chapter one 1 introduction 1.1 resources and plant ... - um
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CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Resources and Plant Resources
In many economics texts, the term resources is used synonymously with the factors
of production. Resources generate value both directly and indirectly. Directly refer to the
consumption of environmental amenities and indirectly through produced goods or
services. Its can be classified into renewable and non-renewable resource as shown in
Figure 1.1. Renewable resources including energy flow resources, biological stock
resources and physical stock resources.
Renewable resources are also be potentially for exhaustibility. This situation is
related to the manner in which the resources is available and the way it can be used.
Biological stock resources such as forest, fish and animal population and other biomass
stocks are often renewable, but are also potentially exhaustible. If the resources stock size
or population level is sufficiently large, reduction in stock through harvesting can be
regenerated through biological growth process. However, if the population or stock size
were ever to fall below its threshold, the population would fall to zero if overharvesting
occurs.
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Energy flow resources such as in the form of wind, tidal, wave and solar flows
often labeled as ‘renewable resources’ but they are not exhaustible. The reason for this non-
exhaustibility derives from the fact that the stock from which the energy flow ultimately
derives is extra-terrestrial and unaffected by human behaviour. Soil structures and fertility
level, aquifers (water systems) and ozone layer are the examples of the physical stock
resources. Although this resources are capable of regeneration in relatively short period of
time through physical as well as biological transformation process, they are also depletable
and potentially exhaustible.
Plants resources are a renewable natural resource which means if they are utilized,
they are regenerated. Its provides the most precious and continuous gift to the entire
humanity with oxygen gas. Plant resources are sub-set of biodiversity which consist with a
variety of species, subspecies, populations and genes. A list of all plants and animals in
certain areas is is called biodiversity inventory. Lund (1997) defined the inventory refer to an
itemised list of current assets (finished goods, components or raw material on hand).
Resources
Non-
Renewable
Renewable
Renewable energy flow resources
Renewable but
exhaustible
stock resources
Renewable
biological stock
resources
Renewable physical
stock resources
Figure 1.1 Classification of environmental resources (adapted from Perman et
al,1996)
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This study is an attempt to provide an inventory of plant resources in home gardens in
Peninsular Malaysia. It focuses on domesticated plants, ornamental plants, and the product,
benefits or services should come from plants.
1.2 Home Gardens
A home garden is a bounded piece of land with a mixture of tended and cultivated
plants on which a house is built. In the scientific and ethnobotanical literatures, home gardens
are also known as house gardens, household gardens, or kitchen gardens (Vogl & Vogl., 2003).
From ancient times, kitchen gardens, house gardens, or home gardens have played a
fundamental role in the useful plant supply (Gispert et al., 1993). They have also been used
as a source of pleasure and entertainment. A report by Camos et al. (1983) showed that in
Barcelona's metropolitan area, in which more than three million people live, there are home
gardens, sometimes reduced to their minimal expression and with a role in which
entertainment and pleasure has more weight than the exploitation of natural resources.
Gardens or home gardens are becoming an important study area for ethnobotanists.
In the tropics of Southeast Asia, the study of home gardens as distinct ecological and
cultural entities in agriculture was initiated by a few researcher since thirty years ago
(Soemarwoto 1975, 1987; Stoler 1975; Raintree 1978; Sommers 1978). These studies were
conducted not only for determination of plant species available in the home gardens but
also have played an important role in biodiversity conservation, especially for conservation
of local crop varieties and species germplasm (Levasseur and Olivier, 2000).
There are many types of traditional home gardens, varying in their layouts and types
of species grown, and associated with different geographical areas or ethnic groups
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(Hamilton and Hamilton, 2006). Criteria in classifying of home gardens by Kehlenbeck and
Mass, (2004) can be used as a method to differentiate home gardens based on size,
structure, socioeconomic value, or dominant species available in it. Although there are
many systems of classification, none can be used to universally classify tropical home
gardens for which many types are reported (Kehlenbeck and Mass, 2004).
A study by Ninez (1987) reported that the traditional home gardens can be classified
into two ecological types, tropical and temperate, each marked by particular features in
terms of structure and species composition as shown in Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3. Tropical
home gardens tend to have complex vertical structures and many species with many life-
forms compared to temperate home gardens which have simple vertical structures with all
the plants unshaded and dominated by annual species (Huai and Hamilton, 2009). Home
gardens vary in their vertical structure according to their location (e.g. more complex in the
tropics), floristic composition, age and size (Kehlenbeck and Maass, 2004). Reported by De
Clerck and Negrreos-Castillo (2000) can be used as an example for the different vertical
layers for one type of home gardens in Mexico as shown in Table 1.1. Study by Gajaseni
and Gajaseni (1999) showed four vertical layers of home gardens in Chao Phraya Basin,
Thailand and Albuquerque et al.,(2005) reported that a home gardens in northeastern Brazil
have only three strata. These are shown in Table 1.2 and Table 1.3 respectively.
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Vertical profile Height/m Species
tall tree stratum 6–12 mango, avocado, and timber trees
lower tree stratum 3–6 Citrus spp.
tall shrub stratum 1.5–3 bananas, papaya, and achiote
lower shrub stratum 0.5–1.5 annual & perennial herbaceous plants:
tomatoes, espelon, corn, ginger, cassava,
and taro
herbaceous stratum ＜0.5 herbs & creepers: basil, squash, epazote,
and sweet potatoes
Table 1.1 : Vertical profiles of a homegarden in Mexico (De Clerck and Negrreos-Castillo
(2000)
Vertical profile Height/m Species
emergent layer ≥10 coconut, areca palm, bamboo, and teak
canopy layer 5–10 mango, tamarind, durian, coral tree,
Indian trumpet flower, and plum mango
understory layer 5–10 5 diverse fruit trees with a height<5m
shrubs and ground cover
different species of
shrubs and grasses
< 5 shrubs and ground cover different species of
shrubs and grasses
Table 1.2 : Vertical profiles of a homegarden in Thailand Gajaseni and Gajaseni (1999)
Vertical profile Height/m Species
upper stratum 7–12 fruits and timbers: Schinopsis brasiliensis,
Anacardium occidentale , Erythrina velutina,etc.
mid-stratum 3–7 multiple uses: Tabebuia sp.; Myracrodruon
urundeuva, etc.
lower stratum 1–3 medicinal plants, fruits, and forages: Psidium
guajava , Annona squamosa , Jatropha
molissima, etc.
Table 1.3 : Vertical profiles of a homegarden in northeastern Brazil (Albuquerque et
al.(2005)
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Fig
ure
1.2
:
Eco
logic
al P
rofi
le a
nd P
roduct
ion L
evel
s of
HG
s :
Tro
pic
al (
Nin
ez,1
987)
7
Fig
ure
1.3
:
Eco
logic
al P
rofi
le a
nd P
roduct
ion L
evel
s of
HG
s :
Tem
per
ate (
Nin
ez,1
987)
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The most distinguishing and important characteristic of all home gardens is their
species diversity: their intimate admixture of plants of all types- herb, shrubs, vines, trees,
other perennials, and so on-on the same parcel of land (Nair, 2006).
1.3 Peninsular Malaysia
Malaysia sits on the South China Sea in the centre of Southeast Asia which
consists of two geographically distinct areas i.e. Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia),
which is attached to the main continent, and East Malaysia, which is located on the
island of Borneo. The long narrow peninsular of Peninsular Malaysia extends from
latitude 1020’north to latitude 6
040’ north, and from longitude 99
035’east to longitude
104020’east (Saw, 2007). The Malay Peninsular is a long and slender, slightly bulbous
strip of land that extends southward from mainland Southeast Asia to the equator. Its
extends some 740 kilometres in length from Perlis state in the north to Johor Bahru
town in the south, and about 322 kilometres in width at its widest point (Saw, 2007).
The total land area approximates 132,090 square kilometres with its coastline of nearly
1,931 kilometres, covered in many places with mangrove swamps, sand bars and sandy
beaches.
Malaysia has a tropical climate that is hot and humid throughout the year. The
average rainfall for the whole country reaches 250 centrimetres a year, though the
amount varies among different parts of the country (Saw, 2007). Its average
temperature is 27 degree celcius. The rainy seasons are very much influenced by the
southwest and the northest monsoon which is start from April to October and October
to February respectively.
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Within Malaysian society there are ethnic Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians ,
along with the indigenous people of various groups in the Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and
Sarawak. Malaysia's population comprises 28.4 million and 53.3% are classified as Malay,
26.0% as of Chinese descent, 7.7% of Indian descent, 11.8% indigenous and 1.2% as others
(Department of Statistics, 2011). The multi-racial composition of Malaysia’s population
was the result of British policy to import foreign labour from India (rubber industry) and
China (mining industry).
Urban and rural divisions are reinforced by ethnic diversity with agricultural areas
populated primarily by ethnic Malays. Many of these Malays still live in rural areas grow
rice and rubber or palm oil is the major cash crop. Ethnic Chinese dominance of commerce
in cities especially on the west coast of the peninsula and a substantial part of the ethnic
Indian population was brought in to work on the rubber plantations, and some are still on
the rural estates. However, today some of them have become diversified with a sprinkling
of entrepreneurs, intellectuals and technical professionals.
1.4 Role of Home gardens
Traditional home gardens are multi-purpose agroecosystems (Méndez et al., 2001).
Based on report by Ninez (1987), the role of home garden was summed up in the
conservation and development of plant resources as follows:
(1). Historically, they have served as informal experimental sites for the domestication of
plant species;
(2). They have been centers for informal mini experiments for testing new varieties and
exotic species before placing them into field cultivation;
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(3). They have served as field germplasm banks.
Huai and Hamilton (2009) classified the role of homegarden into four which is:
1). Providing daily substance and economic income for the owners,
2). Ecological functioning,
3). Contributing to cultural use and
4). Domestication sites of wild plants.
In areas far from towns, home gardens function primarily as subsistence systems
and may produce over 15 percent of the total food requirement (Soemarwoto &
Conway,1992). In Vietnam, home gardens supply more than 50% of vegetables, fruits,
and herbs (Trinh et al., 2003).
The home gardens are also an important source of fuelwood, particularly for
poor households, supplying from 40 to 80 percent of the rural need (Wiersum, 1977). It
has been reported that the traditional home gardens provide 65% of the fuel to
households in some parts of Indonesia. Although the contributions to daily substance
are different among home gardens located in different sites with different owners,
generally traditional home gardens contribute substantially towards meeting the basic
subsistences needs of their owners for products and services such as food, medicines,
forage, shade, and ornamentals (Blanckaert et al., 2004; Albuquerque et al., 2005).
Home gardens are typically populated by a wide variety of plants, varying from
small herbs to tall trees. Karyono (1981) reported that in 56 species were found in a single
home gardens in a village near Bandung, West Java, and in a hamlet of 41 households there
were 219 species in the dry season and 272 species in the wet season.The complex vertical
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structures and high floristic diversity of tropical home gardens ensures an efficient use of
sunlight, water, and nutrients (Huai and Hamilton 2009). As a result, its benefit to
maintenance of soil fertility and soil structure and maintaining nutrient cycling (Schroth et
al., 2001). Besides that, home gardens also play an important role in the conservation of
indigenous and endemic plants, since such plants can be major components of home
gardens in some cases (Albuquerque et al., 2005).
1.5 Problem Statement or Significance of Research
Species of plants in home gardens is often overlooked. Their contributions to the
livelihood of home garden owners and conservation of the plants have never been seriously
studied. Emphasis on market value plant product has caused the neglect of the plant itself.
This study is carried out to get an overview of the types of plants that are planted or grown
in home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia and its application or uses among the owners.
These findings can be used as a basis for evaluating the plants for future research.
1.6 Objectives of Study
Objectives of this study are as follows:
1. to provide a comprehensive information on species of plants that are
cultivated or managed in home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia;
2. to propose valuation approaches for each species of plants that are
cultivated or managed in home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia.
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CHAPTER TWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Global of Plant Resources Study in Home Gardens
Home gardens around the world often exhibit remarkable variation in composition
and structure depending on the physiographic and climatic conditions of the area and a
wide variety of household characteristics (Kabir and Webb, 2008 a,b). Species diversity in
a home gardens can range from less than 5 to more than 100 (e.g., Vogl and Vogl-Lukasser
(2003); Kabir and Webb (2008a, b). Stem density in a home gardens can vary from less
than one hundred to more than several thousands per hectare (Kabir and Webb (2008a, b)).
The variety of home gardens in terms of diversity and structure are associated with
a few factors including biophysical features (e.g., biogeography, proximity to forest,
elevation), economic requirements (e.g., subsistence or commercial orientation of the
farmers) and social responses (e.g., tradition, culture, ethnicity, previous experience,
education) (Soemarwoto 1987; Kumar et al., 1994; Das and Das, 2005; Trinh et al., 2003;
Ali, 2005; Abdoellah et al., 2006; Simons and Leakey, 2004).
In Bangladesh, there are more than 20 million home gardens available and they
cover 270,000 ha or 2% of the country‘s total land area (Salam et al., 2000). These home
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gardens have been providing approximately 70–90% of round wood (Hammermaster, 1981;
Khan, 2001), 65–75% saw logs, 85–90% fuelwood (Leuschner and Khaleque, 1987), and
73% of bamboo (FMP, 1992). Many Bangladeshi households has been reported are
depending on home gardens as vital source for subsistence economy and self-sufficiency,
owing to their diverse products (Ahmed and Rahman, 2004; Ali, 2005). However, home
garden’s contribution to the household economy in southwestern Bangladesh was still at
the lower extreme compared to other South and Southeast Asian home gardens.
