chapter planning guide - glencoe/mcgraw-hillglencoe.com/ebooks/social_studies/wgc_2012_nat/tw… ·...

Chapter Planning Guide

388A

BL Below Level OL On Level

AL Above Level ELL English Language Learners

Print Material Transparency CD-ROM or DVD

Key to Teaching ResourcesKey to Ability Levels

LevelsResources Chapter

OpenerSection

1Section

2Chapter AssessBL OL AL ELL

FOCUSBL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 16-1 16-2

TEACHBL ELL Guided Reading Activity, URB* p. 41 p. 42

BL ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 34

BL OL AL ELL Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB p. 37

OL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 39

OL Environmental Issues Case Study, URB p. 9

BL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* pp. 112–114

pp. 115–117

BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Atlas* ✓ ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL Political Map Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities p. 9

BL OL AL ELL Map Overlay Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 5-6

BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Desk Map ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL Writer’s Guidebook for Social Studies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

OL AL World History Primary Source Documents Library ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

National Geographic World Regions Video Program ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BookLink for Social Studies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

StudentWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL Section Spotlight Video Program ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL World Music: A Cultural Legacy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BL OL AL ELL High School Writing Process Transparencies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

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388B

Plus

All-In-One Planner and Resource Center

Levels Resources Chapter Opener

Section 1

Section2

Chapter AssessBL OL AL ELL

TEACH (continued)

TeacherResources

High School Character Education ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Inclusion for the High School Social Studies Classroom Strategies and Activities ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

High School Reading in the Content Area Strategies and Activities ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Success with English Learners ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Differentiated Instruction for the Geography Classroom ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Literacy Strategies in Social Studies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Standards-Based Instruction ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Presentation Plus! with MindJogger CheckPoint ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

TeacherWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

National Geographic Focus on Geography Literacy Teacher Guide ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

ASSESSBL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests p. 187 p. 188 p. 189

BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 46

BL OL AL ELL ExamView Assessment Suite 16-1 16-2 Ch. 16

CLOSEBL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 35

BL OL ELL Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Guide Foldables p. 58

BL OL AL ELL World Geography in Graphic Novel pp. 31–35

Graphic Organizer Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities pp. 47–48

✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

• Interactive Lesson Planner • Interactive Teacher Edition • Fully editable blackline masters • Section Spotlight Videos Launch• Differentiated Lesson Plans

• Printable reports of daily assignments

• Standards Tracking System

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Chapter Integrating Technology

388C

Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC2630C16T for Chapter 16 resources.

You can easily launch a wide range of digital products from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill widget.

Student Teacher ParentWorld Geography and Cultures Online Learning Center (Web Site)

• Section Audio ● ● ●

• Spanish Chapter Audio Summaries ● ● ●

• Section Spotlight Videos ● ● ●

• StudentWorks™ Plus Online ● ● ●

• Multilingual Glossary ● ● ●

• Study-to-Go ● ● ●

• Chapter Overviews ● ● ●

• Self-Check Quizzes ● ● ●

• Student Web Activities ● ● ●

• ePuzzles and Games ● ● ●

• Vocabulary eFlashcards ● ● ●

• In-Motion Animations ● ● ●

• Study Central™ ● ● ●

• Nations of the World Atlas ● ● ●

• Glencoe Graphing Tool ● ● ●

• btw — Current Events Web Site ● ● ●

• Web Activity Lesson Plans ●

• Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ●

• Beyond the Textbook ● ● ●

Geography ONLINE

What is Study Central™?Study Central™ is an interactive, online tool that helps students understand and remember content section-by-section. It can be used alongside lessons or before a test.

How can Study Central™ help my students?Study Central™ contains fun activities that students can use to review important content and reinforce effective study habits. Using the format of the Guide to Reading that opens each section in the textbook, Study Central™ has students write main idea statements as questions, review academic and content vocabulary, and take notes using online graphic organizers. Students can also read section summaries, take multiple-choice quizzes, and find Web links for more information.

Visit glencoe.com and enter a QuickPass™ code to go to Study Central™.

UsingStudy Central™

Teach With Technology

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http://www.glencoe.com


Additional Resources

388D

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps students increase their reading rate and fluency while maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national assessments.

• Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies concentrates on six essential reading skills that help students better comprehend what they read. The book includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written at increasing levels of difficulty.

• Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English.

• Content Vocabulary Workout (Grades 6-8) acceler-ates reading comprehension through focused vocabu-lary development. Social Studies content vocabulary comes from the glossaries of Glencoe’s Middle School Social Studies texts. www.jamestowneducation.com

The following videotape programs are available from Glencoe as supplements to Chapter 16:

• The Class of the 20th Century; Vol 6 1976–1990 (ISBN 1-56-501052-3)

To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find class-room resources to accompany many of these videos, check the following pages:

A&E Television: www.aetv.com

The History Channel: www.historychannel.com

Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to create a customized reading list for your students.

• Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest.

• The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections.

• A brief summary of each selection is included.

Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter:

For students at a Grade 7 reading level:• A Work of Art, by Anton Chekhov• A Terrible Night, by Anton Chekhov

For students at a Grade 8 reading level:• How Much Land Does a Man Need? by Leo Tolstoy

For students at a Grade 9 reading level:• The Brothers Karamazov, by Fyodor Dostoevsky

For students at a Grade 10 reading level:• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,

by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn• The Handbook of the Former Soviet Union,

by Michael G. Kort

ReadingList Generator

CD-ROM

Index to National Geographic Magazine:

The following articles relate to this chapter:• “Russian Smokejumpers,” by Glenn Hodges,

December 2006.

• “Giants Under Siege,” by Gleb Raygorodetsky, February 2006.

• “The Long Shadow of Chernobyl,” by Richard Stone, April 2006.

National Geographic Society Products To order the following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728

• National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book).

Access National Geographic’s new dynamic MapMachine Web site and other geography resources at:

www.nationalgeographic.com

www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

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http://www.aetv.com

http://www.historychannel.com

http://www.jamestowneducation.com

http://www.nationalgeographic.com

http://www.nationalgeographix.com/maps

INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER CHAPTER

388 Unit 5

THE REGION TODAY

Russia

Overlooking the Moskva River, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the president of the Russian Federation. On the right is St. Basil’s Cathedral.

Disputes over ideas, resources, values, and politics can lead to change. Russia continues to adjust to difficult political and economic challenges, which require the coun-try to find a way to balance its need for economic growth with preserva-tion of the environment.

EssentialEssential QuestionsQuestions

Section 1: The EconomyHow has Russia’s transition to a market economy affected its rela-tionships with other countries?

Section 2: People and Their EnvironmentHow might human actions that have modified Russia’s environment affect its growth?

Geography ONLINE

Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC9952C16 for Chapter 16 resources.

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388

Section 1The Economy Essential Essential Question Question How has Russia’s transition to a market economy affected its relationships with other countries? (Russia has expanded its trade relationships with the European Union, other former Soviet republics,

China, and Japan. Energy exports are the main item of international trade.) Tell students that in Section 1 they will read and learn about the Russian economy today and its struggle to move to a market economy after 70 years of being a Soviet-controlled economy. OL

FocusMore about the PhotoVisual Literacy The Kremlin is the center of the Russian govern-ment. The Kremlin is actually a fortress encompassing numerous buildings, including several cathe-drals. The Kremlin is the place where the Russian government was born. The Kremlin fortress is the original settlement that became Moscow.

TeachAs you begin teaching

this chapter, read the Big Idea out loud to students. Explain that the Big Idea is a broad, or high-level, concept that will help them under-stand what they are about to learn. Use the Essential Question for each section to help students focus on the Big Idea.

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INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER

Essential Questions

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RUSSIA

Identifying Information Make a Four-Door Book to help you identify information about the Chernobyl disaster, which took place in the Soviet Union in 1986.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write down details about the Chernobyl disaster. Imagine your-self as a news reporter on the scene in 1986, gathering details to present a complete report about the causes of the disaster.

Chapter 16 389

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389

Previewing the RegionIf you have not already done so, engage students in the Regional Atlas and Country Profiles activi-ties to help them become familiar with the general content of the region.

Dinah Zike’sFoldables

Purpose This Foldable asks students to identify facts about the Chernobyl disaster. Ask stu-dents to imagine that they are journalists trying to get the What? Where? When? And Why? of the report and causes of the disas-ter. This Foldable helps students prepare for assessment.

Section 2People and Their Environment Essential Essential Question Question How might human actions that have modified Russia’s envi-ronment affect its growth? (Russia must act to correct serious environmental mistakes made during the Soviet era. Only after Russia has moved to protect its natural resources from

further damage can it begin to consider how best to move into the future. Russia’s protec-tion of its rich and diverse natural resources can help to spur economic growth.) In Section 2 students will learn about Russia’s actions to protect its environment, as well as employ-ing its resources for growth. OL

Geography ONLINE

Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC2630C16T

for Chapter 16 resources.



