is because of poor health care and a low birthrate.

The Caucasian peoples consist of the Chechens, Dagestanis, and .

Some of the world’s greatest literature comes from Russian authors such as

who wrote Gulag Archipelago.

Soviet “socialist ” strangled artistic expression in Russia.

May 1, or , was a workers’ holiday in Soviet Russia, but today it is just a

spring celebration.

Since 1991, have returned to their homeland.

Southeastern Russia is the home of .

Since 1990, urban population growth in most industrialized cities has .

Prominent educators, writers, artists and scientists made up the Soviet .

Copy

right

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-Hi

ll Co

mpa

nies

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-Hi

ll Co

mpa

nies

, Inc

.

My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg

Copy

right

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-Hi

ll Co

mpa

nies

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-Hi

ll Co

mpa

nies

, Inc

.

Key Terms and Reinforcement

Great Russian Writers

The Cold War

The phrase “Cold War” does not refer to a war fought in the winter. Gather students in groups and ask them to find the following information about the Cold War:

What was the Cold War? When did it start and end? Who was the American president when the Cold War started? Who was the Russian leader who introduced glasnost or “openness” and

how did he contribute to ending the Cold War?

Great Russian WritersGreat Russian Writers

CHAPTER15

Key Terms and Reinforcement

Leveled Activities

Answer: Initially, it shrank but then expanded into Europe and central Asia.


Section 2CHAPTER Movements for ChangeMAINMAIN IdeaIdea New ideas about political and eco-

nomic systems led to changes in Russia.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU Do you believe that there is enough political openness in the United States? Read to learn how political openness helped Russia transition from its Communist past.

The breakup of the Soviet Union required lead-ers to change their ideas about governing a super-power in an increasingly interconnected world.

The Fall of the Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union’s weakening economy, along

with great discrepancies between workers’ wages and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led to the breakup of the Soviet Union. In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, a reform-minded official, assumed power in the Soviet Union. He instituted a policy of economic restructuring called perestroika(pehr•uh•STROY•kuh) and a policy of greater political openness called glasnost (GLAZ•nohst).

Many of the satellites overthrew their Communist rulers in 1989. A failed coup in 1991 to overthrow Gorbachev collapsed, but all the republics declared independence by year’s

Vocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: czar, serf, Russification, socialism,

Bolshevik, communism, satellite, Cold War, perestroika, glasnost.

Main Ideas 2. How did the Bolsheviks use their complete power to create

the Soviet Union? 3. How did Mikhail Gorbachev help the transition away from

communism? 4. Using a graphic organizer like the one below, list the key events

in Russia or in the Soviet Union during each of the following time periods: Kievan Rus, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russia.

Critical Thinking 5. Answering the EssentialEssential QuestionQuestion How did the migra-

tion of the Slavs and their interactions with other groups influence the history of Russia?

6. Determining Cause and Effect What led to the breakup of the Soviet Union? Write a paragraph explaining your answer.

7. Analyzing Visuals Study the map of Mongol invasions on page 379. How many miles separate Karakorum and Moscow?

Writing About Geography 8. Expository Writing Write a paragraph explaining why you

agree or disagree with the following statement: “The Soviet Union was a 74-year-long experiment that failed.”

SECTION 2 REVIEW

382 Unit 5

Geography ONLINE

Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

Era Dates and Key Events

end. Twelve of the 15 new countries became members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The three Baltic countries did not. Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Russian republic.

A New RussiaThe new Russia began moving from a com-

mand economy to a market economy, closing outdated factories and restructuring agriculture. Separatist movements and ethnic conflict also threatened the stability of Russia. Beginning in the 1990s, Tatarstan, Dagestan, and other ethnic territories demanded greater self-rule. Some demands have erupted into war. Boris Yeltsin’s successor, Vladimir Putin, inherited those con-flicts when he became president in 1999.

Putin helped stabilize the economy by instituting reforms in labor, banking, and private property. He also helped Russia get involved with NATO through the NATO-Russia Council. After winning reelection in 2004, Putin instituted changes that were seen by many as taking a step away from democracy. Barred from a third term as president, Putin endorsed Dmitry Medvedev as his successor. After winning the election, Medvedev nominated Putin for prime minister. This allowed Putin to remain heavily involved in Russian government.

Regions Which Soviet republics formed the Commonwealth of Independent States?