In Southeast Asia, the study of home gardens as distinct ecological and cultural
entities in agriculture was initiated in the tropics since 34 years ago (Soemarwoto, 1975,
1987; Stoler, 1975; Raintree, 1978; Sommers, 1978). Wiersum (2006) mentions that the
origin of home gardening in Southeast Asia has been associated with fishing communities
living in the moist tropical regions 13000 to 9000 B.C. The first written record of the home
gardens in Indonesia appeared in a Javanese charter of 860 A.D (Terra, 1954). In Java,
Indonesia, homegardening has been a way of life for centuries and is still critical to the
local subsistence economy and food security (Kumar & Nair, 2004).
Kumar and Nair (2006) mentioned that home gardens are most popular in the
tropics where largest concentration of home gardens can be found especially in South and
Southeast Asia, the Pacific island, East and West Africa and Mesoamerica. Home gardens
also can be found between 40 0
N and 300 S latitude (Kumar and Nair, 2006). Home
gardens have also been reported are available in the Mediterranean region of Catalonia
(Agelet et al.,2000) and sourthern Africa (High & Shackleton, 2000). In term of ecological
distribution, Nair & Sreedharan (1986) reported that the highest concentrations of home
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gardens are in humid and sub-humid tropics, but they are also common in other ecological
region, especially the tropical highlands of Asia, Africa and Mesoamerica.
2.2 Diversity of Species of Home Gardens
2.2.1 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) refer to the any non-timber product that is
dependant on a forest environment (Arnold & Ruiz, 1996). However, Mallet (1999) defined
them as all products, with the exception of timber, that can be harvested from a forest
ecosystem. A forest is a vegetation type dominated by trees; this maybe pristine natural
rainforest, scrub woodland, palm savanna or plantations (Wong, 2000) and a product is
anything produced or obtained as a result of some operation of work, as by generation,
growth, labour, study or skill (Lund, 1997).
Historically, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were usually considered to be of
little importance, a status reflected in their designation as ‘minor’ forest products (Arnold &
Ruiz, 2001). Much of their use was seen as being primarily of only local interest, and such
commercial exploitation as took place was characterised as associated with lack of capital
and technology, and often with exploitative use of labour (Homma, 1992). In subsistence
economies and traditional forest societies the forest provides many of the essentials of life
such as food, utensils, clothing, shelter, medicines and objects of spiritual or cultural
significance (Wong, 2000).
Based on Arnold & Ruiz (1996), the increased attention paid to NTFPs in recent
times stems from a number of factors. One is the much heightened interest in the value of
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biodiversity, carbon sequestration and other environmental functions provided by tropical
forests. A second factor has been the growth in awareness that use or sale of NTFPs form
important parts of the livelihood systems of very large numbers of people, outside as well
as inside tropical forests. There has also been heightened commercial demand for many
non-timber outputs of tropical forests such as rattan, oils, resins, pharmaceutical extracts,
etc (Arnold & Ruiz (1996)).
Until recently few scholars had study the economic value of non-timber tropical
forest products (eg., Dunn, 1975). In 1988 the International Tropical Timber Organization
published a report calling for the rigorous study of these product (Panayotou & Ashton,
1992), and since then many researchers have conducted such valuations (eg., Peters et al.,
1989; Godoy & Feaw, 1989; Padoch & Jong, 1989). Table 2.1 summarizes the survey of
studies of the Net Economic value of Nontimber Tropical-Forest Products. Although
NTFPs are generally defined as including animals there are only a few studies that consider
both plants and animal exploitation on the same site (Gronow & Safo, 1996 ; Grossmann,
1998) or include animals in the context of an NTFP study.
Table 2.1: Survey of studies of the Net Economic value of Nontimber Tropical –Forest Products.
Adapted from Ricardo & Ruben (1992).
Location Net value
(U.S.$/ha/year)
Comments
Venezuela
Mudumalal Sanctuary,
South India
0.75
3.00
Experimental caiman harvest
0.02 domesticated elephants/ha at U.S.
$1,500/elephant.Excludes costs of domestication and training;a 10% discount rate is assumed
Ituri Forest,Zaire 3.18 to 0.50 318 kg of game/km2 of primary forest or
50kg/km2 in climax forest at U.S $1/kg.Estimate
leaves out cost. Price is for prized meats
Amazon, Brazil
Sarawak, East
4.80
8.00
Gross return/ha/year for flora only
Values wildlife over 1 Km2
Based partly on community diaries,
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Malaysia
Iquitos, Peru
16.00 to 22.00
flora only
Hantana, Sri Lanka 50.00 50 randomly chosen households surveyed in
three villages; used contingent valuation and opportunity-cost approach; estimate excludes
cost of extraction; flora only
Kalimantan, Indonesia
53.00 Net present value of cultivated rattan is U.S$ 529/ha over 25 years with a real discount rate of
10%
Brazilian Amazon 59.00 Includes kernal, charcoal, and feed meal of
babassu palm, unclear whether net or gross
Para, Brazil 110.00 Value after selective thinning of competitors and
pruning of acai palm
Veracruz, Mexico
Equadorian
Amazon
Jenaro Herrera, Peru
116.00
120.00
167.00
Flora only, excluding lumber and coffee
Valueswildlife over 500km2
Wild camu camu only; unclear whether net or
gross
Iquitos, Peru 420.00 Values the inventory in1 ha;flora only
The wide variation of net values of NTPs as shown in table above can be explained
by the biological and economic diversity of the different study sites sampled, the different
in the methods and assumption used, and the different product studied (Ricardo &
Ruben,1992). Padoch & Jong (1989) also agree even when studying the same goods,
independent valuations conducted at nearly the same time have produced different results.
Abeygunawardena & Wickramasinghe (1991) reported that even a single plot may yield
different values depending on valuation technique used.
2.2.2 Tropical Home Gardens
The domestication of natural resources involves a move from gathering in the wild
on communally owned land to the deliberate cultivation of NTFPs on tenured farm land.
Plants are cultivated for self-use or income whether by small farmers for the local market or
by large entrepreneurs for export. Although nearly 200 fruit crops have been cultivated in
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South-East Asia, only about 100 may be considered to be economic fruits (Othman &
Suranat, 1995).
In Malaysia, the tropical rain forest is exceedingly rich and diverse. A few studied
reported that a number of important tropical fruit species originate from this forest
(Soegeng, 1962, Soejarto, 1965, Meijer, 1969, Jong et al., 1973, Soepadmo, 1979, Hashim,
1986, Van Welzen et al., 1988). These include the genera Artocarpus (cempedak and
nangka; Moraceae), Baccaurea (rambai and tampoi; Euphorbiaceae), Citrus (limes and
oranges; Rutaceae), Dimocarpus (longan and litchi; Sapindaceae) and others.
Some of the tropical fruits are native to Southeast Asia.Wild fruit trees are still
found in Malaysia’s forest. However, there are a few have been brought here from other
tropical countries, some of them centuries ago by traders and settlers, and are now be part
of the countryside (Betty,1975). Some of the familiar came from South America including
the papaya, pineapple, guava, ciku and durian belanda. India introduced some of the long-
fruited mango. Jackfruits is probably native to India (Betty,1975). However, mangosteen,
durian, rambutan and pamelo, and possibly most of the bananas are native in Malaysia.
Fruits trees in Malaysia can be categorized according to the length of the juvenile
period which is the period between planting and first fruition. There are three categories of
Malaysian fruits trees main based on their fruit production (Figure 2.1). The first category
are those with the long juvenile period (7-15 years). Second category comprises fruits with
an intermediate juvenile period (2-3 years) and third category for those fruit with a short
juvenile period (1-2 years).
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Figure 2.1: Category of economic plants in fruit production. Adopted from Othman and Suranat
(1995)
Group/type of fruit
Month of the year
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1. Long juvenile
period
Durian
Mangosteen
Langsat
Cempedak
Coconut
2. Intermediate
juvenile period
Mango
Citrus
Rambutan
Guava
Jackfruit
3. Short juvenile period
Banana
Papaya
Pineapple
:
Off seasons Notes Main seasons
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Figure 2.2 Calender of Fruiting Seasons in Malaysia. Adopted from Othman and Suranat (1995)
Another classification for Malaysian fruit plants in shown in Figure 2.2. The
first four groups are similar to earlier classification. Group 4 are lesser-known and are rare
but with future economic potential. Group 5 fruits are those of subtropical and temperate-
zone variety. Malaysian fruit plants can also be categorized into seasonal and non-seasonal.
Non-seasonal fruits available throughout the year, while seasonal fruits are available only
once or twice a year.
Long juvenile period (7-15 years). Examples: Durian, mangosteen, duku, langsat, jackfruit,
cempedak, breadfruit, coconut, tamarind, petai etc.
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Category of
Economic Plants in
Fruition
Intermediate juvenile period (2-3 years)
Examples: Mango, citrus, rambutan, pulasan, guava, etc.
Sub-tropical and temperate-zone variety.
Examples: Longan, peach, Japanese apricot,grape, apple,etc.
Short juvenile period (1-2 years Examples: Pineapple, banana, papaya, water-melon,
musk-melon, etc.
Lesser-known/rare fruits with future economic potential.
Examples: Avocado, cashew, salak and wild fruit such as
tampoi, perah,etc.
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2.2.3 Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plants are either sold or used in traditional medicine. The latter may or
may not attract the market price (David & Seema, 1993). In developed countries, perhaps
25% of all medical drugs are based on plants and plant derivatives. In developing countries
the proportion is closer to 75% (Principe, 1991). In Malaysia, more than 20,000 species of
angiosperms and 600 species of ferns which 1,082 species (15%) and 76 species (13%),
respectively, are reported to have medicinal properties (Mansor, 2005). The World Health
Organization (WHO) has estimated that about 80% of the population in developing
countries relies chiefly on traditional medicine for their health care needs, of which a major
portion involves the use of plant extracts (Azizol & Jamaludin, 1995).
There are about 1300 medicinal plant products registered by the Ministry of Health
of Malaysia and are available in market (Kulip, 2003). Chew et al., (2009) studied
antioxidant properties of three species from the Leguminosae family in Malaysia, namely
Bauhinia kockiana, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Cassia surattensis. These plants have
been used traditionally by local communities for medicinal purpose. B. kockiana is a
tropical vine which is also cultivated as a garden ornamental plant are used by the Kelabit
ethnic group in Sarawak to treat gonorrhoea.The bark and root are also used traditionally to
treat toothache (Ong, 2006).C. pulcherrima or commonly known as peacock flower is
widely grown in both tropical and subtropical area used to cure bad cough, asthma and
sores (Chew et al., 2009). C. surattensis, also known locally as bushy cassia is consumed
orally to cure sore throat, cough and constipation by the Chinese (Chew et al., 2009).
Examples of Malaysian medicinal plants are shown in Table 2.2 below.
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Table 2.2 : Some commonly used medicinal plants [Taken from Burkill (1996); Perry & Metzer
(1980)]
Species Local name Common use(s)
Eurycoma longifolia Jack Tongkat Ali Health tonic
Labisia pumila Kacip Fatimah Post-partum preparation
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Pegaga Health tonic
Curcuma xanthorizza Temu lawak Jamu
Curcuma domistica Kunyit Cosmetic, food additive
Cassia alata L. Gelenggang Antiseptic
2.2.4 Ornamental Plants
Ornamental plants are plants which are grown for their aesthetic quality.
Ornamental plants with beautiful flowers and leaves in graceful forms and shapes are
planted indoors as well as in the home gardens.
2.3 Economic Valuation of Plant Resources
In the last 30 years or so, valuation of environmental services and change has
become one of the most significant and fastest evolving areas of research in environmental
and ecological economics (Turner et al., 2003). Environmental valuation techniques can
provide useful evidence to support such policies by quantifying the economic value
associated with the protection of biological resources (Christie et al.,2006). Although
considered renewable resources, plant resources are can be exhausted if they are not
properly managed.
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The concept of total economic value is now generally recognized as being the most
suitable framework guiding environmental economic valuation as shown in Figure 2.3. The
total economic value (TEV) is an aggregate of the use values and non-use values. This is
represented by the following formula
TEV = UV +NUV = [DUV + IUV + OP] + [EV + BV] whereby
UV represents used value,
NUV represents non-use value,
DUV represents direct use value,
IUV represents indirect use value,
OP represents option value,
EV represents existence value, and
BV represents bequest value.
Direct Use Values can be further divided into consumptive uses and non
consumption uses. Consumptive uses could be commercial and industrial forest products
such as timber, fuel wood for sale, fruits, medicine, charcoal, rattan, animals and also be
non-market domestic products such as fire wood for subsistence use. Non-consumptive use
values include values of functions such as ecotourism, recreation, science, education and
the like.
Indirect use values are associated with environmental protection, water shed
protection, nutrient recycling, soil fertility agricultural productivity, gas exchange,
contribution to climate stabilization, habitat and protection of biodiversity, aesthetic,
cultural and spiritual values. Sometimes, people may value the option to use a forest in the
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future. This is called Option Values. Existence value is the intrinsic values placed by
nonusers on environmental assets purely for its existence without any intention of using it
directly in the future. Bequest value is the value that people derive from knowing that the
forest is passed on to the future generations. People may value forest as a bequest to their
children. All these are summarized in Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.3 : Relation between plant resources utilization and Total Economic Value for
environmental assessment
OECD (2001) also recognises the importance of measuring the economic value of
biodiversity and identifies a wide range of uses for such values, including demonstrating
the value of biodiversity, in targeting biodiversity protection within scarce budgets, and in
Bequest
Value Existence
Value
Total Economic Value
Use value Non- Use Value
Indirect Use
Value
Direct Use
Values Option
Value
Consumptive
direct use value
Non-consumptive
direct use value
Plant resource
utilization
24
determining damages for loss of biodiversity in liability regimes. Policy makers often
assume that tropical forests have no economic value unless they are logged or farmed
(Hecht et al., 1988). Besides timber, tropical forests produce food, construction materials,
medicinal plants, fodder, and firewood, all of which villagers use daily.