Section 1CHAPTER SECTION 1 The EconomyRussians hoped that independence would bring quick and painless economic change. Though the shift toward a freer economy has brought hard times and many challenges, many Russians are hopeful about the future. A successful Russian company president, Anatoly Karachinsky, reflects that outlook:

Voices Around the World“‘There is the old economy of the U.S.S.R., and it has a much tougher road. Many enterprises will first have to die to be reborn. Then there’s the resource economy — oil, gas, aluminum — a large part of the gross domestic product. It’s making a good profit and moving ahead. Then there’s the new economy, the econ-omy that didn’t exist ten years ago, and we’re part of that.

“‘If you just focus on the old economy, the country looks in terrible shape. . . . But something entirely new is being born here. Russia is just at the beginning of an economic climb. Overall, I’m pretty optimistic.’”

— Fen Montaigne, “Russia Rising,” National Geographic, November 2001

Guide to ReadingEssentialEssential QuestionQuestionHow has Russia’s transition to a market economy affected its rela-tionships with other countries?

Content Vocabulary

Academic Vocabulary• illegal (p. 391)• successor (p. 391)• stability (p. 392)

Places to Locate• Siberia (p. 393)• Chechnya (p. 393)• Dagestan (p. 393)

Reading StrategyOrganizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by listing changes in Russia’s economic system and the effect of each.

• command economy(p. 391)

• consumer good (p. 391)

• black market (p. 391)

• market economy(p. 391)

• privatization(p. 391)

• kolkhoz (p. 392)• sovkhoz (p. 392)

Economic System Changes Effect

Command Economy

Market Economy

A businesswoman in St. Petersburg

390 Unit 5

sectionaudio

spotlightvideo

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MAIN Idea

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FocusDaily Focus Transparency 16.1

Guide to ReadingAnswers to Graphic:

Resource Manager

Teacher Edition• Reading Graphs, p. 391• Academic Vocab, p. 392

Additional Resources• Guided Reading 16-1,

URB, p. 41• RENTG pp. 112–114• World Geo. in Graphic

Novel, pp. 31–35

Teacher Edition• Cause and Effect, p. 391

Additional Resources• Quizzes and Tests, p. 187

Teacher Edition• Verbal/Linguistic,

p. 392

Additional Resources• Diff. Instr. for the Geo.

Classroom, pp. 61–63• Foldables, p. 58

Teacher Edition• Expository Writing,

p. 393

Additional Resources• Enrichment Act.,

URB p. 39

Teacher Edition• Using Geo. Skills, p. 394

Additional Resources• Daily Focus Skills

Trans. 16-1• Map Overlay Trans. 5-6• Pol. Map Trans., p. 9

Reading Strategies

Critical Thinking

Differentiated InstructionR C D W SWriting

SupportSkill Practice

Economic System

Changes Effect

Command Economy

government owned all business and made all decisions

industrial goods, shortage of consumer goods, stag-nant growth

Market Economy

privately-owned businesses, foreign investment

greater selection of goods/services, uncertainty

To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 16, Section 1 video at glencoe.com.



Section 1CHAPTER

Essential Question

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RUSSIA

Chapter 16 391

Changing EconomiesMAINMAIN IdeaIdea Russia has faced many challenges in

its transition from a command economy to a mar-ket economy.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU When the U.S. economy fluctuates, are people in urban and rural areas affected in similar ways? Read to learn how economic and political changes have affected Russia’s people.

Since the fall of communism in 1991, Russia has faced economic challenges, such as provid-ing jobs and expanding trade.

The Soviet Command EconomyUnder Communist leaders, the Soviet Union

operated as a command economy in which the government made key economic decisions. The government owned banks, factories, farms, mines, and transportation systems. The govern-ment decided what and how much to produce, how to produce it, and who would benefit from the profits. It also controlled the pricing of most goods and decided where they would be sold.

Unemployment was nearly nonexistent, but wages were low in the Soviet Union. Some people could not afford consumer goods, or goods needed for everyday life. Even when people had enough money, such goods were hard to find. Some items could be bought on the black market,illegal trade in which scarce or illegal goods are sold at high prices. Most workers, however, could not afford to pay these high prices.

By the 1970s and 1980s, many developed coun-tries had turned away from heavy industry to focus on technology. The Soviet system, however, focused on increased industrial production and did not invest in high-technology industries. As a result, its economy stagnated, and the standard of living declined.

The Market EconomyWhen Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in

1985, the Soviet economy was in trouble. So he began to move toward a market economy, in which businesses are privately owned. Gorbachev reduced some government controls, allowed people to start small businesses, and encouraged foreign investment. Boris Yeltsin, Gorbachev’s successor, expanded this process.

Privatization Russia’s economy continued to change after the fall of the Soviet Union. Russian president Boris Yeltsin removed 90 percent of price controls and encouraged the mass privatization — a change to private ownership — of state-owned companies. This change favored people who could afford to purchase large companies. Rather than reinvest in Russia, many invested their profits outside the country. Most average Russians neither earned nor were spending the new wealth.

The Transition Continues The Russian economy experienced ups and downs throughout the 1990s. Although more consumer goods were available, prices soared, and many people could not afford to buy the goods. Between 1990 and 1995, Russia’s GDP fell by 50 percent. Following a 1998 financial crisis, the ruble — Russia’s currency — lost 71 percent of its value. The international community made large loans to Russia.

Yeltsin resigned as president of Russia in 1999. His successor, Vladimir Putin, inherited an unsta-ble economy that lacked a strong banking system. The Russian military was also in need of improve-ments. However, Putin needed to avoid over-spending on the armed forces at the expense of overall economic growth.

Russia has experienced economic growth since 1998, due in part to increases in productivity, wages, consumption, and a growing middle class. However, under new president Dmitry Medvedev, the country still faces the challenges of diversifying the economy, stimulating the growth of small businesses, and investing in human capital through education and training.

Regions What economic transi-tion has Russia been making since the 1980s?

Industry:28.9% Service:

28.5%

Public Sector:32.6%

Sources: World Bank, A Country Economic Memorandumfor the Russian Federation, March 2005; Federal State Statistics Service.

Industry:43.3%

Agriculture:13.6%

Service:17.1%Public

Sector:26%

Restructuring Employment

1990 2008

Agriculture:10.0%

C

R

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391

Small Business Administration

Step 1: Transition Students operate a small business under the Soviet system. The business they operate is owned and controlled by the state. As the market sys-tem changes, the business must change with the times.

Essential Question How do small busi-nesses adapt as the economy moves from state owned to privately owned?

Directions Have students work in groups of three or four. Ask them to come up with a small business that they own in Moscow. Explain that in 1990, the business might have been called “Bakery” as it was state owned and had no competition. Now,

however, the market is changing and “Bakery” must change with the times.

Putting It Together Students can decide on what business they want to develop. Have them research and note what might need to be done to move their business from state owned to privately owned. OL

(Chapter Project continues on page 396.)

TeachR Reading Strategy

Reading Graphs Discuss with students the trends reflected in the “Restructuring Employment” graphs. Discuss whether these trends are expected to continue, based on the information in this section. OL

C Critical ThinkingDetermining Cause and Effect Ask: What was the effect of mass privatization? (Varied answers might include high inflation or falling GDP.) OL

For additional practice on this skill, see the Skills Handbook.

Answer: toward a market economy

Hands-On Chapter Project

Step 1


Section 1CHAPTER

Perc

ent o

f GDP

Year19

9019

9219

94 1996

1998 20

0020

0220

04 2006

2008

Sources: World Development Indicators,The World Bank; The World Factbook 2008 and 2009, www.cia.gov.

0

10

20

30

40

50

392 Unit 5

Economic ActivitiesMAINMAIN IdeaIdea Russia’s transition to a market econ-

omy has transformed agriculture and industry.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU Where are major manufac-turing industries located in the United States? Read to learn about Russia’s major industries.

Russia’s transition to a market economy has included restructuring agriculture, privatizing industry, opening markets to foreign investors, and managing natural resources more efficiently.

AgricultureSoviet-era farms were organized into state-

controlled kolkhozes (kahl•KAW•zehz) and sovkhozes (sahf•KAW•zehz). Kolkhozes were farms worked by farmers who shared, to a degree, in the farm’s production and profits. Sovkhozes were farms run more like factories, with the farmworkers receiving wages. However, the gov-ernment controlled the prices and production in both the agricultural and industrial sectors.

These sectors suffered because the system did not motivate workers.

In 1991 President Yeltsin began restructuring state-run farms so they could function better in a market economy. However, Russian farmers — accustomed to the stability of Soviet con-trols — continued to operate many of Russia’s farms as kolkhozes or sovkhozes. Most farmers could not afford to buy land, and they worried that wealthy Russians or foreign investors might use the land for nonagricultural development. Because of these concerns, progress toward a market economy for agriculture has been slow. In 2002, however, a new land code made it easier for Russians to buy and sell farmland, which helped speed up the restructuring process. Over the last several years, Russian agricultural exports have increased, and the country has also become a large grain exporter.

IndustryRussian industry has been transformed since

the early 1990s. The graph at the left shows that the share of GDP from the industrial sector fell after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It has taken years to approach the Soviet levels. For many years, Russia’s state-owned aerospace industry and its military-industrial system were its eco-nomic and technical focus. Many of these compo-nents have become privately owned and provide export income. Russia has also encouraged for-eign investment by selling shares of ownership in some Russian companies and by opening Russia’s markets to Western companies.