R


382

Answers

Section 2 Review

R Reading StrategyActivating Prior Knowledge Ask: What conditions existed during the last days of the Soviet Union that were similar to those that brought about the Russian Revolution? (large discrepancies in wealth between the leaders and the citizens) OL

Answer: all except Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

AssessGeography ONLINE

Study Central™ provides sum-maries, interactive games, and online graphic organizers to help students review content.

CloseSummarizing Ask: What forms of government has Russia had? (union of city-states, imperial mon-archy, communist, and democratic)

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are found in the section and the Glossary.

2. They took over industry, direct food distri-bution, and established an eight-hour work-day. They also fought and won a civil war, after which they created the Soviet Union.

3. by introducing perestroika and glasnost

4. 5. The Slavs were organized into a loose union of city-states, were invaded by Mongols, fled to the Moskva River, and eventually Ivan III organized Slavic territories and defeated the Mongols.

6. a weakening economy and the discrepan-cies between workers’ wages and the privi-leges of their leaders

7. about 2,700 miles 8. Essays will vary but should touch on points

regarding the economy and personal, politi-cal, and religious freedoms.

Era Dates and Key Events

Kievan Rus

800s Kievan Rus formed; 1200s Mongols invade; 1400s Ivan the Great defeats Mongols

Russian Empire

1547 Ivan IV becomes first czar; late 1600s Peter I becomes czar and established St. Petersburg; 1700s Catherine the Great expands Russia’s empire; 1891 Trans-Siberian Railroad built; 1917 Nicholas II abdicates the throne

Soviet Union

1922 established; 1924 Stalin becomes leader; 1939 gains control of eastern Poland and the Baltic States; 1945 gains influence over eastern Europe; 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power; 1989–1991 Soviet Union begins to dissolve

Russia 1991 Boris Yeltsin elected president; 1999 Putin becomes president



VISUAL SUMMARY MAIN Idea

Essential Question

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 382 1/11/10 3:14:22 PM

RUSSIA

Study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes and flashcards to your PDA from glencoe.com.CHAPTER VISUAL SUMMARY

Chapter 15 383

• Russia is ethnically diverse.• Most Russians are Slavic in origin.• The diversity of people in Russia has led to many ethnic

groups demanding greater self-rule or independence.• In some places, like Chechnya, the groups have resorted

to violent methods, such as terrorism.

PEOPLE AND ETHNICITY

• In Russia’s early years it was ruled by czars, who were selected by birth.

• During the Soviet era, leaders were selected by a small group of Communist Party insiders.

• Democratic reforms were established in Russia follow-ing the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

• Today Russia has free elections, but many fear that government is moving away from democracy.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

• Under the czars, the economy was run by serfs bound to nobles.

• During the Soviet era, a command economic system was used.

• Capitalism was introduced to Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

• When Russia switched economic models, it caused instability in the marketplace, with high inflation and unemployment.

• Reforms put into place by Vladimir Putin have helped to stabilize the economy.

CHANGING ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

15

Russian Ethnic Groups

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2009.

Ossetian: 0.4% Slavic: 82.4%

Turkic: 7.3%

Caucasian: 2.9%

Other: 5.6%

Uralic: 1.4%

Rate of Inflation in Russia, 1992–2008

Perc

ent

Year

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

01992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Sources: U.S. State Department, www.cia.gov; The World Factbook 2009.

Nenets women cast their votes in the presidential election.

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 383 1/11/10 3:14:36 PM

383

Hands-On Chapter ProjectStep 3: Wrap-Up

Synthesizing Remind students that the history of Russia and its people has been one of radical change over the past several hun-dred years. Have students work in groups to put together a pictorial time line highlighting Russia’s his-tory. Ask the students to touch on each of the categories shown in the Visual Summary. OL

Identifying Central Issues Ask students to think about the inflation rate as shown in the graph. Present the example of a consumer who purchased an item for $1.00 at the beginning of 1991. By 1992, the item would have cost $25.00 due to rampant inflation. Now that the inflation rate is under control, an item bought for $1.00 at the beginning of 2008 would cost only $1.10. Review with students how Russia’s chang-ing political systems influenced its economy. AL


Step 3: Present the Tour Plans Students will synthesize what they have created in Steps 1 and 2.