However, modern science and governments overlooked the importance of this non-
wood forest wealth for so long. This is because most of these products are used mainly for
rural subsistence or local markets. Chandrasekharan (1994) reported that these products
often go unrecorded in official statistics, which focus on nationally traded goods. Most of
the modern government administration has divided these products among forestry,
agriculture and horticulture, statistics do not recognize even nationally and internationally
important non-wood forest commodities as originating from the forest. The lack of clear
definition between agriculture and forestry also has created a large blind spot in the way we
reckon our dependence on forests.
A study by Toledo et al., (1992) showed that forests produce many more types of
products than wood products particularly in some tropical forests. However, modern
forestry has favoured timber and large-scale enterprises, and has generally regarded non-
wood products as incidental. Arnold et al., (1994) reported that small-scale forest-based
enterprises in Zimbabwe, which mostly are based on NWFPs, employed 237,000 people in
1991, compared to 16,000 employed in conventional forestry and forest industries for the
same year (Arnold et al., 1994).
Tropical forests provide a wide variety of services to humankind (Repetto, 1988;
Reid and Miller, 1989). Repetto (1998) reported that, since World War II, deforestation has
25
shifted from temperate to tropical forests and that, in most developing countries today,
deforestation is accelerating. Deforestation results from a combination of increasing
population pressure, poor land use practices, and national economic policy and
development. Commonly, forest loss is mainly due to logging activities and forest clearance
for other land-use purposes, such as agriculture, mining, resettlement, agricultural
plantations and shifting cultivation.
Economic techniques have long been used to evaluate the worth of land and
resources, and the resulting information has been an important determinant in how funds,
land, natural products and other resources are allocated and used. In recent years, scholars
have tried to valuate the economic importance and sustainability of local extraction
activities in order to adjust the market failures and search for ways to include the local
economy of forest products in land-use planning (Broekhoven, 1996; Hedge et al., 1996;
Melnyk & Bell, 1996; Olsen, 1997).
2.4 Valuation Techniques
Although methods for valuing environmental goods and services began to develop
as far back as the 1970s, they only began to enter mainstream environmental economics
and be widely applied in the late 1980s. In general, there are three main types of value
measures that can be used to estimate the values of forests: direct market prices, indirect
market prices, and non-market estimates of values (Kengen, 1997).
The first measure involves use of the prevailing market prices of goods and services
traded in the market. The non-market measure of value attempts to estimate the willingness
of individuals (“buyers”) to purchase or pay for a specific good or service under defined
26
hypothetical conditions. In most applications individuals are asked to provide their
willingness to pay (WTP) or willingness to accept (WTA) for specified increases or
decreases in the quantity or quality of a non-market good or service (Bedru et al., 2006).
Since the constructed market is hypothetical, this method requires individuals to ‘state’
their preferences for the non-marketed good or service and is thus called stated preference
method. Values provided by this method are hypothetical in that the respondents are
assumed to behave as if there were a real market (Boxall & Beckley, 2002).
However, several specific valuation techniques have been developed to derive
values for particular forest functions. The most common valuation technique as reported by
Bedru et al., (2006) are Market Prices Method, Efficiency (Shadow) Price Method,
Production Function Method, Related/Substitute Good Method, and Cost Based Method.
a) Market Prices Method
It uses of the prevailing market prices for goods and services traded in the domestic or
international markets. Empirical data in this method are collected through, market survey,
published economic statistics and direct observation.
b) Efficiency (Shadow) Price Method
It uses adjusted prices for market imperfections and policy distortions or for non-marketed
goods.
c) Production Function Method
In this method estimation of the value of non-marketed resource or ecological
27
function in terms of changes in economic activity by modeling the physical contribution of
the resource function to economic output.
d) Related/Substitute Good Method
This method use of information about the relationship between a non-marketed good or
service and a marketed product to infer value.
e) Cost based method:
This method uses variants of a costbased approach such as replacement cost, relocation
cost, preventive expenditure, damage costs avoided, and opportunity cost to estimate
environmental functions based on the assumption that the cost of maintaining an
environmental benefit is a reasonable estimate of its value.
The three major measures of value (direct market prices, indirect market prices, and
non-market estimates) and the suggested appropriate valuation techniques for estimating
the values are outlined in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Valuation approaches in relation to the type of forest goods and services
(adapted from Kengen (1997)
Method Types Techniques Application examples
1. Direct market
prices
Market surveys,
use of statistics
Use of recall interviews of
household heads with lists of
forest products harvested or use
of local or national statistics on values of some forest products.
Value of forest products such as
fuel wood (own-consumed or
sold), wild fruits, household
furniture, and farm implements can be elicited from household‘s
own-reported values as these
products are traded in local
markets.
28
Value of forests as source of
firewood can be estimated by
the opportunity costs of time
and effort required for the
journey to collect firewood
from the distant areas
because of the depletion
of forest resources for use as
fuelwood.
Direct
observation
Direct observation of some
specific forest products collected
by households by a researcher.
2. Indirect
Market prices
(value inferred
from market
prices of other
goods or
services
Residual values Use of market prices for final
goods and intermediate inputs
plus some measure of profit to
arrive at residual value.
Stumpage value of timber is
derived by looking at market
prices for finished lumber and
subtracting costs from harvesting
through processing to lumber
sale.
Related goods
value (surrogate
prices)
Use of market prices for close
substitutes as a proxy measure
of value for the unpriced good
or service being valued.
The value of fuelwood used for
domestic purposes can be
estimated with purchased
fuelwood.
Cost-based values Use of market prices(costs) for
maintaining environmental benefits in the absence of
forests.
The value of erosion mitigation
function of exclosures can be estimated by the cost of
preventing sediment filling in a
dam, or loss of NPK6 from a
crop fields which would be
recovered by applying artificial
fertilizer.
value of
production
increases as a
measure of
input
Use of market prices of
production increases to provide
a proxy measures of the value of
one or a set of inputs.
Increased market value of crop
production with a windbreak
over what it would have been
without a windbreak provides a
proxy minimum gross value for
the windbreak. Associated costs
of the windbreak are then
subtracted to arrive at net value.
Opportunity cost
(shadow price)
Use of market prices for the best
alternative foregone provides a
measure of the minimum value
for a good or service.
The minimum value of a
wilderness park is estimated on
the basis of market price value of
the goods and/or services
foregone (e.g. timber, mineral,
grazing).
Travel costs as
the measure of
value of an area,
facility or activity
Use of travel costs incurred by
individuals or groups to derive
the estimates of the value of an
area, facility, or activity.
Direct observation of
some specific forest
products collected by
households by a
researcher.
29
Contingent valuation or
surveys of stakeholders' WTP
for a given event, area,
facility, activity or
WTA a monetary reward for the loss of a given
environmental amenity.
3. Non- market
value estimates
None
Value of a certain wildlife
population is inferred from a
survey of environmentalists'
willingness to pay to save the
population.
2.5 Conservation and Plant Resources Utilization Through Biotechnological
Means
The harvesting and consumption of plant products from natural forests for food,
medicine and others is known to account for a large proportion of the livelihood of people
living close to such habitats (Dovie et al., 2002, Ticktin, 2005). Recently, it has been
recognized that under-valuation or absence of valuation of the products and services of
forests is one of the factors for the degradation of forest resources. Estimating the values of
forests and understanding how plant resource use interacts with the incomes and welfare of
rural households is a key step towards sustainable use and management of
forests (Bedru et al., 2006).
Not surprisingly, biotechnology as understood today as most powerful and practical
of all branches of science can be used for conservation purpose of the plant resources. All
living things including the plant resources encoded with the genes which varied them
between each species in community. Plant tissue and cell culture as an effective
biotechnology tool to conserve plant genes. Its use of small units (cells and tissues) without
loosing the mother plant, to produce large number of faithful copies of plants.Research and
development in biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant resources can be
done through a few aspect as shown on Table 2.4.
30
Table 2.4: Biotechnology aspect in conservation and utilization of plant resources
(Jamadon et al., 2007)
Purpose Biotechnology Aspect
Conservation through micropropagation of
rare, endangered and economically important
plants.
Plant Tissue Culture
In vitro production and supply of raw materials
for drug development and production of plant/root-specific high value, low volume
compounds.
Health-care Biotechnology
Enhancement of genetic diversity in species
having narrow genetic base.
DNA manipulation
Breeding and improvement of floricultural
plants for commercial significance.
DNA manipulation
Bioprospecting (chemical and gene prospecting) of indigenous plants
of established therapeutic value.
Bioprospecting, Biochemical
Isolation, characterization and appropriate use of genes for crop improvement.
DNA manipulation
In Malaysia, the application of biotechnology for conservation of the plant resources
maybe still in developing. However, conservation of tropical fruits has been given special
emphasis (Jamadon et al.,2007). The Field Genebank was established in MARDI research
station for collection involving coconut, coffee, root and tubers, medicinal plants, spices
and beverages and ulam as shown in Table 2.5. Collection of germplasm also involving by
others agencies (Table 2.6)
Table 2.5: Germplasm collection conserved in MARDI field genebank
No. Crops Location (Research station) No. of accessions
1. Coconut Hilir Perak 45
2. Coffee Kluang 425
3. Roots and Tubers Serdang 800*
4. Medicinal plants Cameron Highlands
Jerangau
62
3,377
5. Spices and baverages Kluang 300
6. Ulam Jerangau
Seberang Perai
78
60
* Estimates
31
Table 2.6: Ex-situ conservation of indigenous fruit species maintained at various institutions in
Malaysia (Field genebank/arboretum) (Taken from Jamadon et al., 2007)
Institution Location (Field
Genebank/arboretum
No. of species No. of accessions
MARDI Various station 165 3,757*
DOA, Pen. Malaysia Serdang
Hulu Panka
17
110
1,000
235
DOA, Sabah Various agricultural research station
204 n.a
DOA, Sarawak Bintulu Agriculture
Park
48 60
DOA, Sarawak Betong Layar Station 54 n.a
FRIM Kepong 100 816
UPM Serdang 36 239
UKM Bangi 38 n.a
UM Rimba Ilmu Petaling
Jaya
71 207
* : Inclusive of over 1,000 accessions of traditional cultivar and land races involving 14 major fruits
species
32
CHAPTER THREE
3 MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Location of home gardens visited during this study
A total of 94 home gardens located in 90 villages in Peninsular Malaysia and
Pangkor Island were surveyed during the months of June until December of 2008. The
localities of the villages are shown in Figures 3.1 to Figure 3.9. The home gardens that
were surveyed were selected arbitrary. The owners comprise of various ethnic groups such
as Malays, Chinese, Indian, Portuguese and the aboringines (Orang Asli). More detailed
information of each homed garden is shown in Appendix 1.
33
Figure 3.1 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Perlis and Kedah
showing the sites of home gardens that were visited during this study
34
Figure 3.2 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Perak showing the
sites of home gardens that were visited during this study
35
Figure 3.3 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Selangor showing the
sites of home gardens that were visited during this study
36
Figure 3.4 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Negeri Sembilan
showing the location of home gardens that were visited during this study
37
Figure 3.5 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Melaka showing the
loation of home gardens that were visited during this study
38
Figure 3.6 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Johor showing the
location of home gardens that were visited during this study
39
Figure 3.7 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Pahang showing the
location of home gardens that were visited during this study
40
Figure 3.8 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Terengganu showing
the location of home gardens that were visited during this study
41
Figure 3.9 : Maps of Peninsular Malaysia (inset) and Kelantan showing the
location of home gardens that were visited during this study
42
3.2 Home Gardens Survey
In this study, survey of home gardens involved collecting information on plant
cultivated, managed, and used by their owners. A home garden in this study is defined as a
bounded piece of land with a mixture of tended and cultivated plants on which a house is
built. Demarcation of the home gardens boundary was determined through guidance of
home gardens owners during semi-structure interviews. Plants that were tended or
cultivated in home gardens were distinguished from other plants based on information
provided by home garden owners. This study was carried through opportunistic surveys of
home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia. Information on plant resource of each home garden
was gathered through semi-structured interviews with the owners and floristic inspection of
home gardens. Respondents were asked a set of questions and their response were recorded
on a voice recorder or on written on a field diary. All these were later transcribed and
tabulated.
3.3 Classification of plant resource in home gardens
Species of plants that were encountered during the survey are categorised according
to their uses. The categories of uses are food and drinks, medicinal, ornamental, spice and
flavor, handicraft, dye and multiple uses.
3.4 Valuation Techniques for Plant Resources in Home Gardens
Valuation approaches for each species encountered during this study were proposed.
Valuation approaches proposed were market-based, substitute good and contingent
valuation. Market-based approach is a technique used based on the observation of the
market interaction to place monetory values on good and services for the plant resources.
43
Through markets, economists are able to measure an individual’s willingness to pay to
acquire or preserve the value of the plant resources. Substitute good is a technique used to
value the plant resources which are non-marketed or which are used directly by the
harvester by comparing the market price of similar goods or the value of the next
alternative products. Contigent valuation is also a method of estimating the value of non
market of the plant resources. These values are generally measured based on the
willingness to pay for the benefit obtained from the plant resources or the willingness to
accept compensation for benefit lost.
44
CHAPTER FOUR
4 RESULT
4.1 Home Gardens Survey
A list of plants species that were encountered during this study and their respective
information are shown in Table 4.1. Localities were enumerated and detailed information of
each of them are shown in Appendix 1. Examples for semi-structured interviews are shown
in Appendix 2.