In general, Russia’s economy is expanding, particularly in the areas of industry and services. Russia’s most important industry is petroleum extraction and processing, and the country is one of the world’s largest producers of crude oil. Russia’s domestic oil provides its other indus-tries with vital energy at a reasonable cost. While energy resources dominate Russian exports, minerals also provide important export income. The country is also a major producer of iron ore, manganese, and nickel. Huge forests in Russia produce one-fifth of the world’s soft-wood, and Russian supertrawlers, or fish- factory ships, process catches from both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Regions What is Russia’s most important industry?

1. Regions Describe the trends in Russia’s GDP from 1990 to 2008.

2. Regions In what year did the industrial sector’s contribution to GDP reach its lowest point?

Contribution of Industry to Russia’s GDP

Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com.

D

R

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MAIN Idea

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392

D Differentiated InstructionVerbal/Linguistic Students can remember the difference between kolkhozes and sovkhozes (types of farms) by remembering that “kol” refers to “collective” and “sov” refers to state run, as in “Soviet”. OL

R Reading StrategyAcademic Vocabulary Discuss with students the definition of the word stability and what it means in this section. BL ELL

Answers1. It shrank steadily until 1998

and then it began to grow. It then dipped slightly but rebounded and began to grow again in 2004.

2. 2003

Answer: petroleum

Differentiated Instruction

BL Differentiated Instruction, p. 62

OL Vocabulary Activity, URB, p. 34

AL Political Map Transparencies, p. 12

ELL Differentiated Instruction, p. 61

Create a Map

Give students a blank map of Russia and ask them to work in pairs to trace the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Ask them to label the following on their map:

Moscow Yekaterinburg Omsk Irkutsk Lake Baikal Vladivostok

Discuss the importance of having a railroad that connects Russia’s Far East to the more populous west.

Ethnic Groups

Source: CIA World Factbook, 2006

Workforce

Free Speech

Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups

WorkforceWorkforce

Free SpeechFree Speech

Copyright © Glencoe/M

cGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The M

cGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Name Date Class

change to private ownership

privately owned businesses respondto supply and demand (2 words)

chemical used to kill insects

trade in which illegal goods are bought and sold (2 words)

small farm where farmers share in productionand profits

by-product of producing nuclear power (2 words)

central authority makes key economic decisions (2 words)

Week One: Arrive in St. Petersburg. See theBolshoi Ballet.Then take a bus south to Moscow. I will cover approximately

miles. Fly fromMoscow to Volgograd, located 48°N latitude

and longitude.

Week Two: Rent a car and drive from Volgogradto Astrakhan.This city is located near the

Sea.Then fly from

Astrakhan to , a city insouth-central Russia that is located at approxi-mately 55°N latitude and 83°E longitude.

Week Three: Take a train from the previous cityto Yakutsk in eastern Siberia for the annualYsyakh Festival on June 21. Prepare for cold temperatures by bringing plenty of

clothing.

Week Four: Fly from Yakutsk south toVladivostok.While visiting the area, go on a sightseeing cruise on the Sea of

.

N

Black Sea

CaspianSea

ARCTICOCEAN

Sea ofOkhotsk

80°E 120°E

0°

80°N 80°N

40°N

40°E

60°N 60°N

160°E

0 500 km

0 500 mi.

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Key Terms and Reinforcement

Struggling Economy

Environmental Issues

Distances in Russia

Russia is an immense country. To give students an idea of its width, have them measure the distances between the following Russian cities:

St. Petersburg and Yakutsk Moscow and Vladivostok Astrakhan and Irkutsk

Key Terms and ReinforcementKey Terms and Reinforcement

Struggling EconomyStruggling Economy

Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

CHAPTER16

Leveled Activities



Section 1CHAPTER

MAIN Idea

388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 392 1/25/10 2:30:04 PM

RUSSIA

Chapter 16 393

class status, but public transportation remains a practical option for many. Some of the systems and equipment, however, need repair and improvements.

The Soviet Union used jet airplanes for passen-ger traffic, and the government financially sup-ported air travel. The passenger airline Aeroflot was once the only one in the Soviet Union. Today, Aeroflot is the largest airline in Russia. It com-petes for business with other airlines, both domestic and foreign. Most major cities have national and international carriers.

Mass CommunicationsDuring the Soviet era, the state owned and

controlled all mass communications systems. State agencies reviewed all print and broadcast materials to make sure they contained no criti-cism of the government. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russians have heard and read new voices and fresh views. Under Putin, however, the Kremlin exerted greater control over national television networks.

Russia has made progress in building the tele-communications infrastructure needed for a mar-ket economy. This has allowed the number of cell phone subscribers to jump from 1 million in 1998 to 188 million in 2007. And Russia ranks twelfth in the world in number of Internet users.

Human-Environment InteractionWhy does Russia depend on railroads and water-ways for most of its transportation needs?

Transportation and CommunicationsMAINMAIN IdeaIdea Russia is developing and improving

transportation and communications systems to help with the transition to a market economy.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How might Russia’s physi-cal geography and climate present obstacles to the country’s transportation and communications sys-tems? Read to learn how Russia is trying to over-come these obstacles.

In an age of speedy transportation and the Internet, Russia struggles to find funds for new highways and high-tech communications.

Transporting GoodsRussia’s transportation systems must move

resources great distances to reach consumers. A major highway system links Moscow with other major cities, but many roads are in poor repair. Melting snow and the spring thaw in places like Siberia often make roads impassable.

Because of its great size and climate extremes, Russia depends on railroads and waterways for most of its transportation needs. Russia boasts the world’s longest continuous railroad line, the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Major cities are found where the Trans-Siberian Railroad crosses large rivers. Millions of tons of goods travel along thousands of miles of navigable inland water-ways, which connect seaports and inland cities.

Pipelines are effective in transporting petro-leum products, although constructing and main-taining them can be difficult in areas of harsh climate. Pipelines crisscross Russia, providing Russian cities and parts of western Europe with fuel. Minor pipelines run through Chechnya and Dagestan (dah•guh•STAHN), republics in southwestern Russia. People in these republics are fighting for more self-rule from Russia, so control of the area’s oil reserves and pipelines is a major concern.

Transporting PeopleMost Russians live in cities, and many do not

own cars. Therefore, public transportation — such as trains, buses, and subways — is common. Private car ownership is a symbol of middle-

The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the greater part of the rail route from

Moscow to the Pacific port city of Vladivostok.

Regions How does Russia’s climate influence transpor-tation in the country?

W

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393

W Writing SupportExpository Writing Have students read this one-page description of the importance of transportation and communication systems in Russia today. Ask: Why is it important to have and main-tain these systems? (They are vital for the transition to a market economy.) OL

Caption Answer:Roads are often impassable due to melting ice and snow, so railroads and waterways are important.

Answer: Roads are often impassable due to melting ice and snow.

AdditionalSupport

The Ruble To help students understand the Russian economy, it would be helpful if they knew something of Russian currency. The understanding of this basic currency might also help with their small-business activity in the Hands-On Chapter Project. Tell students that the ruble is the Russian equivalent of the U.S. dollar, though they

must understand that the two currencies have different values. The ruble is broken down by kopeks. Kopeks are like pennies. 100 kopeks equal one ruble. Students can read about Russian banknotes and learn about the history of banking in Russia at the Web site of The Central Bank of Russia at www.cbr.ru/eng/today/history/

central_bank.asp More ad vanced students can read about Russian currency on the world exchange market by going to the Web site of The Chicago Mercantile Exchange at www.cme.com. Ask students to write a brief summary of what they learned from the Web sites they visited. OL

Activity: Economics Connection


http://www.cbr.ru/eng/today/history/central_bank.asp

http://www.cbr.ru/eng/today/history/central_bank.asp

www.cme.com

Section 1CHAPTER

Vocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: command economy, consumer good,

black market, market economy, privatization, kolkhoz, sovkhoz.

Main Ideas 2. What challenges has Russia faced in its transition to a market

economy? 3. How is Russia working to improve its transportation and com-

munications systems? 4. What steps has Russia taken to expand international trade and

build relationships in the global community? 5. Using a chart like the one below, fill in details about agricul-

ture and industry in the Soviet command economy and in the Russian market economy. Then explain how these two sectors of the economy have been transformed.

Critical Thinking 6. Answering the EssentialEssential QuestionQuestion What actions has

Russia taken to become part of the global economy? 7. Identifying Cause and Effect How did the transition from a

command economy to a market economy affect the Russian people?

8. Analyzing Visuals Study the physical map on page 348 and the economic activity map on page 352 of the Regional Atlas, and the vegetation map on page 363. In what area is the raising of livestock concentrated? How is this related to the physical geography of the region?

Writing About Geography 9. Expository Writing Write a paragraph explaining how

Russia’s vast size affects the availability of natural resources and the country’s ability to develop them.

SECTION 1 REVIEW

Trade and InterdependenceMAINMAIN IdeaIdea Russia is expanding international

trade and is working to build political and financial relationships within the global community.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What role do energy resources have in U.S. involvement in the global economy? Read to learn about the importance of energy in Russia’s international trade relationships.