Directions Have students present their tour packages. The presentation should be

in the form of a brochure and a pitch detail-ing the cultural highlights of the tour they have designed for students traveling to Russia. Ask: If I went on this tour, what would I see and do? Are there any added features the students may have discovered along the way? What were some of the tour

suggestions that did not make it in the bro-chure? Ask: Now that you have designed this brochure and focused on some great cultural experiences, would you like to travel to Russia? Why or why not? Open the discussion to the whole class. OL


CHAPTER 15ASSESSMENT

384 Unit 5

CHAPTER 15

After you eliminate the choice that has nothing to do with Russia or the topic of the question, see if you can eliminate one other choice and thus narrow the possibilities down to two.

TEST-TAKING TIP

Reviewing VocabularyDirections: Choose the word or words that best complete the sentence.

1. A people who share a common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or some combination is .

A a soviet

B a nation

C an ethnic group

D a race

2. is a belief that there is no God or other supreme being.

A Soviet

B Atheism

C Ethnicity

D Turkic

3. The supreme rulers of Russia were known as .

A czars

B Muscovites

C kings

D emperors

4. Gorbachev’s economic restructuring plan was known as .

A glasnost

B communism

C perestroika

D Russification

Reviewing Main IdeasDirections: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to answer the following questions.

Section 1 (pp. 370–375)

5. Where do most Russians live?

A western Russia

B eastern Russia

C the Ural Mountains

D the Caucasus Mountains

6. After the fall of the Soviet Union, what happened to religious life in Russia?

A The government continued to insist that everyone follow atheism.

B The Roman Catholic Church became the predominant religion.

C Most people became Protestant.

D Most people who claim a religious affiliation have returned to the Russian Orthodox Church.

Section 2 (pp. 378–382)

7. What development opened Russia’s interior to settlement?

A the Trans-Siberian Railroad

B global warming

C the conquest of a warm-water port

D the defeat of the Mongols

8. Which group eventually gained power in Russia after the Russian Revolution?

A White Russians

B Socialists

C Communists

D Republicans

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

GO ON

384-385_C15_STP_879995.indd 384 1/11/10 3:15:27 PM

BiG Idea

384-385_C15_STP_879995.indd 385 1/11/10 3:15:33 PM

384

Answers, Analyses, and Tips

TEST-TAKING TIPHave students read the question, and fill in the blank with each of the possible choices. When more than one answer seems true, stu-dents should choose the answer that is “more true.”

Answer A may be eliminated, since even before the fall of the Soviet Union the govern-ment had relaxed its restrictions on religion. Answers B and C may be eliminated. Only Eastern Orthodox Christianity is officially rec-ognized in Russia.

7. A In the same manner that railroads opened the American West, the Trans-Siberian Railroad opened the interior of Russia. Students should eliminate answer C, since port cities are along the coasts and not in the interior. Answer D

may be eliminated since, even after defeat of the Mongols, transportation to the interior of Russia was difficult. Answer B is a distracter since the concept of global warming was not covered in the section.

8. C Socialists and communists were involved in the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bol-sheviks, a revolutionary group that believed in communism, seized control of the government after the revolution.

4. C Even students who are familiar with the chapter may have difficulty differentiating between glasnost and perestroika. Both terms came into use at about the same time under the administration of Mikhail Gorbachev. Students may benefit from using a mnemonic device: when students read the term glas-nost they should think of glass, which is transparent, or open.

5. A Students should remember that Russia’s two largest cities, Moscow and St. Petersburg, are in western Russia.

6. D Russian Orthodoxy is the largest religious group in Russia.

Reviewing Vocabulary1. C Students may be confused by this question since, in the chapter, “major ethnic groups” and “nation-alities” have the same meaning. However, nation is not defined in the text. Students may also con-fuse the terms ethnic group and race. Students may be aware that people of the same race share a common ancestry, but do not nec-essarily share a language, religion, or customs.

2. B Of the answer choices, only atheism is a belief.

3. A Students should easily dis-miss answer B. However A, C, and D mean essentially the same thing — a supreme ruler. Students should remember that only the term czar is defined in the chapter.

384-385_C15_STP_895263.indd 384384-385_C15_STP_895263.indd 384 1/25/10 2:04:50 PM1/25/10 2:04:50 PM

CHAPTER 15ASSESSMENT

384-385_C15_STP_879995.indd 384 1/11/10 3:15:27 PM

Chapter 15 385

ASSESSMENT

Geography ONLINE

For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 15 on glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help?

Critical ThinkingDirections: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to answer the following questions.