A total of 120 species of plants were encountered of which food plants namely
Cocus nucifera L., Nephelium lappaceum L., Musa paradisiacal L., Durio zibethinus Murr
and Mangifera indica L were found in most of the home gardens. The most common plant
family in term of the number of species it represented was Leguminosae (9 species). This
was followed by Zingiberaceae (7 species), Sapindaceae (6 species) and Malvaceae (6
species), Myrtaceae (5 species), Lamiaceae (5 species), Anacardiaceae (5 species),
Asteraceae (4 species), Moraceae (4 species), Rutaceae (4 species), Arecaceae (3 species),
Cucurbitaceae (3 species), Euphorbiaceae (3 species), Meliaceae (3 species), Rubiaceae (3
species), Amaranthaceae (2 species), Annonaceae (2 species), Apocynaceae (2 species),
Convolvulaceae (2 species), Lythraceae (2 species), Pandanaceae (2 species), Piperaceae (2
species), Poaceae (2 species) and Solanaceae (2 species). Families represented by only one
species were Arecaceae, Acoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, Asparagaceae,
45
Aspleniaceae, Balsaminaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Caricaceae,
Clusiaceae, Crassulaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Geraniaceae, Lecythidaceae, Leguminosae,
Mackinlayaceae, Melastomataceae, Moringaceae, Musaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oleaceae,
Oxalidaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Polygonaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rosaceae, Sapotaceae,
Simaroubaceae, and Verbenaceae. The average number of species per home gardens was
range in between 3 to 20 species (refer Appendix 1)
Table 4.1 List of plants found in home gardens
No. Species (in alphabetical
order)
Local name Locality/localities Uses and parts
used (in brackets)
Number of
localities
with the
species
1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench [Malvaceae] Bendi 15,21,75,85,87
Food (Fruit) 5
2. Acalypha indica L.
[Euphorbiaceae]
Kucing
galak 72 Medicinal
(Leaves)
1
3. Acorus calamus L.
[Acoraceae] Delingau 15
Medicinal (Root) 1
4. Allamanda cathartica L.
[Apocynaceae] Bunga loceng 16,30
Ornamental 2
5. Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng
[Amaryllidaceae]
Kucai 12,63
Food (Leaves) 2
6. Amaranthus gangeticus
Linn [Amaranthaceae] Bayam 15,21,71,72 Food 4
7. Anacardium occidentale
L. [Anacardiaceae] Gajus 18,71 Food (Fruit) 2
8. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. [Bromeliaceae]
Nanas
7,8,12,13,15,19,21,23,31,39,45,46,54,
55,65,76,82,84,85,
88,91
Food (Fruit)
21
9. Annona muricata L.
[Annonaceae] Durian
Belanda 20,69,81,84,85,90
Food
(Fruit),Medicinal
(Leaves)
6
10. Annona squamosa
L.[Annonaceae] Nona 48,70,79,83 Food (Fruit) 4
11. Archidendron jiringa
(Jack) I. C. Nielsen
[Leguminosae]
Jering 12,14,16,23,30,42,
43,44,45,46,71,73,
84,87,88,91 Food (Fruit)
16
46
12. Areca catechu L.
[Arecaceae] Pinang
8,16,19,25,37,46,5
6,60,61,62,63,64,6
5,66,67,71,72,74,
90
Medicinal (Root),
Food (Fruit)
19
13. Artocarpus altilis
(Parkinson) Fosberg
[Moraceae]
Sukun 14,40
Food (Fruit)
2
14. Artocarpus heterophyllus
Lam.[ Moraceae]
Nangka
5,7,8,12,14,15,16,2
3,25,26,29,31,34,3
6,38,46,55,56,59,6
0,61,65,66,70,71,7
3,74,76,81,82,85,8
9,90,95
Food (Fruit)) 34
15. Artocarpus integer
(Thunb.) Merr.
[Moraceae]
Cempedak 4,14,18,26,31,37,3
8,43,56,61,65,66,6
9,73,77,81,90 Food (Fruit)
17
16. Asplenium nidus L.
[Aspleniaceae] Pokok Paku
langsuir
2,18 Ornamental 2
17. Averrhoa bilimbi L.[Oxalidaceae]
Belimbing buluh
5,12,17,22,23,24,5
6,66,69,71,75,76,8
0,81
Food (Fruit)
14
18. Azadirachta indica A.
Juss. [Meliaceae] Neem/ daun
semambu 22
Food
(Fruit)/Medicinal
(Leaves)
1
19. Baccaurea motleyana
Hook. f. [Phyllanthaceae] Rambai
12,39,43,61,87,89,
93
Food (Fruit)/
Medicinal
(Leaves)
7
20. Barringtonia racemosa
(L.) Roxb.
[Lecythidaceae]
Putat 19,66
Food (Fruit) 2
21. Benincasa hispida
(Thunb.) Cogn.
[Cucurbitaceae] Kundur 15
Food (Fruit)
1
22. Bouea oppositifolia
(Roxb.) Meisn.
[Anacardiaceae] Kundang 33,84 Food (Fruit)
2
23. Bougainvillea spectabilis
Willd. [Nyctaginaceae]
Bunga
kertas
5,8,12,14,16,17,18,
23,24,25,26,40,50,
52,55,56,65,67,78,
82,83,85, 93,94
Ornamental 24
24. Capsicum frutescens L.
[Solanaceae] Cili padi
7,14,17,24,25,36,4
3,45,46,47,54,61,68,71,74,76,81,82,8
5,87,91,92, 93
Spice (Fruit) 23
25.
Carica papaya L.
[Caricaceae] Betik
2,5,9,11,12,15,20,2
3,25,36,37,40,46,4
8,49,52,54,55,56,5
8,61,63,66,67,70,7
1,73,74,77,81,82,
87,90,91,93,95
Food (Fruit)
36
26. Cassia alata L.
[Leguminosae] Gelenggang 5,12,32,44
Medicinal
(Leaves) 4
27. Ceiba pentandra (L.)
Gaertn. [Malvaceae] Kekabu
9,10,25,31,39,76,
77,87
Textile (Fruit)
8
47
28. Celosia argentea L.
[Amaranthaceae]
Balung
ayam 63,68,73 Ornamental 3
29. Centella asiatica (L.)
Urb. [Mackinlayaceae] Pegaga
21,23,75,95
Food
(Leaves)/Medicin
al (Leaves)
4
30. Citrus hystrix DC.
[Rutaceae] Limau purut
15,16,65,68,70,75,
81, 82,84,85,86 Food (Fruit)
11
31. Citrus maxima (Burm. f.)
Merr. [Rutaceae] Limau Bali 5,9,60,82,87,94 Food (Fruit)
6
32. Citrus aurantifolia
(Christm.) [Rutaceae]
Limau nipis
5,7,8,12,14,15,17,
20,21,24,35,36,39,
41,47,52,56,58,60,
62,64,65,67,72,73,
83,88,92, 95
Food (Fruit)
29
33. Clerodendron
paniculatum L.
[Verbenaceae] Pepanggil 12,36
Medicinal
(Leaves)
2
34. Cocos nucifera L.
[Arecaceae]
Kelapa
2,5,8,9,11,12,14,
15,16,18,19,20,24,
25,26,34,36,37,40,
44,45,46,48,52,55,56,57,59,61,62,64,
65,67,69,71,72,73,
74,76,77,79,81,82,
84,85,86,87,88,89,
90, 92,93,94
Food
(Fruit)/Handicraft
(Leaves)
53
35. Codiaeum variegaantum
(L.) A. Juss.
[Euphorbiaceae] Puding
2,5,8,14,19,55,62,6
4,67,73 Ornamental
10
36. Coffea arabica L.
[Rubiaceae] Kopi 12,34,61,62,63 Food (Fruit)
5
37. Coleus blumei Benth.
[Lamiaceae] Ati-ati 5,12,35,45,71,86
Medicinal
(Leaves)
6
38. Colocasia esculenta (L.)
Schott [Araceae] Keladi Cina 12,21,40,64,81,88
Food (Leaves and
tuber)
6
39. Cosmos caudatus Kunth
[Asteraceae] Ulam Raja
12,16,25,46,63,74,
90 Food (Leaves)
7
40. Cucurbita
moschata Duchesne [Cucurbitaceae] Labu kuning
5,8,39,46,47,62,63,95 Food (Fruit)
8
41. Curcuma domestica Valeton [Zingiberaceae]
Kunyit
8,15,17,19,23,24, 25,37,42,44,47,53,
58,59,61,62,63,65,
67,68,71,72,74,76,
77,78,82,83,85,87,
92 Spice (Rhizomes)
31
42. Curcuma xanthorrhiza
Roxb. [Zingiberaceae] Temu lawak 67
Medicinal
(Leaves)
1
43. Cymbopogen citratus
(DC.) Stapf [Poaceae]
Serai
7,8,12,16,19,24,25,
36,39,40,42,44,45,
46,47,59,60,61,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,
70,72,74,77,80,85,
86,87,92,93 Spice (Leaves)
35
44. Cynometra cauliflora L. Nannam 12,69,73,82,84 Food (Fruit)
5
48
[Leguminosae]
45. Kalanchoe pinnata
(Lam.) Pers.
[Crassulaceae] Setawar
12,14,23,24,49,50,
51, 75,83
Medicinal
(Leaves)
9
46. Dahlia rosea Cav
[Asteraceae] Dahlia 21,51 Ornamental
2
47. Dimocarpus longan Lour.
[Sapindaceae] Mata
Kucing
11,15,23,24,47,50,
52,70,71,73,77,85,
86,92 Food (Fruit)
14
48. Durio zibethinus Murr
[Malvaceae]
Durian
2,8,14,15,16,18,20,
23,25,29,31,34,36,
37,38,41,42,43,44,
45,47,48,52,55,56,
60,61,62,64,65,71,
72,73,77,82,83,84,85,87,88,89,90,92,
93,94,95 Food (Fruit)
46
49. Elephantopus scaber L.
[Asteraceae]
Tapak
Leman 12
Medicinal
(Leaves)
1
50. Etlingera eliator (Jack)
R.M. Sm. [Zingiberaceae]
Kantan
5,7,8,12,14,15,24,3
2,34,36,37,42,60,
61,68,69,71,74,76,
81 Spice (Flower)
20
51. Eugenia aquea Burm. f.
[Myrtaceae]
Jambu air
10,12,14,17,24,26,
41,42,43,45,48,52,
55,56,60,62,63,64,
65,67,69,70,72,74,
76,79,81,82,86,88,
89,94
Food (Fruit)
32
52. Eurycoma longifolia Jack
[Simaroubaceae Tongkat ali 24,32,35,36,38 Medicinal (Root)
5
53. Flacourtia inermis Roxb.
[Flacourtiaceae] Merokam 16,65 Food (Leaves)
2
54. Garcinia mangostana L.
[Clusiaceae]
Manggis
5,8,12,14,15,23,24,
35,37,38,42,43,45,
56,60,61,63,64,71,
83,84,85,87,92,94 Food (Fruit)
25
55. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. [Malvaceae]
Bunga raya
5,14,20,30,53,56,
65,67,73,74,81,92 Ornamental
12
56. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
[Malvaceae] Roselle 20 Food (Flower)
1
57. Impatiens wallerana
Hook. f. [Balsaminaceae] Keembung 19,76 Ornamental
2
58. Ipomoea batatas (L.)
Lam. [Convolvulaceae] Ubi keledek
11,12,23,24,34,36,
46, 63,71,95 Food (Tuber)
10
59. Ipomoea reptans Poir.
[Convolvulaceae] Kang kong 17,20,22,71,95 Food (Leaves)
5
60. Ixora sp. [Rubiaceae]
Jenjarum
8,14,15,18,25,35,
37,40,48,51,58,62,
72,82,86 Ornamental
15
61. Jasminum sambac (L.)
Aiton [Oleaceae]
Melur
51,52,54,58,68,71,
73,75,77,79,81,82,
86 Ornamental
13
49
62. Kaempferia galangal L.
[Zingiberaceae] Cekur 12
Medicinal
(Leaves)
1
63. Lansium domesticum
Corrêa [Meliaceae]
Langsat
8,14,23,24,26,29,
30,35,36,37,38,39,
40,41,42,43,45,48,
52,60,61,62,63,64,
65,69,71,83,84,
86,87,89,91,92,93,
94 Food (Fruit)
36
64. Lepisanthes rubiginosum
(Roxb.) Leenh.