Russia has focused on becoming a full partner in the global community by expanding trade and building international relationships.

TradeRussia is a major source of energy and fuels,

which account for over 50 percent of its exports. The European Union, other former Soviet repub-lics, China, and Japan are among Russia’s major trading partners.

Energy exports are expected to remain Russia’s main item of international trade until its manu-factured goods improve in quality and become more competitively priced. Working to strengthen

Geography ONLINE

Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

394 Unit 5

Soviet Command Economy

Russian Market Economy

Agriculture

Industry

its industries, Russia became a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in 1998. In 2006, Russia and the United States signed a bilat-eral agreement for Russia’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO).

International RelationsRussia works to maintain its role in world

affairs. It benefits from occupying the former Soviet Union’s seat in the United Nations Security Council. It has also joined European organiza-tions that support security and cooperation. Russia has helped settle conflicts and has supported peace efforts in several countries. Even as Russia asserts itself internationally, however, economic problems have drained money from its military.

Adequate financial resources are vital to Russia’s stability and progress in the global community. Other countries and world organizations have provided loans, and foreign investors have made funds available to Russian industry. With such help, Russia is trying to create secure and work-able systems for banking, farming, manufactur-ing, transportation, and communications.

Place What natural resource accounts for the majority of Russia’s total exports?

S

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S Skill PracticeUsing Geography Skills As students consider Russia’s eco-nomic place in the world and the title of “superpower” that is often used in connection with the coun-try, have them examine a globe to remind them of Russia’s size and place on the planet as it spans two continents. OL

Answer: energy and fuels

AssessGeography ONLINE

Study Central™ provides sum-maries, interactive games, and online graphic organizers to help students review content.

CloseMaking Connections Ask: Who are Russia’s major trading partners? (European Union, former Soviet republics, China, and Japan)

Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are found in the section and the Glossary.

2. prices going up, the GDP falling, rampant inflation, a weak banking system, foreign debt, unstable currency and corruption

3. constructing pipelines, maintaining railroads and ports, boosting cellular phone service

4. It joined a number of trade organizations, occupies a seat on the UN security council, and joined European organizations that pro-mote security and cooperation.

5. Command Economy: agriculture—kolk-hozes or sovkhozes, farmers shared profits or received wages, government controlled prices and production; industry—focused on heavy industry, caused economic decline. Market Economy: agriculture—still many kolkhozes and sovkhozes, production has fallen but new land codes boosted productivity; industry—was privatized, suffered a decline into the late 1990s, rebounded and growing today.

6. It has expanded trade, especially in energy and fuels.

7. The Soviet era offered stability. A market economy made many people fear the insta-bility it brought. Consumer goods were more readily available, but prices went up. Corruption brought instability and higher prices. Today prices are under control and industry is growing in the cities, but remote regions have yet to see any benefit.

8. along the grassland areas of Russia’s southern border; along the flat plains

9. Paragraphs will vary.

Section 1 Review



Section 2CHAPTER

RUSSIA

SECTION 2 People and Their EnvironmentGlobal demand for natural resources such as oil and timber has created a difficult challenge for Russia — how to manage its natural resources and balance economic growth with environmental conservation.

Voices Around the World“I visited the Khabarovsk region . . . in mid-September. With Russia’s econ-omy and its wood products industry on the rebound after the 1990s — when timber harvesting dropped by 60 percent — there was abundant evidence of logging. Train cars stacked high with lumber rumbled down the Baikal-Amur Railway, much of it bound for China, where a growing economy and a near moratorium on logging have created high demand for Siberian wood. Khabarovsk’s easily accessible forests have already been logged, forcing timber companies to forge ever deeper into the taiga. From the city of Komsomolsk on Amur I drove five hours to reach one of the closest logging areas. Along the way I passed numerous areas of burned forest — gray swaths of scorched tree trunks sprawling over the undulating landscape.”

— Fen Montaigne, “Boreal: The Great Northern Forest,”

National Geographic, June 2002

Chapter 16 395

Guide to ReadingEssential Essential QuestionQuestionHow might human actions that have modified Russia’s environment affect its growth?

Content Vocabulary

Academic Vocabulary• contribute (p. 397)• resident (p. 397)• cite (p. 398)

Places to Locate• Barents Sea (p. 396)• Baltic Sea (p. 396)• Bering Sea (p. 396)• Chernobyl (p. 396)• Lake Baikal (p. 397)• Noril’sk (p. 397)• Kamchatka (p. 397)

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about Russia’s environment, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by describing the environ-mental issues and concerns for each location.

• nuclear waste (p. 396)

• radioactive material (p. 396)

• pesticide (p. 397)

Location Description Concerns

Chernobyl

Lake Baikal

Kamchatka

A Russian timber worker

sectionaudio

spotlightvideo

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FocusDaily Focus Transparency 16.2

Guide to ReadingAnswers to Graphic:

Resource Manager

Location Description Concerns

Chernobyl nuclear power plant

nuclear fallout,radiation poisoning

Lake Baikal world’s oldest and deepest lake.

dumping of industrial pollutants

Kamchatka eastern peninsula in Russia

mining threatens fish stocks and local wildlife

Teacher Edition• Making Connections,

p. 396

Additional Resources• Guided Reading 16-2,

URB, p. 42• RENTG, pp. 115–117• Vocab. Act., URB p. 34

Teacher Edition• Comparing and

Contrasting, p. 396

Additional Resources• Environ. Issues Case

Study, URB p. 9• Quizzes and Tests, p. 188

Teacher Edition• Naturalist, p. 397

Additional Resources• Reteaching Act.,

URB p. 35• Graphic Organizer

Trans., pp. 47–48

Teacher Edition• Persuasive Writing,

p. 398

Additional Resources• Authentic Assess.,

p. 46

Teacher Edition• Using Geo. Skills, p. 396

Additional Resources• Daily Focus Skills

Trans. 16-2• Map Overlay Trans. 5-5• Reinforcing Skills Act.,

URB, p. 37

Reading Strategies

Critical Thinking

Differentiated InstructionR C D W SWriting

SupportSkill Practice

To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 16, Section 2 video at glencoe.com.



Section 2CHAPTER

60°N

40°N

ARCT

ICCI

RCLE

20°W

0° 20°E 40°E 60°E

80°E

ChernobylATLANTIC

OCEAN

Black Sea

NorthSea

Caspian Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Baltic

Sea

ASIA

AFRICA

No Data

N

S

W E

600 miles

600 kilometers

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 0

0

Severe

High

High to moderate

Moderate

Moderate to low

Low

RADIOACTIVITY

396 Unit 5

Human ImpactMAIN MAIN IdeaIdea The environmental damage caused by

Soviet-era industrialization continues to pose risks to natural resources and human health.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How would you describe the quality of the water and air in your community? Read to learn why pollution is such a major prob-lem for Russia’s water, soil, and air.

The Soviets’ disregard for the environmental effects of industrialization damaged Russia’s water, air, and soil.

Nuclear Wastes Between 1949 and 1987, the Soviet Union set off more than 600 nuclear explosions. Soviets developed and then stock-piled nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War. Today, the condition and fate of those weapons concern Russia and the rest of the world.

Nuclear wastes are the by-products of produc-ing nuclear power and weapons. Some nuclear wastes can remain radioactive for thousands of years, posing dangers to people and the environ-ment. The Soviets placed most nuclear wastes in storage facilities, but some radioactive materials —material contaminated by residue from the generation of nuclear energy and weapons—were dumped directly into the Barents Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Bering Sea.

Chernobyl Past and Present In 1986 a fire in a nuclear reactor in the town of Chernobyl (chuhr•NOH•buhl), 60 miles (97 km) north of Kiev, Ukraine, released tons of radioactive particles into the local environment — 400 times more radioac-tivity than was released at Hiroshima. Radiation covered tens of thousands of square miles of farm-land and forests in the Soviet republics of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Because of prevailing winds, other countries suffered as well.

Millions of people were exposed to deadly lev-els of radiation because Soviet officials were slow to alert the public to the crisis and did not evacuate people soon enough. Thousands of people died as a direct result of radiation poi-soning. Millions more continue to suffer from cancer, stomach diseases, cataracts, and immune system disorders. Approximately 350,000 peo-ple were displaced from their homes. Today there is a tightly controlled exclusion zone sur-rounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.

After the accident, international pressure prompted Soviet leaders to improve nuclear safety standards and to shut down dangerous plants. Despite concerns, 29 nuclear reactors continue to provide some of the country’s electricity. Experts think that many remaining Soviet-era reactors are poorly designed and unsafe. Russia plans to expand its nuclear power industry by building more reactors and new power plants.

In late 2000, the remaining reactor at Chernobyl was shut down. In 2006, twenty years after the explosion at Chernobyl, hazard-ous work began to build a new structure to replace the fragile sarcophagus that entombs the deadly reactor. The new structure will not be a permanent solution. However, it could help pre-vent another Chernobyl disaster if the old struc-ture were to collapse and release radioactive dust, or if water leaking into the old structure were to set off a nuclear chain reaction.