9. Years of frustration led up to the Russian Revolution, but the event that fi nally brought it about was .

A a major famine in the countryside

B loss of freedom of the Russian Orthodox Church to practice its religion

C the killing of the czar and his family

D the suffering during World War I

Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge of Chapter 15.

10. In what direction from Moscow were most of the acquired lands to 1389?

A north

B south

C east

D west

Document-Based QuestionsDirections: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer questions that follow the document.

In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev proposed perestroika, or restructuring, of the Soviet economic system. Here is his descrip-tion of the reasons for the reforms.

In effect, we have here a new investment and structural policy. The emphasis has been shifted from new construction to the technical retooling of enterprises, to saving the resources, and sharply raising the quality of output. We will still pay much attention to the development of the mining industries, but in providing the economy with raw materials, fuel and power, the emphasis will now be on the adoption of resource-saving technologies, on the rational utilization of resources. . . .

The economy has, of course, been and remains our main concern. But at the same time we have set about changing the moral and psychological situation in society. . . .

We have come to the conclusion that unless we activate the human factor, that is, unless we take into consideration the diverse interests of people, work collectives, public bodies, and various social groups, unless we rely on them, and draw them into active, constructive endeavor, it will be impossible for us to accomplish any of the tasks set, or to change the situation in the country.

—Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World

11. What does Gorbachev name as the major concern of the Soviet Union?

12. According to Gorbachev, what is essential to making pere-stroika successful?

Extended Response13. Exploring the BiG BiG Idea Idea

Describe the changes in Russia since the fall of communism. How has the economy changed?

Growth of Moscow

If you missed questions. . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Go to page. . . 371 373 379 363 372 373 380 381 381 385 385 385 382

STOP

384-385_C15_STP_879995.indd 385 1/11/10 3:15:33 PM

385

Have students refer to the pages listed if they miss any of the questions.

Need Extra Help?

Geography ONLINE

Have students visit the Web site at glencoe.com to review Chapter 15 and take the Self-Check Quiz.

12. Perestroika must rely on the people of Russia, consider their interests, and draw them into con-structive endeavors. According to the passage, Gorbachev believed that the movement would only be successful if it had the support of the people.

Extended Response13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The economy has become more market-oriented. Students should remember from the text that since the fall of communism, the Russian people have been more free to practice their reli-gion. Methods of education have changed, but poor pay and low morale have caused many teach-ers to leave the profession. The health-care system is strained, and separatist movements are threat-ening the country’s stability.

Critical Thinking9. D Although there was discontent with the government in the early 1900s, the hardships of World War I precipitated the Russian Revolution. B and C may be eliminated. Students should know that the Soviet Union, formed in 1922, discouraged the practice of religion, and that the czar and his family were killed in 1918 after the start of the revolution.

10. A Students should be able to read the map legend to see that the original area of

Moscow is in the southeast and that most lands were added to the north.

Document-Based Questions11. He names the economy. Students should read the passage carefully. In the second para-graph, Gorbachev writes, “the economy has, of course, been and remains our main concern.”

TEST-TAKING TIPRemind students that when studying for a test or exami-nation, they can create songs or raps to help them remember lists of facts or dates. Just as many little children learned the alpha-bet by singing the ABC song, they can remember anything by putting the information into a song.

384-385_C15_STP_895263.indd 385384-385_C15_STP_895263.indd 385 1/25/10 2:04:53 PM1/25/10 2:04:53 PM



CONNECTING TO

THE UNITED STATES

THE UNITED STATES

Just the Facts: • The fall of communism in the Soviet Union led to

Russian involvement in the International Space Station beginning in 1998.

• In 1794, the first Russian Orthodox Church in America was established in Alaska. Today the Orthodox Church in America has approximately 1 million mem-bers and 400 parishes countrywide.

• According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 706,242 Americans listed Russian as their spoken language.

• The Russian American population is estimated to be approximately 3 million people.

CONNECTING TO

386 Unit 5

A production of The Nutcracker

U.S. astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut aboard the International Space Station

A Russian Orthodox church in San Francisco, California

C

386-387_C15_WGC_879995.indd 386 1/11/10 3:17:43 PM 386-387_C15_WGC_879995.indd 387 1/11/10 3:17:58 PM

386

FocusIntroducing the FeatureExplain to students that Russia’s relationship with the United States has been one of extreme ups and downs over the past 100 years. From the Russian revolution through two world wars, the Cold War, the space race, and the tear-ing down of the Berlin Wall, the two world governments, described as “superpowers,” have had a diverse and evolving history.