[Sapindaceae] Mertajam 67 Food (Fruit)
1
65. Lawsonia inermis L.[
Lythraceae] Inai 5,14,19,58,64,84 Dye (Leaves)
6
66. Languas galanga ( L.)
Stunts [Zingiberaceae]
Lengkuas
8,9,12,14,16,17,19,
23,24,25,37,42,45,
46,47,48,56,59,60,
61,62,64,65,66,67,68,70,71,72,73,74,
75,76,77,80,81,82,
84,85,87,91,93,94 Spice (Rhizomes)
43
67. Lepisanthes fruticosa
Leenh [Sapindaceae] Ceri
54,63,66,67,71,81,
82,92 Food (Fruit)
8
68. Leucaena leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit
[Leguminosae]
Petai
Belalang 12,23,74,76,77
Medicinlal
(Leaves)
5
69. Litchi chinensis Sonn
[Sapindaceae] Laici 52,77,87,92 Food (Fruit)
4
70. Luffa acutangula (L.)
Roxb. [Cucurbitaceae] Petola 21,95 Food (Fruit)
2
71. Mangifera foetida Lour.
[Anacardiaceae] Bachang
12,26,38,40,45,55,
62,88 Food (Fruit)
8
72. Mangifera indica L.
[Anacardiaceae]
Mangga
2,7,8,9,10,14,15,
16,17,18,20,22,23,
24,31,36,38,40,45,
46,47,52,55,56,59,
60,62,64,65,66,67,
68,70,74,75,76,78,
79,81,85,87,90,93,94,95 Food (Fruit))
45
73. Manihot esculenta Crantz [Euphorbiaceae]
Ubi Kayu
2,4,5,7,8,12,15,17, 19,23,25,27,31,34,
36,38,47,48,58,60,
62,68,70,71,75,76,
86,87,88,90,92 Food (Tuber)
31
74. Manilkara zapota (L.)
P.Royen [Sapotaceae] Ciku
9,14,15,17,20,23,3
9,47,52,62,76 Food (Fruit)
11
75. Melastoma decemfidum
Roxb. ex. Jack
[Melastomataceae]
Senduduk
putih 12,13,15
Medicinlal
(Leaves)
3
76. Melia excelsa Jack
[Meliaceae] Setang 72 Food (Leaves)
1
77. Metroxylon sagu Rottb.
[Arecaceae] Sagu 12,37,62 Food l (Trunk)
3
78. Morinda citrifolia L.
[Rubiaceae] Mengkudu
8,53,56,65,67,68,
74
Medicinlal
(Leaves)
7
79. Moringa oleifera Kacang 53,57 Food (Fruit)/
2
50
Lam.[Moringaceae] Kelo/Merun
gai
Medicinal
(Leaves)
80. Murraya koenigii (L.)
Sprengel [Rutaceae]
Pokok Kari
5,7,8,14,16,17,19,2
1,35,36,37,53,58,
59,60,64,65,75,79,
81,83,85,86
Spice (Leaves)
23
81. Musa paradisiaca
L.[Musaceae]
Pisang
2,3,4,5,9,14,15,16,
18,20,23,24,25,26,
27,29,31,34,36,37,
38,40,42,43,46,51,
52,53,57,58,60,62,
66,67,69,70,73,75,
76,77,82,83,85, 86,88,90,92,93,95 Food (Fruit)
49
82. Nephelium lappaceum L. [Sapindaceae]
Rambutan
8,9,10,14,15,19,20,24,25,26,29,31,34,
36,37,39,40,42,43,
44,45,46,47,48,50,
52,55,56,57,59,60,
61,62,64,65,66,
72,73,75,76,77,81,
82,87,88,89,90,92,
93,95 Food (Fruit)
50
83. Nephelium ramboutan-
ake (Labill.) Leenh.
[Sapindaceae] Pulasan 14 Food (Fruit)
1
84. Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
[Lamiaceae] Tulasi/Selasi
h
51,52,57,58,63,70,
77
Spiritual uses /
Medicinal
(Leaves)
7
85. Ocimum americanum L.
[Lamiaceae] Kemangi 22,87
Medicinal
(Leaves)
2
86. Oenanthe javanica
(Blume) DC. [Apiaceae] Selom 12,15 Food (Fruit)
2
87. Oroxylum indicum (L.)
Vent. [Bignoniaceae] Beka 12,42,63,76
Medicinal
(Leaves)
4
88. Orthosiphon stamineus
Benth. [Lamiaceae] Misai
kucing 14,16,24,42,74
Medicinal
(Leaves)
5
89. Pandanus caricosus
Spreng.
[Pandanaceae] Mengkuang 5,8,12,26,62 Textiles (Leaves)
5
90. Pandanus amaryllifolius
Roxb.
[ Pandanaceae]
Pandan
7,11,12,14,15,16,
20,23,25,31,37,40,
42,51,53,57,59,61,
63,70,73,74,75,84,
87 Spice (Leaves)
25
91. Parkia speciosa
Hassk.[Leguminosae]
Petai
1,9,16,23,26,28,29,
30,35,36,37,43,44,
45,47,56,64,65,66,
67,68,69,73,74,84,
87,88,91,92 Food (Fruit)
29
92. Pelargonium radula
L’Hér.
[Geraniaceae] Jerimin 81,83,84
Medicinal
(Leaves)
3
93. Pereskia sacharosa
Griseb. [Cactaceae] Jarum Tujuh 14,72,75
Medicinal
(Leaves)
3
51
94. Persicaria odorata
(Lour.) Soják
[Polygonaceae] Kesom 11,45,87,95
Food
(Leaves/Stems)
4
95. Piper betle L.
[Piperaceae]
Sirih
5,8,9,16,20,21,57,
63,64,65,72,73,82,
83
Medicinal
(Leaves)/Food
(Leaves)
14
96. Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
[Piperaceae] Kadok 12,16,19 Food (Leaves)
3
97. Pithecellobium bubalinum
(Jack) Benth.
[Leguminosae] Kerdas 8,64,92 Food (Fruit)
3
98. Platycerium wallichii
Hook [Polypodiaceae] Tanduk rusa 26,50,54,74 Ornamental
4
99. Psidium guajava L.
[Myrtaceae]
Jambu biji
8,12,30,35,37,40,
45,46,52,54,60,74,
76,79,81,92,95
Food (Fruit)/
Medicinal
(Leaves)
17
100
.
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.
[Leguminosae]
Kacang
botol 14,48,63,70,93,95 Food (Fruit)
6
101
.
Punica granatum L.
[Lythraceae] Delima 16,20,73,78,94 Food (Fruit)
5
102
.
Rosa sp L. [Rosaceae]
Ros/Mawar
40,51,52,53,57,63,
73,74,83 Ornamental
9
103
.
Saccharum officinarium
L. [Poaceae]
Tebu
2,3,8,12,33,34,36,
37,46,53,58,60,66,70,73,76,77,83,85,
87,91,92,95 Food (Stems)
23
104
.
Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.)
Voss [Arecaceae]
Salak
12,14,26,37,40,42,
45,46,47,65,87,88,
90,94 Food (Fruit)
14
105
.
Sanseviera trifasciata
Prain [Asparagaceae] Lidah jin
12,19,45,47,51,68,
69,75,78,87 Ornamental
10
106
.
Sesbania grandiflora (L.)
Poiret [Leguminosae] Geti/Turi 71
Medicinal
(Leaves)
1
107
.
Solanum torvum Sw.
[Solanaceae] Terung pipit 9,14,38,95 Medicinal (Fruit)
4
108
.
Spondias cytherea Sonn.
[Anacardiaceae] Kedongdong 13,20,56,68,74 Food (Fruit)
5
109
.
Stenoclaena palustris
(Burm.) Bedd Pucuk paku 5,11
Food (Young
leaves)
2
110
.
Streblus asper Lour.
[Moraceae] Kesinai 74
Medicinal
(Leaves)
1
111
.
Syzygium
malaccense (L.) Merr. &
L.M. Perry [Myrtaceae] Jambu Bol 12,64,89 Food (Fruit)
3
112
.
Eugenia polyantha Wight
[Myrtaceae] Salam 12,24,25
Food (Fruit)
(Leaves)
3
113
.
Syzygium polyanthum
(Wight) Walp.
[Myrtaceae] Serai kayu 21.22
Food (Fruit)
(Leaves)
2
114
.
Tagetes erecta L.
[Asteraceae]
Bunga
marigold
21,25,36,40,61,71,
82 Ornamental
7
115
.
Tamarindus indica
L.[Leguminosae] Asam Jawa
8,10,16,40,53,66,
67,68,
Food (Fruits)/
Medicinal (Fruits)
10
52
74,89
116
.
Theobroma cacao
L.[Malvaceae] Koko 5 Food (Fruit)
1
117
.
Vallaris glabra (L.)
Kuntze [Apocynaceae] Kesidang 81,82
Fragrance
(Flower)
2
118
.
Vitex pubescens Vahl
[Lamiaceae] Halban 18,33
Medicinal
(Leaves)
2
119
.
Zingiber cassumunar
Roxb. [Zingiberaceae] Bonglai 15 Medicinal (Root)
1
120
.
Zingiber efficinale Roscoe
[Zingiberaceae] Halia 5,63,66,70,86 Spice ( Rhizomes)
5
4.2 Classification of plant resources in home gardens
Species of plants grouped according to their category of uses are shown in Table
4.2. Most of the species of plants encountered in this study were exclusively food plants
(51.3%). Percentage of plant species exclusively for medicinal, ornamental, spice and
flavor, handicraft, and dye were 17.1 %, 11.7 %, 7.2%, 1.8 %, and 0.9% respectively.
Plants with multiples uses were represented by 9.9% of the total species. Their uses are a
combination of the above.
Table 4.2 The use (s) of plants found in the study
Plant use(s) Species n %
Food or/and drinks
Abelmoschus esculentus , Allium tuberosum ,Amaranthus gangeticus , Anacardium occidentale ,Ananas comosus, Annona squamosa , Archidendron
jiringa, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus integer
,Averrhoa bilimbi , Barringtonia racemosa , Benincasa hispida, Bouea
oppositifolia, Capsicum frutescens , Carica papaya, Citrus maxima, Coffea
arabica , Colocasia esculenta , Cosmos caudatus, Cucurbita moschata ,
Cynometra cauliflora , Dimocarpus longan, Durio zibethinus, Eugenia aquea,
Garcinia mangostana, Hibiscus sabdariffa , Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea
reptans, Lansium domesticum , Lepisanthes fruticosa, Litchi chinensis, Luffa
acutangula, Mangifera foetida, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta,
Manilkara zapota, Melia excelsa,Metroxylon sagu, Musa paradisiacal ,
Nephelium lappaceum , Nephelium ramboutan-ake,Oenanthe javanica, Parkia
speciosa ,Persicaria odorata, Piper sarmentosum,Pithecellobium bubalinum , Psidium guajava,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus , Punica granatum,
Saccharum officinarium , Salacca zalacca,Spondias cytherea, Stenochiaena
palustris,Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium polyanthum, Theobroma cacao
57 51.3
Medicinal
Acalypha indica, Acorus calamus , Cassia alata ,Clerodendron paniculatum ,
Curcuma xanthorrhiza,Elephantopus scaber , Eurycoma longifolia ,
Kaempferia galanga, Melastoma decemfidum,Morinda citrifolia , Ociumum
19 17.1
53
4.3 Valuation techniques for plant resource in home gardens
Suggested valuation techniques for species of plants that are found in home
garderns in Peninsular Malaysia based on the present study are summarized in Table 4.3.
Market-based technique, good substitute approach and contingent valuation method are the
suggested method to valuate the plants species found in this study.
Table 4.3 Suggested valuation of plant species found in the study
americanum, Oroxylum indicum, Orthosiphon stamineus, Pelargonium
radula, Pereskia sacharosa, Sesbania grandiflora, Solanum torvum , Vitex
pubescens, Zingiber cassumunar
Ornamental
Allamanda cathartica, Asplenium nidus, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Celosia
argentea, Codiaeum variegatum, Dahlia rosea , Impatiens wallerana,
Ixora sp, Jasminum sambac, Platycerium wallichi, Rosa sp, Sanseviera
trifasciata, Tagetes erect
13 11.7
Spice and
flavour
Citrus hystrix, Curcuma domestica, Cymbopogen citratus, Etlingera eliator,
Lenguas galangal, Murraya koenigii ,
Tamarindus indica, Zingiber efficinale
8 7.2
Handicraft Ceiba pentandra, Pandanus caricosus 2 1.8
Dye Lawsonia inermis 1 0.9
Multiple
uses
Cocos nucifera,. Annona muricata,. Areca catechu,Azadirachta indica,
Baccaurea motleyana,Centella asiatica, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum
tenuiflorum , Piper betle, Psidium guajava, Tamarindus indica
11 9.9
Plant Species Found in Home Gardens
n n
%
Su
gg
este
d
Va
lua
tion
Abelmoschus esculentus, Allamanda cathartica, Allium tuberosum, Amaranthus gangeticus
,Anacardium occidentale, Ananas comosus,Annona muricata, Archidendron jiringa, Areca
catechu, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus integer, Asplenium nidus, Baccaurea motleyana, Bouea oppositifolia, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Capsicum frutescens,
Carica papaya, Ceiba pentandra,Celosia argentea, Centella asiatica, Citrus hystrix, Citrus
maxima, Citrus aurantifolia, Cocos nucifera, Codiaeum variegaantum,Coffea arabica, Coleus
blumei,Colocasia esculenta, Cosmos caudatus, Cucurbita moschata, Curcuma domestica,
Cymbopogen citratus, Kalanchoe pinnata, Dahlia rosea, Dimocarpus longan, Durio zibethinus,
Etlingera eliator, Eugenia aquea , Eurycoma longifolia, Garcinia mangostana, Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis,Hibiscus sabdariffa, Impatiens wallerana, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea reptans, Ixora
sp., Jasminum sambac, Lansium domesticum,Lawsonia inermis, Languas galangal, Lepisanthes
fruticosa, Litchi chinensis, Luffa acutangula, Mangifera indica , Manihot esculenta, Manilkara
zapota, Metroxylon sagu, Morinda citrifolia, Murraya koenigii, Musa paradisiacal, Nephelium
lappaceum, Nephelium ramboutan-ake, Oenanthe javanica, Orthosiphon stamineus, Pandanus
amaryllifolius, Parkia speciosa, Pelargonium radula, Persicaria odorata, Piper betle, Pithecellobium bubalinum, Platycerium wallichii, Psidium guajava, Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus, Punica granatum, Rosa sp., Saccharum officinarium, Salacca zalacca,
Sanseviera trifasciata, Solanum torvum, Spondias cytherea, Stenoclaena palustris, Tagetes
erecta L., Tamarindus indica, Theobroma cacao, Zingiber efficinale
85
8
70
.83
Ma
rk
et-b
ase
d tec
hn
iqu
e
54
Market based-technique is the highest suggested valuation technique for the plants
species found in the home gardens. Its consist 85 species of plants which is 70.83% of the
total plants encountered in this study. Only seven (7) species of plants suggested to be
categorized under Substitude Good Approach which is 5.83 % out of total species.
Contigent valuation is suggested to be used to evaluate 28 species of plants which is 23.33
% out of the total plants encountered.