1. Location Which European countries had areas with high or severe levels of radioactivity?

2. Regions Which subregion of Europe—eastern or western—was more affected by radioactivity?

The Impact of Chernobyl, 1986

S

C R

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MAIN Idea

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396

Small Business Administration

Step 2: Ready for Business Students will administer a small business in the tran-sition from a command economy to a mar-ket economy.

Essential Question What do small busi-ness owners, who are unaccustomed to operating in a market economy, need to know and do to keep their doors open?

Directions Have students develop a simple business plan to help their business survive and grow. The plan should outline a vision for the business, a marketing strat-egy, and a financial goal. The plan should also take environmental impact issues into consideration (if applicable). This business plan is what they will present to potential investors and/or a bank.

Putting It Together As the small business owners develop a plan, they should organize it and put it together in a visually pleasing way. This plan is their advertisement to the business community for the growth of their small business. OL

(Chapter Project continues on Visual Sum-mary page.)

TeachS Skill Practice

Using Geography Skills Ask: What climate and weather factors contributed to radioactive con-tamination spreading to other parts of Europe? (prevailing winds) OL

R Reading StrategyMaking Connections Stu-dents can read and learn about the Three-Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania by visiting www.threemileisland.org/. Ask students to write a paragraph that summarizes their findings. OL

C Critical ThinkingComparing and Contrasting After students read about both Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island have a class discussion comparing and contrasting the two events. OL

Answers1. Ukraine and Belarus

2. eastern

Answers1. Ukraine and Belarus

2. eastern

Hands-On Chapter Project

Step 2


http://www.threemileisland.org/

Section 2CHAPTER

MAIN Idea

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RUSSIA

Chapter 16 397

Water Quality Industrialization has polluted most of Russia’s lakes and rivers. Fertilizer run-off, sewage, and radioactive material all contrib-ute to poor water quality. The waters of the Moskva and Volga Rivers pose health risks. Dams along the Volga River trap contaminated water. Pollution also threatens the Caspian Sea.

Lake Baikal (by•KAWL) is the world’s oldest and deepest lake. It contains one-fifth of the world’s freshwater and 1,500 native species of aquatic plants and animals. Calling it “the Pearl of Siberia,” Russians consider the lake a natural wonder. In 1957 the Soviet Union announced a plan to build a paper-pulp factory along it’s shores. Although this plan was opposed by people in the area, their protests were ignored, and the factory was built. This factory and others that followed dumped industrial waste into the lake.

However, in response to ongoing protests, the most serious polluters have been closed. Others are working to reduce pollution. Pollution levels in the lake are now relatively low compared with many lakes in Europe.

Soil and Air Quality For decades, toxic waste dumps and airborne pollution poisoned Russia’s soil. Aging storage containers cracked, and toxic wastes leaked into the soil. Petroleum pipelines often broke, allowing petroleum to ruin the land. Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides — chemicals used to kill crop-damaging insects, rodents, and other pests — polluted farmland and water.

Russian experts believe that during the 1990s only 15 percent of Russia’s urban population lived with acceptable air quality. Air pollution as far north as the remote Siberian town of Noril’skhas been a factor since the time of Stalin.

Industries, vehicle emissions, and burning coal are all sources of air pollution. In addition to releasing soot, sulfur, and carbon dioxide into the air, burning coal leads to acid rain. Acid rain and chemical pollution have reduced Russian forests dramatically.

Human-Environment InteractionWhat factors contribute to poor air quality in Russia?

Managing ResourcesMAIN MAIN IdeaIdea Russia is trying to repair past damage

to the environment as well as manage natural resources without causing further harm.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What environmental issues are important in your community? Read to learn about the environmental challenges Russia faces today.

The World Bank’s Sustainable Forestry Pilot Project is helping Russia manage its forests. Using land more wisely, protecting forests, planting new trees, and increasing private investment all help Russia’s environment and economy. Increased employment opportunities in the forest industry and more stable local economies will be possible only if steps to conserve the forests are taken.

People have come together to oppose a mining operation in remote Kamchatka (kuhm•CHAHT•kuh) in eastern Russia. Environmental groups have demanded that the mining com-pany meet strict environmental standards. The possible threat to the area’s salmon spawning grounds prompted the local fishing industry to support the effort. The mine also caused concern among local residents because it was close to a protected wildlife area. Even with growing envi-ronmental awareness, economic pressure con-tinues to open other regions to development .

Human-Environment InteractionWhy is forest management important to Russia?

Geography ONLINE

Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.com, select the

click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 16 for an activ-ity about Lake Baikal.

Threats to salmon in Kamchatka also impact the area’s brown

bears, whose diet depends on the availability of salmon.

Human-Environment Interaction How do economic development and environmental protection cause conflict in Russia?

D

World Geography and Cultures Web site, and

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397397

BL Differentiated Instruction, p. 61

OL Enrichment Activity, URB, p. 39

AL Differentiated Instruction, p. 63

ELL Guided Reading, URB, p. 42

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Key Terms and Reinforcement

Struggling Economy

Environmental Issues

Distances in Russia

Russia is an immense country. To give students an idea of its width, have them measure the distances between the following Russian cities:

St. Petersburg and Yakutsk Moscow and Vladivostok Astrakhan and Irkutsk

Key Terms and ReinforcementKey Terms and Reinforcement

Struggling EconomyStruggling Economy

Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

CHAPTER16

Name Date Class

Enrichment Activity 16

Communications Transformation in RussiaRussia began to move toward a market economy in 1987. Since then, the number of telephones, radio stations, and Internet service providers in the country hasincreased dramatically. Still, Russia lags behind other industrialized democracies, such as the United States, that have had private communications systems in place for decades.

How many more radio stations were there in the United States than in Russia?

Using the estimated population figures, whatpercentage of Russia’s total population used the Internet in 2008?

Using the estimated population figures, whatpercentage of the United States populationused the Internet in 2008?

How might you expect these numbers to lookif this data was collected in 1983?

Prior to privatization, who owned and operatedthe communications media in Russia?

Why would the economic changes after 1987 lead to an increase in the number ofcommunication networks?

Cellular telephone networks were firstintroduced in the mid 1980s. Based on this information, why might Russia have so few telephone landlines compared to theUnited States?

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Environmental Report Card

Area of Concern

Descriptionof Problem

Efforts to Solve It Results Grade

Environmental Report Card Environmental Report Card

Name Date Class

People and Their Environment

What is the main challenge for Russia and its abundant natural resources?

What is one example of Russia’s second challenge—to repair environmental damage?

What were the concerns of Russians who opposed the Kamchatka mining operation?

How has the Soviets’ disregard for the environmental effects of industrialization affected Russia’s

environment?

What are the specific threats to Russia’s water quality?

Why do Russians call Lake Baikal “the Pearl of Siberia?”

What kinds of pollution have damaged Russia’s soil and air?

What are the sources of nuclear waste in Russia?

What happened at Chernobyl, and what were the effects?

How did Soviet leaders respond to international pressure after the accident?

Leveled Activities

D Differentiated InstructionNaturalist Ask students to con-duct online research about saving the world’s forests. For information on The World Bank Sustainable Forestry Pilot Project, have stu-dents go to www.worldbank.org/ and search “Projects.” Have stu-dents share their findings in a class discussion. OL

Geography ONLINE

Objectives and answers to the Student Web Activity can be found at glencoe.com under the Web Activity Lesson Plan for this program.

Answer: industries, vehicle emissions, and burning coal

Answer: to protect the environment and the economy

Caption Answer:Some peoples’ jobs can be harmful to the environment or wildlife.

Caption Answer:Some peoples’ jobs can be harmful to the environment or wildlife.

DifferentiatedInstruction




Section 2CHAPTER

Vocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: nuclear waste, radioactive material,

pesticide.

Main Ideas 2. How is Russia trying to reverse past damage to its natural

resources as well as manage them responsibly today? 3. Describe the challenges Russia faces as its growing economy

and the demand for natural resources impact the environment. 4. Create a graphic organizer like the one below to explain how

the environmental damage caused by Soviet-era industrializa-tion continues to pose risks to natural resources and human health.

Critical Thinking 5. Answering the Essential Essential Question Question How did the Soviet

government’s development of heavy industry affect the quality of Russia’s environment?

6. Making Generalizations What generalizations can you make about the relationship between economic development and the environment in Russia?

7. Analyzing Visuals Study the economic activity map on page 352. Think about the regions of Russia in which pollution is a problem. Describe the relationship between the location of manufacturing centers and pollution.

Writing About Geography 8. Expository Writing Think about the challenges Russia faces

concerning water quality. Write a paragraph explaining why Russians do not use more water from Lake Baikal to supply their freshwater needs.

SECTION 2 REVIEW

Geography ONLINE

Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

398 Unit 5

Challenges for the FutureMAIN MAIN IdeaIdea Russia faces many challenges as the

country’s growing economy and demand for natu-ral resources impacts the environment.

GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What impact does the world’s demand for oil have on the environment? Read to learn about some of the environmental challenges in Russia’s future.