TeachC Critical Thinking

Making Inferences Ask: Why do you think that a Russian Orthodox church was founded in Alaska in the eighteenth cen-tury? (Russia is geographically closer to Alaska than the fledgling American colonies were; Russia con-trolled Alaska at that time.) OL

For additional practice on this skill, see the Skills Handbook.

Visual Literacy Russian Orthodox churches are symbolized by many unique decorations, such as the onion domes that top these mag-nificent structures. Onion domes are named for their bulb-like shapes and pointy tops. The Kremlin in Moscow features many towers topped with onion domes, and many Russian Orthodox churches have onion domes. While

Russian Orthodox churches can be found throughout the United States, the first Russian Orthodox Church in America was established in Alaska. Russians came to Alaska and took advantage of the region’s prosperous fur trade. The “Golden Age” of the Orthodox Church in Alaska ended when Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867.

More About the Photo

Additional Support

386-387_C15_WGC_895263.indd 386386-387_C15_WGC_895263.indd 386 1/25/10 2:07:16 PM1/25/10 2:07:16 PM

CONNECTING TO

THE UNITED STATES

386-387_C15_WGC_879995.indd 386 1/11/10 3:17:43 PM

Chapter 15 387

Making the ConnectionRussian culture has influenced American cul-ture through the arts, sports, religion, and space exploration. Russian influences, while not always obvious, have been significant.

Cold War Influences Russian cultural influ-ence in the United States has in large part been based on the competition between the two nations as the result of the Cold War. Although never directly engaged in armed con-flict, the United States and the Soviet Union were continually at odds and in competition with each other. This competition was exhib-ited through sporting events and the space race, each country striving to top the other.

Influencing the Arts Although ballet itself did not originate in Russia, the Russian ballet community made lasting changes to the art form and helped to popularize it throughout the world. Tchaikovsky (chy•KAWF•skee), a Russian composer who lived during the late 1800s, wrote several ballets that remain pop-ular today. Most notable is The Nutcracker, a Christmas holiday favorite in the United States and around the world.

Sports Heroes —Russian Heritage Since the fall of communism, many Russian athletes have become popular American sports heroes. Russian influence is most notable in ice hockey and tennis. Some of the most recognizable of these Russian-born athletes are hockey players Sergei Fedorov and Alexander Ovechkin, and tennis player Maria Sharapova.

Russian Literature

Title Author

War and Peace Lev Tolstoy (tawl•STOY)

Anna Karenina Lev Tolstoy

Crime and Punishment

Fyodor Dostoyevsky (DAHS•tuh•YEHF•skee)

Doctor Zhivago Boris Pasternak (PAS•tuhr•NAK)

A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (SOL•zhuh•NEET•suhn)


1. Human Systems Research a Russian-born athlete mentioned above or one of your choosing. Describe the contributions that per-son has made to his or her sport.

2. Environment and Society Investigate Russian and American cooperative involvement with the International Space Station. What have both countries contributed to this project?

Russian-born tennis player Maria Sharapova

Nobel prize-winning Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

RUSSIA

D

386-387_C15_WGC_879995.indd 387 1/11/10 3:17:58 PM

387

Russian-Americans During the Cold War, numerous talented and influential people left the Soviet Union and came to the United States. These people were scientists, artists, athletes, and scholars. Ask: Who were some of these people, and how have they influenced American culture? Have students research and

choose a prominent Soviet citizen that defected to the United States during the Cold War and influenced our culture. Have students write short biographies of these individuals that describe who they are, where they came from, and why they fled to the United States. OL

Connecting to The United States

D Differentiated InstructionEnglish Learners Ask students to review the terms influence and influential. Explain that these terms refer to the ability of some-one or something to behave in a way they might not have done otherwise. Ask: Is there a person or a place that influences you?(Answers will vary.) ELL

Assess/CloseSummarizing Russians have influenced many aspects of American life. They have made significant contributions to the arts, sports, religion, and space exploration. Ask: In what ways have the Russians influenced the lives of Americans?

Answers1. Essays will vary depending

on the athlete chosen.

2. The countries have ser-viced and manned the pro-gram from the beginning. The pressurized section of the space station is made up of two Russian modules Zarya and Zvezda and two U.S. modules Destiny and Node 1.


386-387_C15_WGC_895263.indd 387386-387_C15_WGC_895263.indd 387 1/25/10 2:07:32 PM1/25/10 2:07:32 PM