Plant Species Found in Home Gardens
n n
%
Su
ggeste
d
Valu
atio
n
Averrhoa bilimbi, Benincasa hispida, Leucaena leucocephala, Mangifera foetida, Moringa
oleifera,Piper sarmentosum,Eugenia polyantha
7 7
5.8
3
Su
bstitu
te g
ood
ap
proach
Acalypha indica, Acorus calamus, Annona squamosa, Azadirachta indica, Barringtonia
racemosa, Cassia alata, Clerodendron paniculatum, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Cynometra
cauliflora, Elephantopus scaber, Flacourtia inermis, Kaempferia galangal, Lepisanthes
rubiginosum, Melastoma decemfidum, Melia excelsa, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum americanum, Oroxylum indicum, Pandanus caricosus, Pereskia sacharosa, Sesbania
grandiflora, Streblus asper, Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium polyanthum, Vallaris glabra, Vitex
pubescens, Zingiber cassumunar
28
23.3
3
Con
tingen
t
valu
atio
n
55
CHAPTER FIVE
5 DISCUSSION
5.1 Home Gardens Survey
The total number of species recorded in this study is comparable to the total number
of species for a single village as recorded by Milow et al (2011) for Kampung Parit Tok
Ngah, Perak (105 species). High variation in the number of species per home gardens was
noted in the present study with the lowest and highest as 5 and 40 species respectively. This
study shows that home gardens of in urban and sub-urban areas tended to harbor low
number of species whereas home gardens in rural villages harbor higher number of species.
Only limited number home gardens of a village were surveyed during this study and the
number of species recorded might not necessarily reflect the number of species of plants
tended or cultivated in the village. All these contributed to the discrepancy in the total
number of species recorded in this study.
The ranking of species of plants that are cultivated or tended in homegardens in
Peninsular Malaysia based on the total number of home gardens they are found are
summarized in Table 5.1. Its shows that food plants are the among the most common plants
in home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia. Food plants such as Cocus nucifera L., Nephelium
lappaceum L., Musa paradisiacal L., Durio zibethinus Murr and Mangifera indica L can
56
grow on both fertile and infertile soil and require minimal care by the owners. Aspect such
as culture, climate, socioeconomic status and politics are the mains influences on the
diversity present in home gardens.
For example, most of the Malaysian population used coconut milk (Cocus nucifera)
as an indispensable ingredient in several traditional popular local foods such as “nasi
lemak” , “kuih talam”, and numerous coconut milk based-curry dishes, which would please
even the most discerning Asian palate. Malaysian homemakers especially in rural area still
use coconut milk extracted from freshly grated coconut for their cooking requirements. It
is difference to those who is living in urban area which is coconut milk powder was used
instead. It shows that the socioeconomic status also affect to the diversity of plants in home
gardens which is people with better economic status tend to buy rather to planted it in their
housing area. These plants can tolerate a wide range of soil condition .Its also easily
propagated by seedlings raised from fully mature fruits which is dispersed from animal, air
and also by human. People also tend or cultivate these plants for leisure.
Table 5.1 shows that very few species of tended or cultivated plants that are
universal occurrence in home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia. Most of the tended or
cultivated species of plants are limited to a few home gardens. The highest number of
tended or cultivated species of plants belong to rank 34 of Table 5.1 with 19 species.
57
Table 5.1 :Distribution of species of plants that are cultivated or tended in home gardens Rank Species Numb.
of
species
Number of
home
gardens
with the
species
1. Cocos nucifera 1 53
2. Nephelium lappaceum 1 50
3. Musa paradisiaca. 1 49
4. Durio zibethinus 1 46
5. Mangifera indica 1 45
6. Languas galanga 1 43
7. Carica papaya L. , Lansium domesticum 2 36
8. Cymbopogen citratus 1 35
9. Artocarpus heterophyllus 1 34
10. Eugenia aquea 1 32
11. Manihot esculenta, Curcuma domestica 2 31
12. Parkia speciosa, Citrus aurantifolia 2 29
13. Garcinia mangostana , Pandanus amaryllifolius 2 25
14. Bougainvillea spectabilis 1 24
15. Capsicum frutescens, Murraya koenigii, Saccharum officinarium 3 23
16. Ananas comosus 1 21
17. Etlingera eliator 1 20
18. Areca catechu 1 19
19. Artocarpus integer, Psidium guajava 2 17
20. Archidendron jiringa 1 16
21. Ixora sp 1 15
22. Salacca zalacca, Dimocarpus longan, Piper betle, Averrhoa bilimbi 4 14
23. Jasminum sambac 1 13
24. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 1 12
25. Manilkara zapota, Citrus hystrix 2 11
26. Sanseviera trifasciata, Tamarindus indica, Codiaeum variegaantum, Ipomoea batatas
4 10
27. Kalanchoe pinnata , Rosa sp 2 9
28. Ceiba pentandra, Cucurbita moschata, Lepisanthes fruticosa, Mangifera
foetida
4 8
29. Baccaurea motleyana, Cosmos caudatus, Morinda citrifolia, Ocimum
tenuiflorum
4 7
30. Annona muricata, Citrus maxima, Coleus blumei, Colocasia esculenta,
Lawsonia inermis, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
6 6
31. Abelmoschus esculentus, Coffea arabica, Cynometra cauliflora ,
Eurycoma longifolia, Ipomoea reptans, Leucaena leucocephala,
Orthosiphon stamineus, Pandanus caricosus, Punica granatum, Spondias
cytherea, Zingiber efficinale
11 5
32. Amaranthus gangeticus, Annona squamosa, Cassia alata, Centella
asiatica, Litchi chinensis, Sapindaceae indicum, Persicaria odorata,
Platycerium wallichii, Solanum torvum
9 4
33. Celosia argentea, Melastoma decemfidum, Metroxylon sagu, Pelargonium
radula, Pereskia sacharosa, Piper sarmentosum, Pithecellobium
bubalinum, Syzygium malaccense, Eugenia polyantha
9 3
34. Allamanda cathartica, Allium tuberosum, Anacardium occidentale ,
Artocarpus altilis, Asplenium nidus, Barringtonia racemosa, Bouea oppositifolia, Clerodendron paniculatum , Dahlia rosea, Flacourtia
inermis, Impatiens wallerana, Luffa acutangula, Moringa oleifera,
Ocimum americanum, Oenanthe javanica, Stenoclaena palustris,
Syzygium polyanthum, Vallaris glabra, Vitex pubescens
19
2
58
35. Acalypha indica, Acorus calamus, Azadirachta indica, Benincasa hispida,
Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Elephantopus scaber , Hibiscus sabdariffa,
Kaempferia galangal, Lepisanthes rubiginosum, Melia excelsa, Nephelium
ramboutan-ake, Sesbania grandiflora, Streblus asper, Theobroma cacao,
Zingiber cassumunar
15
1
Medicinal plants are the among the most least found plants in home gardens in
Peninsular Malaysia. Medicinal plants such as Acalypha indica [Kucing galak], Acorus
calamus [Delingau]., Azadirachta indica [Neem/Daun Semambu]., Curcuma xanthorrhiza
[Temu Lawak] and Elephantopus scaber [Tapak Leman] only can found in certain home
gardens in Peninsualr Malaysia. .As an example, Acalypha indica was found only in Wang
Kelian, Perlis. Acorus calamus was tended at Kg Parit Serong,Tanjung Karang,Selangor
and Azadirachta indica was used by Indian community at Kg Seri Sentosa, Selangor as
vegetables. The low percentage of species of medicinal plants maybe due to lack of
knowledge or lack of faith on traditional medicine. Its also indicates that the plants are
vulnerable to extinction by man –made activity such as hábitat destruction when the
knowledge of the useful of these plants is limited. As of 1995, less than 1 percent of all
tropical plant species had been screened for potential pharmaceutical applications
(Groombridge & Jenkins, 2002). Habitats are being destroyed more quickly than scientists
can investigate them. At current extinction rates, expert estímate that the earth is losing at
least one potential major drug every two years (Groombridge & Jenkins, 2002).
5.2 Use(s) of Plants in Home Gardens
The category of plant use that has highest representation in term of species number
is food /or and drink (51.3%). This followed by medicinal (17.1%), ornamental (11.7%),
spice and flavor only (7.2%), multiple uses (9.9%), handicraft only (1.8%) and dye only
(0.9%).Therefore, most of the species of plants that are cultivated or tended in the
59
homegardens are for self-use as food or/and drinks. The main reason for the high
percentage was because most of the home gardens visited were in rural areas. Rural home
garden are generally larger than urban or sub-urban home gardens in term of area thus the
former harbor more plant species which are mainly for food/or drinks.
The trend in plant uses observed in the present study is also the result of
modernization. Modernization often implies drastic change of structural and functional of
home gardens. This process of modernization often bring with it decrease of the three/shrub
diversity, gradual homogenization of home gardens and structure and increased use of
external inputs. These also included an increase in the use of ornamental plants in home
gardens. The trend in gradual replacement of functional plants to ornamental has also been
observed in cases where people become richer. The gradual increase in staple food
production was specifically found in cases where home gardens were the last remaining
farming unit of poor households.
5.3 Valuation of Plant Resources
Market-based technique is suitable to valuate most of the species of plants that
encountered in this study. However, further studies are required to apply this technique as
information on their production is still lacking or incomplete. This study also shows that
more than one approach is needed to valuate plant resource in home gardens in Peninsular
Malaysia. This is because of the difference in extent of use and market demand of each of
the species of plants.
60
CHAPTER SIX
6 CONCLUSION
Most species of tended or cultivated plants are limited to a few home gardens of
Peninsular Malaysia. The most commom of species of tended or cultivared plants among
home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia is Cocus nucifera. In term of use, most species of
tended or cultivated plant in home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia are exclusively for food
and drinks. Most of the species in home-gardens in Peninsular Malaysia can be valuated
using market-based technique.
61
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8 APPENDICES
8.1 Appendix 1
Details of home gardens studied in Peninsular Malaysia Site No.
Date Locality/GPS Household owner/informa
nt
Race Species (in alphabetical
order)
Stall or Homegarden?
Use(s) Remarks
1. 07.08.08 Kg Banun,Grik area NA Orang Asli Asplenium nidus NTFP Self-use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Ornamental
Mangifera indica Homegarden Ornamental
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self-use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self-use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self-use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self-use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self-use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self-use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self-use
2. 08.09.08 Endau Rompin (NA) NA Orang Asli Musa paradisiacal. Homegarden Self-use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self-use
Manihot esculenta NTFP Self-use
Artocarpus integer. Homegarden Self-use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L Homegarden Self-use
3. 25.09.08 Kg Putat,Bera area (NA) NA Orang Asli Manihot esculenta Crantz Homegarden Ornamental
Theobroma cacao Homegarden Ornamental
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self-use
Stenochiaena palustris Homegarden Self-use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Self-use
Cassia alata. Homegarden Ornamental
Garcinia mangostana. Homegarden Ornamental
Carica papaya NFTP Sell
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self-use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self-use
Bougainvillea spectabilis. Homegarden Self-use
Lawsonia inermis Homegarden Ornamental
69
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self-use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self-use
Citrus maxima Homegarden Self-use
Pandanus caricosus Homegarden Self-use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self-use
Piper betle Homegarden Self-use
Zingiber efficinale Homegarden Self-use
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Ornamental
Ananas comosus NTFP Sell
4. 26.08.09 Kg Jeti Bera,Bera area
(NA)
NA Orang Asli Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self-use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self-use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self-use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self-use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self-use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self-use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self-use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self-use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self-use
5. 26.09.08 Kg Pathir,Bera area
(03009.337’N,102035.868’E
)
NA Orang Asli Pithecellobium bubalinum Homegarden Ornamental
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Self-use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self-use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self-use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self-use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self-use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Ornamental
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self-use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self-use
Morinda citrifolia Homegarden Self-use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Ornamental
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Ornamental
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self-use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self-use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self-use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self-use
Pandanus caricosus Homegarden Self-use
70
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self-use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self-use
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self-use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self-use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self-use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self-use
Piper betle Homegarden Self-use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self-use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self-use
6. 27.09.08 Kg Padang Luas,Bera area
(03017.650’N,
102027.704’E)
NA Malay Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self-use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self-use
Piper betle Homegarden Self-use
Ceiba pentandra Homegarden Self-use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self-use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self-use
Citrus maxima Homegarden Self-use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self-use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self-use
Musa paradisiacal NTFP Self-use
Solanum torvum Homegarden Self-use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self-use
7. 27.09.08 Kg Mengkarak,Bera area
(03019.318’N,
102027.130’E)
NA Malay Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self-use
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self-use
Ceiba pentandra Homegarden Self-use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self-use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self-use
8. 27.09.08 Kg Durian tawar,Bera area (03021.084’N,
102026.483’E)
NA Malay Persicaria odorata Homegarden Self-use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self-use
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self-use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self-use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self-use
Stenochiaena palustris Homegarden Self-use
71
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self-use
9.