Fish populations are shrinking worldwide, and Russia’s supertrawlers are largely to blame. Towing huge trawl nets — some large enough to scoop up a whale — supertrawlers are floating fish factories. These ships can catch and process more than 400 tons (360 t) of fish a day. Because super-trawlers want only certain kinds of fish, every-thing else hauled up in the nets gets discarded. Millions of fish and other marine animals die unnecessarily every year. Since smaller boats can-not compete with supertrawlers, the big ships threaten traditional fishing cultures. Supporters of supertrawlers cite the growing global demand

Pollution

Water Soil & Air Nuclear Waste

•••

•••

•••

for fish and fish products. Russian officials must balance the risk of destroying fish stocks with the need for a profitable fishing industry.

Pipelines built to transport oil and gas pass through wilderness areas and threaten the sur-rounding environment and wildlife. In 2006 Russia began constructing a highly controversial pipeline to carry oil from eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. It will bring Russia billions of dollars from countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The pipeline will pass through a protected wilderness area near Lake Baikal. President Putin ordered that the pro-posed route be diverted farther away from the lake, but environmentalists still fear the irrevers-ible damages that could be caused by an oil spill.

The widespread trend toward global warming is happening at a dramatic pace in western Siberia. An unprecedented thawing of the world’s largest peat bog could release into the atmo-sphere billions of metric tons of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Where permafrost once covered the sub-Arctic region of western Siberia, shallow lakes now stand.

Human-Environment InteractionWhy is a new pipeline linking eastern Siberia to the Asia-Pacific region controversial?

W

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398

W Writing SupportPersuasive Writing Ask stu-dents to use this text as a basis for a two-paragraph persuasive appeal for preserving Russia’s natural resources. OL

Answer: because it passes through a protected wilderness area

AssessGeography ONLINE

Study Central™ provides sum-maries, interactive games, and online graphic organizers to help students review content.

CloseInferring Ask: Should coun-tries like Russia be allowed to build an oil pipeline through a protected area? (Answers will vary but should be supported with logical explanations.)

Answers

Section 2 Review

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are found in the section and the Glossary.

2. utilizing protection from the World Bank for deforestation, enforcing new industrial and pollution regulations

3. Russia has vast reserves of natural resources, many of which are in remote regions. To get to the resources, vast networks of infrastruc-ture must be built to transport people and materials to and from those areas.

4. Water: fertilizers, sewage and radioactive

material were dumped into the water supply causing health risks; Soil and Air: toxic waste dumps leaked into the soil; pipelines broke, releasing petroleum into the ground, pesti-cides polluted farmland, all damaging the soil and water in the area. Industries, vehicles and power plants released pollutants into the air causing acid rain and damaging forests; Nuclear Waste: dumped into corroding con-tainers and into rivers and lakes. Chernobyl released radioactive particles into the atmo-sphere, and the facility is in danger of collapse.

5. It was harmful; there were no regulations on pollution. Air, water, and soil were damaged.

6. As Russia industrialized, the quality of the environment deteriorated. Environmental recovery and economic development are currently taking place at the same time.

7. Since manufacturing centers need to dump their waste, there may be a lot of pollution around them.

8. Paragraphs will vary but students should explain that Lake Baikal is very polluted.



VISUAL SUMMARY

Essential Question

MAIN Idea

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Section CWednesday

The Region Today

An Economic FaceliftMARKET ECONOMY

• Russia shifted to a market economy in the 1990s.

• The government encouraged small busi-nesses and foreign investment.

• Mass privatization resulted in a growing middle class.

• Today energy resources, particularly petroleum, dominate Russian exports.

Preserving Russia’s Natural Resources• Russia is a land of abundant natural

resources, such as oil and timber.

• The World Bank’s Sustainable Forestry Pilot Project is helping Russia protect against deforestation.

• The pollution of Russia’s water supply has been reduced thanks to new industrial and pollution regulations.

• Nuclear wastes, left over from the Soviet era, are still a problem in some parts of Russia.

Russian GDP Per Capita

$tho

usan

ds

16,00014,00012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,000

0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2008

2006

Note: Figures are given in current U.S. dollars.Source: The World Bank Group, World Development Indicators.

COMMAND ECONOMY• Under Communist leadership, the Soviet Union operated as

a command economy.• The government emphasized heavy industry, making it an

industrial giant and a world power.• The country struggled with low wages, poverty, and scarcity.• While other countries invested in technology, the Soviet Union

continued to push heavy industry.

RUSSIA

CHAPTER VISUAL SUMMARY

Chapter 16 399

16Study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes and flashcards to your PDA from glencoe.com.

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399

Illustrating Have students con-sider what life is like in a country that is going through the kinds of changes Russia is experiencing. Ask: If you were a reporter sent on assignment to Russia to do a story on these changes, where would you go? What would you write? Have students outline a story with pictures they would put together on the changing face of Russia. OL

Did You Know?Almost half of Russia is forest. Russian forests occupy an area that is bigger than the continental United States.

Hands-On Chapter ProjectStep 3: Wrap-Up

Small Business Administration Step 3: Students will synthesize the work they completed in Steps 1 and 2.

Directions Ask students to prepare their pitches. Have groups present their business plans to the rest of the class. Let the rest of the class play the role of investor and/or

banker. As the groups spell out their business plans, tell the rest of the class to keep notes. Tell them they will be allowed to ask questions. Ask: What is your plan and how are you going to finance it? What is the benefit to the community? What is the benefit to Russia? After a plan is pitched, let the investors question the business owners. Ask: Is this a business you would invest in

in the new Russia? Why or why not? After all the plans are pitched, review what worked and what did not. Ask: What seemed to be the hardest part about making a transi-tion such as this? Do you think that Russian businesses had the same problems you had in trying to figure out how to operate in this new economy? OL



CHAPTER 16ASSESSMENT

TEST-TAKING TIPAfter you eliminate the choice that has nothing to do with Russia or the topic of the question, see if you can eliminate one other choice and thus narrow the possibilities down to two.

400 Unit 5

CHAPTER 16

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Reviewing VocabularyDirections: Choose the word or words that best complete the sentence.

1. In a economy, the government makes key economic decisions.

A command

B market

C free

D declining

2. A sells goods illegally, usually at higher prices than regulations allow.

A kolkhoz

B fl ea market

C black market

D hypermarket

3. Generation of nuclear energy produces polluting .

A heavy metals

B acid rain

C radioactive material

D pesticides

4. are chemicals used to kill crop-damaging insects and other organisms.

A Nuclear wastes

B Acids

C Fertilizers

D Pesticides

Reviewing Main IdeasDirections: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to answer the following questions.

Section 1 (pp. 390–394)

5. In the Soviet era, Russians endured shortages of .

A heavy industrial goods

B military hardware

C space exploration

D consumer goods

6. What is Russia’s most important industry today?

A steel making

B automobiles

C petroleum extraction and processing

D textiles and clothing

Section 2 (pp. 395–398)

7. What factors have contributed to the reduction in Russian forests?

A increased large-scale farming and pipelines in the north-ernmost parts of Russia

B urban sprawl and industrialization

C overuse of fertilizers and pesticides

D acid rain and chemical pollution

8. After the accident at Chernobyl in 1986, what happened to energy production in the Soviet Union?

A All nuclear power plants were shut down.

B Nuclear power plants were inspected and renovated to a higher safety standard.

C Much of the country’s electricity continues to come from the 29 remaining plants.

D The ruins of Chernobyl were encased in a totally secure structure to prevent radioactive leaks.

GO ON

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Answers, Analyses, and TipsReviewing Vocabulary1. A A Main Idea of the chapter is Russia’s transition from a command economy, where the government made economic decisions, to a market economy, in which busi-nesses are privately owned. Answer C is a distracter because it does not describe a type of economy. Answer D is incorrect because both com-mand economies and market economies can decline.

2. C Students having trouble should know that a black market thrives “in the dark,” or outside the law. Students should know that a kolkhoz is a type of farm, not a market. Flea markets and hyper-markets, which operate where consumer goods are plentiful, are not described in the chapter.

3. C The Soviet Union’s disregard for the environment, and its poor methods of disposing of radioac-tive nuclear waste, are important ideas presented in the chapter.

4. D Many insects are pests to farmers; therefore the answer is pesticides. Students should know that nuclear wastes and acids are not used in agriculture. Fertilizers are chemicals or organic materials used to help plants grow.

5. D Students who have read the chapter carefully should be aware that the Soviet Union’s focus on heavy industry and military hard-ware, including tanks, trucks, air-planes, and spare parts, did not leave many resources for produc-ing consumer goods. Answer C is a distracter. Answer D is the cor-rect choice.

6. C Students who have read the chapter know that this huge country has vast oil and natural gas reserves. Russia’s most impor-tant exports are energy, and raw

materials such as minerals and timber. Russia imports manufactured goods, and its automo-biles, textiles, and clothing are of poor quality.

7. C Students may find it difficult to answer this question. A major theme of the chapter is the continuing damage done to Russia’s envi-ronment and ecological systems because of the Soviet Union’s disregard of environmental protection in the past, and Russia’s current reliance on heavy industry and resource extraction.