30.9.08,
Kg Banggol Jerai,Taiping
(05007.867’N,
100049.907’E)
Ramli
Malay
Cynometra cauliflora Homegarden Self-Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self-Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self-Use
Syzygium polyanthum Homegarden Self-Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self-Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self-Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self-Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self-Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self-Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self-Use
Colocasia esculenta Homegarden Self-Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self-Use
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self-Use
Clerodendron paniculatum Homegarden Self-Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Medicinal
Mangifera foetida Homegarden Self-Use
Cosmos caudatus Homegarden Self-Use
Saccharum officinarium. Homegarden Self-Use
Pandanus caricosus Homegarden Self-Use
Baccaurea motleyana Homegarden Self-Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self-Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self-Use
Syzygium malaccense Homegarden Self-Use
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Self-Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Ornamental
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Ornamental
Allium tuberosum Homegarden Ornamental
Oenanthe javanica Homegarden Self-Use
Cassia alata. Homegarden Self-Use
72
Elephantopus scaber Homegarden Medicinal
Oroxylum indicum Homegarden Medicinal
Leucaena leucocephala Homegarden Medicinal
Archidendron jiringa NFTP Medicinal
Piper sarmentosum Homegarden Self-Use
Metroxylon sagu Homegarden Self-Use
Coffea Arabica Homegarden Self-Use
Kaempferia galangal Homegarden Self-Use
Melastoma decemfidum Homegarden Medicinal
Melastoma decemfidum Homegarden Ornamental
Spondias cytherea Homegarden Medicinal
10. 11.10.08 Kg Repuh,Taiping
(04057.153’N,100049.514’E
)
Yusri Malay Ananas comosus Homegarden Self-Use
Melia excelsa Homegarden Medicinal
Garcinia mangostana. Homegarden Medicinal
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
11. 23.10.08 Kg Cempedak, Kuang,
Selangor (NA)
Pak Sarip Malay Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Ornamental
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Ornamental
Mangifera indica Homegarden Ornamental
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Orthosiphon stamineus Homegarden Self Use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Ornamental
Lawsonia inermis Homegarden Ornamental
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium ramboutan-ake Homegarden Self use
73
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Solanum torvum Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Ornamental
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus altilis Homegarden Self use
Pereskia sacharosa Homegarden Self use
Musa paradisiacal. Homegarden Medicinal
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
12. 23.10.08 Kg Parit Serong,Tanjung
Karang,Selangor (NA)
Wak Syukor Malay Cocos sp Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Abelmoschus esculentus Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
74
Oenanthe javanica Homegarden Self Use
Acorus calamus Homegarden Self Use
Zingiber cassumunar Homegarden Medicinal
Benincasa hispida. Homegarden Medicinal
Melastoma decemfidum Homegarden Ornamental
Amaranthus gangeticus Homegarden Ornamental
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Allamanda cathartica Homegarden Ornamental
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Ornamental
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
13. 24.10.08 Kg Teluk Gadong, Pangkor
(NA)
Roziah Malay Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Ornamental
Citrus hystrix Homegarden
Punica granatum. Homegarden Self Use
Orthosiphon stamineus Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Sell
Tamarindus indica L. Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Cosmos caudatus Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Piper sarmentosum Homegarden Self Use
Flacourtia inermis Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
75
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
14.
24.10.08 Kg Teluk Dalam, Pangkor (NA)
Ahmad Malay Capsicum frutescens. Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Ornamental
Ipomoea reptans Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Asplenium nidus Homegarden Ornamental
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Ornamental
15. 24.10.08 Kg Teluk Nipah, Pangkor
(NA)
Aziz Malay Vitex pubescens Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Ornamental
Mangifera indica Homegarden Ornamental
Anacardium occidentale Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer . Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal. Homegarden Self Use
Barringtonia racemosa Homegarden Self Use
Piper sarmentosum Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
16. 24.10.08 Kg Teluk Nipah, Pangkor
(NA)
Zaharah Malay Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Lawsonia inermis Homegarden Self Use
Impatiens wallerana Homegarden Self Use
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Ornamental
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Ornamental
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Self use
76
Areca catechu Homegarden Ornamental
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum. Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus sabdariffa. Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
17. 24.10.08 Mid Kem, Pangkor (NA) Elice Chinese Punica granatum Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal. Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera. Homegarden Self Use
Annona muricata Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius
Roxb.
Homegarden Self Use
Spondias cytherea Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea reptans Poir. Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Self Use
Abelmoschus esculentus Homegarden Ornamental
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Ornamental
18. 30. 10. 08 Taman Rajawali, Selongor
(NA)
Saloma Indian Amaranthus gangeticus Homegarden Self Use
Colocasia esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Luffa acutangula Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Centella asiatica Homegarden Self Use
Tagetes erecta Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea reptans Homegarden Ornamental
Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Self Use
77
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
19. 30.10.08 Kg Seri Sentosa, Selangor
(NA)
Letchmi Indian Azadirachta indica Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Ornamental
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
20. 17.11.08 Kg Temau, Raub, Pahang (03055.394’N,101053.705’E
)
Mian bin Sidek
Malay Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Manihot Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
Leucaena leucocephala Homegarden Self Use
Centella asiatica Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Self Use
21. 17.11.08 Kg Penjom, K. Lipis,
Pahang
Sazalina
Malay Orthosiphon stamineus Homegarden Ornamental
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Medicinal
78
(04007.337’N,101000.553’E
)
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera. Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi . Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Eurycoma longifolia Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Medicinal
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Syzygium polyanthum Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Ornamental
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Ornamental
Tagetes erecta Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Ornamental
22. 17.11.08 Kg Berang, K. Lipis,
Pahang
(04010.904’N,101057.632’E
)
Saiful
Malay Manihot esculenta Homegarden Ornamental
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Ornamental
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Ceiba pentandra Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Syzygium polyanthum Homegarden Self Use
79
Cosmos caudatus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Eleiodoxa conferta Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Platycerium wallichi Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Ornamental
26. 17.11.08 Kg Berhamah, Merapoh,
Pahang
(04038.167’N,102000.034’E
)
Meli
Malay Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera foetida Homegarden Ornamental
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus caricosus Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal NTFP Sell
Parkia speciosa NTFP Self Use
Musa paradisiacal . NTFP Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum NTFP Self Use
29.
18.11.08 Kg Romlak Gua Musang,
Kelantan
(04047.249’N,101048.421’E)
Rosli
Orang Asli Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus NTFP Self Use
Allamanda cathartica Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Ornamental
Psidium guajava Homegarden Ornamental
80
Lansium domesticum NTFP Self Use
Parkia speciosa NTFP Self Use
Archidendron jiringa NTFP Sell
Nephelium lappaceum NTFP Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal . Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
31. 18.11.08 Kg Pos Belau,Gua Musang, Kelantan
(04045.785’N,101045.234’E
)
Soni
Orang Asli Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Ceiba pentandra Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Eurycoma longifolia Homegarden Self Use
Cassia alata Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Medicinal
Vitex pubescens Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Bouea oppositifolia. Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
32. 18.11.08 Kg Pos Belau,Gua Musang,
Kelantan
04045.766’N,101045.197’E
Hussain
Orang Asli Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Coffea arabica Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
33. 18.11.08 Kg Pos Belau,Gua Musang,
Kelantan
04045.766’N,101045.197’E
Angah Uda
Orang Asli Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal . Homegarden Self Use
34. 18.11.08 Kg Sangwai A, Gua
Musang, Kelantan (NA)
Jemu Orang Asli Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum NTFP Sell
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
81
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Medicinal
Eurycoma longifolia Homegarden Ornamental
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Medicinal
35. 18.11.08 Kg Sangwai A, Gua Musang, Kelantan (NA)
Kamala Orang Asli Durio zibethinus Murr Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum L. NTFP Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera. Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica L. Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
36. 18.11.08 Kg Pos Brooke Lama, Gua
Musang,Kelantan
(04040.501’N,101029.209’E
)
Alang
Orang Asli Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Eurycoma longifolia Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus NTFP Medicinal
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Clerodendron paniculatum Homegarden Self Use
Tagetes erecta Homegarden Medicinal
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Sell
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
82
Murraya
Koenigii
Homegarden Self Use
37. 18.11.08 Kg Jekjok, Gua Musang,
Kelantan
(04040.655’N,101030.508’E
)
Ngah
Orang Asli Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Metroxylon sagu Homegarden Ornamental
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Ornamenal
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Solanum torvum Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera foetida Homegarden Self Use
Eurycoma longifolia NTFP Self Use
Ceiba pentandra NTFP Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Baccaurea motleyana Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota NTFP Sell
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Self Use
39. 19.11.08 Kg Jenuk,Gua Musang,
Kelantan (NA)
Sarip Orang Asli Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
83
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal. Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Ornamental
Mangifera foetida Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
40. 19.11.08 Kg Kala Setar, Gua
Musang, Kelantan (NA)
Wan Zain Malay Tagetes erecta Homegarden Ornamental
Rosa sp Homegarden Ornamental
Artocarpus altilis Homegarden Ornamental
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self Use
Colocasia esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Ornamental
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal. Homegarden Self Use
Orthosiphon stamineus Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Medicinal
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
41. 19.11.08 Kg Dalamda, Gua Musang,
Kelantan (NA)
Norzulelawati Malay Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
42. 19.11.08 Kg Lepang Anjung, Kuala
Kerai, Kelantan (NA)
Jamilah Malay Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Oroxylum indicum Homegarden Self Use
84
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Medicinal
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
43. 19.11.08 Kg Sg Mempelam, Kuala
Kerai, Kelantan (NA)
Nasrin Malay Baccaurea motleyana Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera. Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Cassia alata Homegarden Sell
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Medicinal
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
44. 19.11.08 Kg Kuala Balai, Jeli,
Kelantan (NA)
Sufia Malay Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Persicaria odorata Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
45. 19.11.08 Kg Reka, Jeli, Kelantan Abd Rashid Malay Mangifera foetida Homegarden Self Use
85
(NA) Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Sell
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Medicinal
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
46. 19.11.08 Best Camp, Jeli, Kelantan
(NA)
Rosanita Malay Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Cosmos caudatus Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
86
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Sell
47. 19.11.08 Kg Kuala Lo, Jeli, Kelantan
(NA)
Khairul Nizam Malay Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Self Use
Annona squamosa Homegarden Ornamental
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Murr Homegarden Ornamental
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea . Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Homegarden Self Use
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Self Use
48. 20.11.08 Kg Air Kala, Grik, Perak
(NA)
Chun Soi
Fong
Chinese Carica papaya Homegarden Ornamental
Dimocarpus longa Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Platycerium wallihi Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Ornamental
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Ornamental
Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Ornamental
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Self Use
Rosa sp Homegarden Ornamental
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Ornamental
49. 20.11.08 Taman Sri Andika, Gerik (NA)
Zainudin Malay Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Ornamental
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Ornamental
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
50. 20.11.08 Kg Bukit Layar, Lenggong,
Perak (NA)
Loh Choo Chinese Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Ornamental
Litchi chinensis Homegarden Self Use
87
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
51. 20.11.08 Kg Bukit Senyum,
Lenggong, Perak (NA)
Dewi Indian Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Rosa sp Homegarden Ornamental
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Ornamental
52. 20.11.08 Kg Sira. Lenggong, Perak
(NA)
Awali Indian Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Ornamental
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self Use
Moringa oleifera Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Morinda citrifolia Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Rosa sp Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Ornamental
Ananas comosus Homegarden Ornamental
Platycerium wallichi Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Ornamental
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Ornamental
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Self Use
53. 21.11.08 Kg Batu 2, Sg Petani,
Kedah
Yelu Malai
Indian Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
88
(05037.985’N,,100031.068’E
)
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera foetida Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Self Use
54. 21.11.08 Kg Batu 9, Sg Petani,
Kedah
(05036.453’N,100036.440’E
)
Pak Tam Malay Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Ornamental
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Morinda citrifolia Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
55. 21.11.08 Kg Pantai Cicak,Sg Petani,
Kedah
(05036.463’N.100037.394’E)
Hj Wahab
Arshad
Malay Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Homegarden Ornamental
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Ornamental
Spondias cytherea Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
56. 21.11.08 Kg Baru Simpang 3, Baling,
Kedah
(05036.051’N,100040.612’E
)
Hj Mohd Nor Malay Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Sell
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
89
Rosa sp Homegarden Self Use
Moringa oleifera Homegarden Ornamental
Jasminum sambac ( Homegarden Self Use
Lawsonia inermis Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
57. 21.11.08 Kg Batu 3, Kuala Ketil,
Kedah
(05035.875’N,100041.385’E
)
Vellu
Indian Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Ornamental
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiaca Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galanga Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden
Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden
Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
58. 21.11.08 Kg Batu 7, Kuala Ketil,
Kedah
(05034.966’N,100043.884’E)
Syanthi
Indian Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Citrus maxima Homegarden Self Use
90
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
59. 21.11.08
Kg Seberang Pekar, Baling,
Kedah
(05040.813’N,100054.933’E
)
Abd Kadir
Said
Malay
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
60. 21.11.08 Kg Pokok Setor, Baling,
Kedah
(05046.690’N,100053.505’E
)
Abd Hamid
Malay Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Tagetes erecta Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Ornamental
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Baccaurea motleyana Homegarden Self Use
Coffea Arabica. Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
61. 21.11.08 Kg Surau Mukim Siong,
Baling, Kedah
(05049.693’N,100053.388’E
)
Zulkifli
Malay Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
91
Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
Coffea arabica Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera foetida Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Ornamental
62. 21.11.08 Kg Batu 60, Tanjung Pari, Baling, Kedah
(05052.293’N,100053.463’E
)
Asiah
Malay Metroxylon sagu Homegarden Self Use
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus caricosus Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Ornamental
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Coffea arabica Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Zingiber efficinale Homegarden Self Use
Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Celosia argentea Homegarden Self Use
Allium tuberosum Homegarden Ornamental
Rosa sp Homegarden Self Use
Celosia argentea Homegarden Self Use
Cosmos caudatus Homegarden Ornamental
63. 21.11.08 Kg Tanjung Pari, Baling,
Kedah (05053.111’N,100053.629’E
)
Hassan
Malay Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Ornamental
Oroxylum indicum Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Medicinal
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
92
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Self Use
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Colocasia esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Self Use
Lawsonia inermis Homegarden Ornamental
Syzygium malaccense Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Pithecellobium bubalinum Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Morinda citrifolia Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
93
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
65. 21.11.08 Kg Landai, Sik, Kedah (05059.726’N,100051.572’E
)
Malik Malay Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Ornamental
Flacourtia inermis Homegarden Ornamental
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Barringtonia racemosa Homegarden Self Use
Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Zingiber efficinale Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Sell
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Self Use
94
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Ornamental
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Ornamental
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Morinda citrifolia Homegarden Self Use
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Ornamental
67.