8. B The Chernobyl accident was covered exten-sively in the section. Students should be aware that, although Russia shut down its most danger-ous nuclear power plants after the accident, it did not shut down all of them. Although some of Russia’s electricity is still generated by the 29 remaining plants, most of its electricity is gener-ated by other methods, probably including coal and hydroelectric power. The remaining reactor at Chernobyl was not shut down until 2000.

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CHAPTER 16ASSESSMENT

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Chapter 16 401

ASSESSMENT

Geography ONLINE

For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 16 on glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help?

Critical ThinkingDirections: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to answer the following questions.

9. The Soviet era left a legacy of environmental pollution because .

A Soviet scientists were ignorant of environmental protec-tion principles

B foreign countries were uninterested in protecting the environment

C industrialization was the main goal, and environmental protection was unimportant to the government

D the Soviets believed theirs was the world’s best country

Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge of Chapter 16.

10. What part of Russia has the most complete transportation network?

A western Russia

B eastern Russia

C northern Siberia

D the Pacifi c coast region

Document-Based QuestionsDirections: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer question that follows the document.

Autocratic governments tend to be very secretive, not even distributing full and accurate information to their own people. Offi cial Soviet government maps were incomplete and contained incorrect information. In 1989 the government cartographic offi ce issued the fi rst accurate street map of Moscow.

V. Yashchenko [chief of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography] said: “Beginning last year, we have fi nally begun to get rid of the chronic complexes of spy mania and to get freed from the heavy burden which we had to carry since the Higher Directorate of Cartography came . . . to report to the NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs). This is where it all began. . . .”

However, times are changing. Fifty years were needed in order for this truth to become apparent: Why conceal from ourselves something that is no secret for others? So, work on declassifi cation began. It appears that the world has not been profoundly surprised. . . .

In March or April, a map of Moscow will be released. As V. Yashchenko says, all streets and lanes of the capital city have never been shown on a map available to the general public so diligently. . . .

“Broad circles of the public have never seen such maps before. Believe me, they can rely on them completely,” noted V. Yashchenko.

—G. Alimov, “Accurate Maps Reveal Former ‘Secrets’”

11. Why did the Soviet Union publish incomplete maps?

Extended Response12. Exploring the BiG BiG IdeaIdea

Describe the steps that are being taken in Russia to repair the environmental damage of the Soviet era.

If you missed questions. . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Go to page. . . 391 391 397 397 391 392 396 397 396 401 401 396

Russia: Transportation

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Have students refer to the pages listed if they miss any of the questions.

Need Extra Help?

Geography ONLINE

Have students visit the Web site at glencoe.com to review Chapter 16 and take the Self-Check Quiz.

Critical Thinking9. C During the Soviet era, Soviet scientists and Russian citizens were aware of environmental

protection principles. Choice D is a distracter. It was primarily the emphasis on industrialization that caused the greatest threat to Russia’s envi-ronment. Answer B is incorrect, since other countries worked to protect their own environ-ments during this time.

10. A The map clearly shows a “web” of roads and railroads centered on Moscow. Students should remember that the west is where the largest cities are.

TEST-TAKING TIPIf students are having difficulty answer-ing multiple-choice questions that ask for a number such as a percentage, tell them to eliminate the high number and the low number, and consider an answer from the middle range.

Document-Based Questions11. because the government was very secretive; The introduction to the passage states that “autocratic governments tend to be secretive.” In the first paragraph of the passage V. Yashchenko is quoted as saying that Russia has “chronic complexes of spy mania” which indicate the secretive nature of the government.

Extended Response12. Some possible answers include closing the most serious of the polluting companies, or cleaning up the dirtiest sites. Students may also respond that Russia is work-ing with international organiza-tions to manage its resources; it has enforced antipollution laws; and environmental groups now have greater influence on Russia’s policy.

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STUDYCASE

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STUDYCase

PROTECTING PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: How can the environment and indigenous peoples be protected as the oil and natural gas industry expands in Russia?

The world is hungry for oil and natural gas, and Russia has about 5 percent of the world’s known oil reserves and more than 20 percent of the known natural gas reserves. Even though Russia uses some of these resources, there is much more in the ground and discoveries of new oil fields are made regularly. As Russia develops its market economy, it looks to oil and natural gas exports as a way to earn income.

Understanding the IssueThe balance between using natural resources and

preserving the environment and the ways of life of indigenous peoples can be viewed from several perspectives.

A Moral Issue Forests are often cut down to tap into the oil fields and transport the oil and natural gas. There is also a high risk for fires as oil may leak and can potentially catch fire, burning even more forests. Animal habitats may be destroyed, and the cultures of indigenous peoples disrupted. At the same time, money from selling oil and natural gas pays for infrastructure and other human needs. It also provides jobs.

An Economic Dilemma While oil and natural gas can bring great wealth to the country, Russia’s oil fields are located far from Russia’s population cen-ters and other countries where the products can be sold. These locations also have extremely cold cli-mates, and some are swampy or mountainous, mak-ing access difficult. Russia needs foreign investment to explore, extract, and transport oil and natural gas resources.

A Political Problem The United States, Western Europe, China, and Japan look to Russia to supply their growing energy needs. Russia wants to be sure to receive a fair price for their oil and natural gas and that their fragile northern environments are protected. Russian oil and natural gas may encounter further political problems. For example, in December 2005 the Russian government threatened to stop the flow of natural gas to Ukraine because of a political dis-pute. In January 2006, an agreement was reached, but the threat showed the vulnerability of Russian customers.

Top World Oil Producers, 2008

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.

Russia:15.3%

UnitedStates:13.3%

SaudiArabia:16.9%

Iran: 6.8%

Mexico: 5.0%

China: 6.2%

Canada: 5.3%

Norway: 3.9%

United ArabEmirates: 4.8%

Venezuela: 4.1%

Kuwait: 4.3%

Nigeria: 3.4%

Algeria: 3.4%

Brazil: 3.8%

Iraq: 3.7%

World Natural Gas Production, 2008

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.

China: 1.6%Qatar: 1.9%

Saudi Arabia: 1.8%Iran: 3.7%

Algeria: 4.2%Indonesia: 1.7%

Other:23.0%

Russia:14.3%

Norway: 2.0%

Netherlands: 1.7%

United ArabEmirates: 1.7% United

States:15.2% Canada: 4.3%

Proven Oil Reserves, 2009

Source: Oil and Gas Journal.

Iran:10.1%

Iraq:8.6%

Kuwait: 7.7%

SaudiArabia:19.9%

United ArabEmirates: 7.3%

Russia: 4.5%

Libya: 3.3%

Nigeria: 2.7%

Other:15.3%

Venezuela: 7.4%

Canada:13.3%

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FocusIntroducing the Case Study Tell students that in Russia, the indigenous peoples live in their historical territory, and preserve a traditional way of life. They number no more than 50,000 within Russia. About 60 indigenous groups are recognized. Most of the indigenous groups live in the far north, in Siberia, and in the far east. Ask: Why is it difficult for indigenous groups in Russia to protect their environment and their way of life? (Since these groups are so small and live in areas far away from the central government, it is hard for them to influence national policies.) OL

TeachS Skill Practice

Reading a Graph Ask stu-dents to look at the circle graph, “Proven Oil Reserves.” Ask: Com-pared to the oil reserves of Canada, how much oil does Russia have? (Russia has less oil; Russia has less than half the oil that Canada has.) OL

Peoples of Sakhalin Sakhalin Island was claimed by both Russia and Japan for centuries. It became part of Russia in 1875. Beginning in 1905, at the end of the Russo-Japanese War, most of the island was again controlled by Japan. At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union took control of the island and forced out the Japanese population as well as most of the indigenous Ainu people. Today, the indigenous

peoples of Sakhalin include the Nivkhs, with about 2,500 members, the Orochi, with about 200 members, and the Nanais and Oroks, with just a few hundred members each. They are all vastly outnumbered on the island by nearly 500,000 Russians and 30,000 Koreans. Many members of these small indigenous communi-ties still survive by reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, and berry collecting.

Background: People and Culture

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Possible SolutionsSolutions to the problem of using Russia’s oil and

natural gas must be approached in several ways.

Environmental Protection Monitoring, pollution control devices, and high-quality transportation equipment can help prevent spills, fires, and pollu-tion from oil and natural gas operations. However, these measures are expensive to implement and require trained workers.

Conservation Russia must keep environmental and conservation measures in mind when estab-lishing new oil fields. Other countries can reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas through more efficient vehicles, better insulation of build-ings, and greater use of public transportation.

International Relations Russia wants to sell its oil and natural gas to other countries, and doing so requires that it develop good relations with those countries. Better relations between con-suming countries and other producers would also take some of the pressure off of Russia. This would encourage it to preserve the environment and the ways of life of indigenous peoples.

Workers construct a natural gas pipeline near Komsomol’sk–na–Amure in eastern Russia.

30°N

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30°E

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120°E

150°E

180°0°

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CENTRAL ASIA

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R U S S I A

Oil and natural gas basin

Oil field

Natural gas field800 miles

800 kilometers

0

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Two-Point Equidistant projection

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Russia: Oil and Natural Gas

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D Differentiated InstructionVisual/Spatial Tell students that building a pipeline from eastern Siberia to the Pacific coast is a tre-mendous undertaking. Along the way crews will clear and level the land, remove trees, boulders, and brush, and strip topsoil. Have stu-dents look at the picture showing the construction of a natural gas pipeline. Ask: What does the picture show about some of the conditions that will be encoun-tered while building the pipeline? (ground is cold, possibly frozen; pipeline is not buried very deeply at this point; construction will be year-round) OL

W Writing SupportPersuasive Writing Write a paragraph that persuades skilled workers from other countries to come to Russia to help build a natural gas or oil pipeline across the country. Explain why workers should leave their home countries and what they will gain because of their work. AL

Evaluating Inform students that the indigenous peoples of Russia cannot control the exploration or exploitation of their resources, because they do not own their land. The land is owned and controlled by the Russian government. In the United States, by contrast, many Native American groups control the resources on their lands, because the groups as a whole or their indi-

vidual members have title to their land. Ask:What are some of the problems Native American groups have had in controlling the environment and natural resources on their lands? Divide the class into two or more groups. Ask each group to study how the dis-covery of mineral or energy resources has impacted the lifestyle and environment of a Native American group in the United States.

You may suggest that students investigate oil produced on land owned by the Osage in Oklahoma, the threat to the hunting lands of Alaska’s Unupiat by oil exploita-tion, or the Black Mesa coal fields on Navajo land in Arizona. Have the groups present their findings to the rest of the class. OL

Activity: Connecting to the United States


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Understanding the Case Prim

ary Sources

404 Unit 5

The primary sources below will help you understand the environmental prob-lems of Russia’s oil and natural gas industry. Use these resources, along with what you have learned in Unit 5, to complete the activities on the next page.

The SituationPrimary Source 1

Excerpt from “Threat of oil spill menaces Russian Pacific island,” www.expatica.com, October 29, 2009.

Long pipelines crossing fragile environments are used to carry Russia’s oil and natural gas to market. These projects can pose environmental threats.

Standing on the icy shoreline, Dmitry Lisitsyn recalled the day when over 100 dying birds washed up on this beach, coated in a thick layer of oil and helplessly flapping their wings.

“We believe there were several thousand birds killed in all,” said Lisitsyn, an envi-ronmental activist on Russia’s Sakhalin Island, located in the Pacific Ocean just a few dozen kilometres (miles) north of Japan. “In such weather few birds can make it all the way to shore covered in oil without drowning,” Lisitsyn added, waving his hand at the frigid waters of Aniva Bay near the island’s southern tip. “Most drown out there in the sea.”

Activists fear that the incident late last month could be a sign of things to come on Sakhalin, whose rich oil and gas fields have drawn billions of dollars’ worth of investment in recent years. . . .

“It is a question of when, not if, an oil spill will happen on Sakhalin,” said Leah Zimmerman, head of Russia programmes at Pacific Environment, a US-based group that monitors ecological threats in the Pacific region. “Spills can come from extraction wells, subsea pipelines, or a major tanker accident. . . .”

One EffectPrimary Source 2

Excerpt from “Environmental Groups Urge Exxon Executive to Re-route Sakhalin I Oil Pipeline,” www.pacificenvironment.org, July 9, 2008.

When oil and natural gas companies move in to extract resources, habitats are changed, and plants and animals are destroyed. These changes may lead to the interruption and destruction of the ways of life of indigenous peoples.

Twelve US, Russian and international environmental organizations sent a letter today to Exxon Chief Executive Rex Tillerson urging the company to re-route a pro-posed pipeline away from herding grounds vital for indigenous people and around a bay that is vital for a critically endangered whale population in Russia. . . . If the pipeline is built according to current plans, two indigenous groups’ livelihoods will be severely harmed and the Western Gray Whale will be further threatened with extinction, according to the groups and several independent reviews.

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Yakutsk

Vladivostok

Moscow

NovosibirskOmskVolgograd

Oil pipeline

Natural gas pipeline800 miles

800 kilometers

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Russia: Pipelines

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R Reading StrategyReading Primary Sources Have students read Primary Source 1. Ask: What can cause an oil spill? (extraction wells, pipelines, or an accident involving a tanker) OL

W Writing SupportExpository Writing Have students read Primary Source 2. Ask: Why are environmental groups urging the Exxon gas company to reroute a proposed pipeline? Have students write a paragraph explaining their answer. (Students’ paragraphs will vary. Students should explain that the environmental groups want to protect wildlife, their natural habi-tats, the traditional ways of life of some indigenous groups, and the livelihoods of these indigenous groups.) OL

Activity: Economics Connection

The Resource Curse Tell students that according to the “resource curse” paradox, countries with abundant natural resources tend to have less economic growth than countries without those resources. One effect of the resource curse is that individu-als and local and multinational companies that benefit from the export of natural resources have enough influence to avoid

government oversight. They may be able to get around laws to protect the environment and the rights of indigenous peoples. At the same time, many of the multinational com-panies that develop natural resources in developing or newly industrialized coun-tries must comply with environmental and legal standards established in their home countries. Ask students to use library and

Internet resources to investigate the theory of the resource curse. Have them find out which multinational oil companies are help-ing Russia develop its oil resources. Conduct a class discussion about whether Russia’s environment is likely to become better or worse as more multinational companies become involved. AL


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Analyzing the Case

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The environmental groups’ letter also urges Tillerson to re-route the proposed pipeline away from areas used by subsistence indigenous rein-deer herders. According to the letter:

[The pipeline] is intended to cross the most important summer reindeer pastures and calving grounds on the island, which have been tradition-ally used, and are used to this day by a community of herders including both native Uilta and Evenki peoples. . . . [T]he infrastructure previously built by Exxon on Chaivo Bay has already done enormous damage to the reindeer pastures and calving grounds, and from 2001 to 2006 the domestic reindeer herd shrank by approximately 40%. . . . If the planned Piltun pipeline is built through the summer reindeer pastures and calving grounds, the reindeer herds will potentially be decimated, and the Uilta and Evenki peoples risk losing both their livelihoods and their traditional way of life.

Possible SolutionsPrimary Source 3

Excerpt from “Putin’s Annual Message Boosts Infrastructure,” Executive Intelligence Review,www.larouchepub.com, May 4, 2007.

Russia hopes to earn income from the sale of oil and natural gas. If invested well, this income can pay for social services, industry, and technology.

In the final annual Message to the Federal Assembly of his second term as Russian President, Vladimir Putin on April 26 presented economic and social pro-grams, ranging from a second Volga-Don Canal to a national drive to rebuild Russia’s library system, as vital tasks for the Russian state. . . .

The Stabilization Fund, for example, was set up in 2002, according to the mone-tarist dictum that Russia’s oil and gas revenue must be sequestered (invested in foreign government bonds), lest its investment inside the country trigger inflation. “Today, however,” Putin told the Federal Assembly, “the nature of our economic objectives requires correction of the function and structure of the Stabilization Fund, while maintaining a conservative financial policy.” Now, the Stabilization Fund is to be divided into a Reserve Fund (against the eventuality of a petroleum price crash); a part to go into the Federal Budget, chiefly for social program spending; and a Future Generations Fund, “to raise the quality of life and develop the economy, for the improvement of the welfare of future generations, as well as present ones.”

Analyzing the Case

1. Drawing Conclusions Review the information in the primary sources above. What are the major problems involved in developing Russia’s oil and natural gas resources?

2. Making Predictions If Russia pumps its oil and natural gas for export, what consequences might it face?

3. Conducting a Debate Use the following ques-tions to conduct a class debate on whether

Russia should continue to develop its oil and natural gas and build pipelines:

• What benefits can result for Russia?• What environmental problems can result?• What are the possible effects for indigenous

peoples?

4. Writing About the Case Write a one-page essay in which you answer one of the questions listed in #3 above.

A representative of the Sakhalin people protests an oil project on Sakhalin in eastern Russia.

RUSSIA

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Answers

1. long pipelines over a fragile environment, inter-ruption of the lives of indigenous peoples, very expensive

2. Answers will vary but could touch on the pro-tests of environmentalists and indigenous peoples; some fear that if Russia exports its resources it may hinder its own development.

3. Students should debate the questions, support-ing their viewpoints with facts from the primary sources.

4. Essay answers will vary, but should reflect an understanding of the issues or points of view outlined in the Case Study.

C Critical ThinkingMaking Inferences Have stu-dents read Primary Source 3. Ask: Should Russia depend on oil and gas profits to fund social services as well as economic and technological development? (Answers will vary. Russia’s profits on oil and gas depend on world prices. For example, oil and gas prices rise and fall depending on demand, on exports from other countries, and on development of additional resources throughout the world.) OL

AssessHave students complete the Analyzing the Case questions.

CloseSummarizing Ask: Why do some of the indigenous peoples object to oil and gas projects that will bring tremendous profits to Russia? (Indigenous peoples of Siberia and far eastern Russia are concerned about the impact of an oil pipeline on fragile environments and on the waters of Lake Baikal. Oil and gas drilling on Sakhalin Island will impact the species they depend on for their livelihoods.)