22.11.08 Kg Datuk Sheikh Ahmad,
Beseri, Perlis (NA)
Habibah Malay Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma xanthorrhiz Homegarden Self Use
Morinda citrifolia Homegarden Medicinal
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Sesbania grandiflora Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Spondias cytherea Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Sell
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Celosia argentea Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Ornamental
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Ornamental
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
68. 22.11.08 Kg Bukit Kedak, Beseri, Aminah Malay Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
95
Perlis
(06034.277’N,100014.529’E
)
Cynometra cauliflora Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Self Use
Annona muricata Homegarden Ornamental
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
69. 22.11.08 Kg Bukit Cabang, Padang
Besar, Perlis
(06036.808’N,100014.924’E
)
Normelia
Malay Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Medicinal
Zingiber efficinale Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Annona squamosa Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
70. 22.11.08 Kg Sahabat, Kaki Bukit,
Perlis
(06037.535’N,100013.930’E
)
Wong Siew
Lam
Chinese Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Sesbania grandiflora Homegarden Ornamental
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
96
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea reptans Homegarden Self Use
Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Medicinal
Tagetes erecta Homegarden Ornamental
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Ornamental
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
71. 22.11.08 Wang Kelian, Perlis
(06040.530’N,100011.220’E
)
Khatijah Malay Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Amaranthus gangeticus Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Anacardium occidentale Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Melia excelsa Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Amaranthus gangeticus Homegarden Self Use
Pereskia sacharosa Homegarden Self Use
97
Acalypha indica Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Medicinal
72. 22.11.08 Wang Kelian, Perlis
(06040.593’N,100011.233’E
)
Rohimi Malay Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Cynometra cauliflora Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Self Use
Celosia argentea Homegarden Ornamental
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Ornamental
Codiaeum variegatum Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Ornamental
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
73. 22.11.08 Kg Batu ½, Padang
Besar,Perlis
(06038.501’N,100013.756’E
)
Norliza
Kassim
Malay Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Punica granatum Homegarden Self Use
Rosa sp Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Ornamental
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
98
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Self Use
74. 22.11.08 Kg Seri Kesinai, Padang
Besar, Perlis
(06039.201’N,100015.951’E)
Noorhayati
Malay Streblus asper Homegarden Ornamental
Platycerium wallichi Homegarden Self Use
Rosa sp. Homegarden Ornamental
Leucaena leucocephala Homegarden Ornamental
Spondias cytherea Homegarden Sell
Morinda citrifolia Homegarden Self Use
Cosmos caudatus Homegarden Self Use
Orthosiphon stamineus Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Medicinal
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Abelmoschus esculentus Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Centella asiatica Homegarden Self Use
Pereskia sacharosa Homegarden Self Use
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Medicinal
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Ornamental
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Ornamental
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
99
75. 23.11.08 Taman Indah, Tanjung
Rambutan, Perak
(04039.679’N,100009.752’E
)
Fauzi
Malay Manilkara zapota Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Leucaena leucocephala Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens. Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Ceiba pentandra Homegarden Self Use
76. 23.11.08 Kg Melayu Bt 8, Tanjung
Rambutan, Perak
(04039.012’N,101009.580’E)
Yusof Md Nor Malay Oroxylum indicum Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Medicinal
Impatiens wallerana Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Ornamental
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Litchi chinensis Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Ocimum tenuiflorum Homegarden Self Use
Ceiba pentandra Homegarden Self Use
100
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Leucaena leucocephala Homegarden Self Use
Punica granatum . Homegarden Medicinal
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Self Use
77. 23.11.08 Kg Baru Tambun, Perak (04036.508’N,101008.317’E
)
Muniama Indian Mangifera indica Homegarden Ornamental
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Ornamental
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Annona squamosa L. Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Ornamental
Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
78. 27.11.08 Kg Atap, Portugis
Setlement,Melaka
(02011.077’N,102016.108’E
)
Arthur
Eurasian Averrhoa bilimbi Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Vallaris glabra Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Ornamental
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
79. 27.11.08 Kg Atap, Portugis
Setlement,Melaka
(02011.077’N,102016.108’E
)
Lina Danker
Eurasian Annona muricata . Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Etlingera eliator Homegarden Self Use
Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
80. 27.11.08 Kg Atap, Portugis
Setlement,Melaka
James
Eurasian Colocasia esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
101
(02011.031’N,102015.970’E
)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica . Homegarden Ornamental
81. 27.11.08 Kg Padang Temu, Melaka
(02011.120’N,102016.812’E
)
Muhamad Malay Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Self Use
Pelargonium radula Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Ornamental
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Citrus maxima Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Tagetes erecta Homegarden Ornamental
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Ornamental
Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Ornamental
Vallaris glabra Homegarden Self Use
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Ornamental
82. 27.11.08 Kg Umbai, Melaka
(02009.509’N,102020.579’E
)
Liza Malay Cynometra cauliflora Homegarden Ornamental
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Rosa sp Homegarden Ornamental
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Ornamental
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
102
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Annona squamosa Homegarden Self Use
Pelargonium radula Homegarden Self Use
Kalanchoe pinnata Homegarden Ornamental
Pelargonium radula Homegarden Ornamental
Ananas comosus Homegarden Ornamental
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
83.
27.11.08 Kg Tanjung Gading, Muar,
Johor
(02005.731’N,102031.702’E
)
Asiah
Malay Bouea oppositifolia Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Lawsonia inermis Homegarden Self Use
Cynometra cauliflora Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus amaryllifolius Homegarden Sell
Annona muricata . Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Abelmoschus esculentus Homegarden Self Use
84. 27.11.08 Kg Parit Samsu, Muar,
Johor
(01058.367’N,102031.328’E
)
Mat Yassin
Malay Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan. Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
103
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Self Use
Annona muricata Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
85. 27.11.08 Kg Tengah Lubuk,Batu
Pahat,Johor
(01052.717’N,102047.346’E
)
Ahmad
Malay Lansium domesticum Homegarden Ornamental
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Zingiber efficinale Homegarden Self Use
Citrus hystrix Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Ixora griffithiana Homegarden Self Use
Murraya koenigii Homegarden Ornamental
Jasminum sambac Homegarden Medicinal
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Ornamental
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Baccaurea motleyana Homegarden Self Use
Pandanus Homegarden Self Use
86. 27.11.08 Kg Parit Moin 1, Batu
Pahat, Johor
(01051.334’N,102051.074’E)
Norashid
Malay Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Citrus maxima. Homegarden Self Use
Ceiba pentandra Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Sell
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Persicaria odorata Homegarden Self Use
Ociumum americanum Homegarden Self Use
104
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
87. 29. 12.08 Kg Cik Lijah, Dungun,
Terengganu (NA)
Ahmad
Tarmizi
Malay Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Litchi chinensis Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Abelmoschus esculentus Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Sanseviera trifasciata Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Ornamental
Colocasia esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea . Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera foetida Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Baccaurea motleyana Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Tamarindus indica Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
Syzygium malaccense Homegarden Self Use
88. 29. 12.08 Kg Pinang
Baru,Dungun,Terengganu
(NA)
Zaleha
Malay Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Areca catechu Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
105
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
Piper betle Homegarden Self Use
Annona muricata Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus integer Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
89. 29. 12.08 Kg Batu 14, Marang,
Terengganu (NA)
Amirul Hisam Malay Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Cosmos caudatus Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Homegarden Self Use
Archidendron jiringa Homegarden Sell
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Ananas comosus Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
90. 30.12.08 Kg Sg. Pergam, Kemaman,
Terengganu (NA)
Kenjak B
Putat
Orang Asli Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Dimocarpus longan Homegarden Self Use
Lepisanthes fruticosa Homegarden Self Use
Litchi chinensis Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Curcuma domestica Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
91. 30.12.08 Kg Sg. Pergam, Kemaman,
Terengganu (NA)
Hamah
Orang Asli Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Parkia speciosa Hassk. Homegarden Self Use
106
Pithecellobium bubalinum Homegarden Self Use
Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Manihot esculenta Homegarden Self Use
92. 30.12.08 Kg Simpang Jago, Kemaman, Terengganu
(NA)
Ija
Malay Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum L. Homegarden Ornamental
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Baccaurea motleyana Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Ornamental
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Murr Homegarden Self Use
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Homegarden Self Use
Capsicum frutescens Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Cymbopogen citratus Homegarden Self Use
Cocos nucifera Homegarden Self Use
Lenguas galangal Homegarden Self Use
Garcinia mangostana Homegarden Self Use
Salacca zalacca Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Eugenia aquea Homegarden Self Use
93. 30.12.08 Kg Gaung, Kuala Berang,
Terengganu (NA)
Zahirah Malay Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Lansium domesticum Homegarden Self Use
Citrus maxima Homegarden Self Use
Bougainvillea spectabilis Homegarden Self Use
Nephelium lappaceum Homegarden Ornamental
Durio zibethinus Homegarden Self Use
Musa paradisiacal Homegarden Self Use
107
Carica papaya Homegarden Self Use
Saccharum officinarium Homegarden Self Use
Mangifera indica Homegarden Self Use
Luffa acutangula Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea reptans Homegarden Self Use
94. 31.12.08 Kg Baru Bukit
Kuing,Maran,Pahang (NA)
Umi Kalsom
Malay Psidium guajava Homegarden Self Use
Ipomoea batatas Homegarden Self Use
Persicaria odorata Homegarden Self Use
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Homegarden Self Use
Artocarpus heterophyllus Homegarden Self Use
Solanum torvum Homegarden Self Use
Centella asiatica Homegarden Self Use
Cucurbita moschata Homegarden Self Use
108
Appendix 2 : Example of Semi-Structured Interview
Plants Resources Market Prices Willingness to Pay Use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Questionaire
Name :
Race :
Gande r :
Education :
Household :
Job :
Coordinate :
Nama of Village :
Average Income :
109
Appendix 3 : Some picture species of plants found in home gardens
Cocos nucifera [Kelapa]
Areca catechu [Pinang]
Colocasia esculenta [Keladi
Cina]
Lawsonia inermis [Inai]
Cynometra cauliflora
[Nannam]
Pandanus amaryllifolius
[Pandan]
Nephelium lappaceum
[Rambutan]
Cymbopogen citrates [Serai]
Artocarpus heterophyllus
[Nangka]
110
Musa paradisiacal [Pisang]
Ixora sp [Jenjarum]
Abelmoschus esculentus
[bendi]
Nephelium ramboutan-
ake [Pulasan]
Tagetes erecta [Bunga
marigold]
Ocimum tenuiflorum
[Tulasi/Selasih]
Jasminum sambac [Melur]
Moringa oleifera [Kacang
Kelo/Merungai]
Kalanchoe pinnata
[Setawar]
111
Parkia speciosa [Petai]
Coleus blumei [Ati-ati]
Artocarpus integer
[Cempedak]
Carica papaya [Betik]
Allamanda cathartica
[Bunga loceng]
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Bunga
raya]
Cassia alata [Gelenggang]
Lansium domesticum
[Langsat]
Eurycoma longifolia [Tongkat
ali]
112
Coffea Arabica [Kopi]
Saccharum officinarium
[Tebu]
Ananas comosus
[Nanas]
Psidium guajava [Jambu biji]
Etlingera eliator [Kantan]
Syzygium
malaccense [Jambu Bol]
Zingiber efficinale [Halia]
Melastoma decemfidum
[Senduduk putih]
Rosa sp [Ros/Mawar]
113
Platycerium wallichii [Tanduk
rusa]
Syzygium polyanthum [Serai
kayu]
Orthosiphon stamineus
[Misai kucing]
Salacca zalacca [Salak]
Pereskia sacharosa [Jarum
Tujuh]
Ipomoea batatas [Ubi
keledek]
Ceiba pentandra [Kekabu]
Bougainvillea spectabilis
[Bunga kertas]
Capsicum frutescens [Cili
padi]
114
Dimocarpus longan [Mata
Kucing]
Cucurbita moschata [Labu
kuning]
Piper betle [Sirih]
Averrhoa bilimbi [Belimbing
buluh]
Morinda citrifolia [Mengkudu]
Allium tuberosum [Kucai]
Centella asiatica [Pegaga]
Codiaeum
variegaantum [Puding]
Citrus aurantifolia [Limau
nipis]
115
Kaempferia galangal [Cekur]
Piper sarmentosum [Kadok]
Clerodendron
paniculatum [Pepanggil]
Elephantopus scaber
[Tapak Leman]
Baccaurea motleyana
[Rambai]
Cosmos caudatus
[Ulam Raja]
Eugenia polyantha [Salam]
Eugenia aquea [Jambu air]
Garcinia mangostana
[Manggis]
116
Mangifera foetida [Bachang]
Zingiber efficinale [Halia]
Pandanus caricosus
[Mengkuang]
Sanseviera trifasciata [Lidah
jin]
Annona muricata
[Durian Belanda]
Azadirachta indica [Neem/
daun semambu]
Oenanthe javanica [Selom]
Oroxylum indicum [Beka]
Leucaena leucocephala [Petai
Belalang]
117
Spondias cytherea
[Kedongdong]
Melia excelsa [Setang]
Metroxylon sagu [Sagu]
Archidendron jiringa
[Jering]
Punica granatum [Delima]
Bouea oppositifolia
[Kundang]
Murraya koenigii [Pokok Kari]
Languas galangal
[Lengkuas]
Annona squamosa [Nona]
118
Pelargonium radula [Jerimin]
Manihot esculenta [Ubi Kayu]
Stenoclaena palustris [Pucuk
paku]
Theobroma cacao [Koko]
Pithecellobium
bubalinum [Kerdas]
Durio zibethinus [Durian]
Curcuma domestica [Kunyit]
Manilkara zapota [Ciku]
Solanum torvum [Terung
pipit]
119
Tamarindus indica [Asam Jawa]
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
[Kacang botol]
Flacourtia inermis [Merokam]
Zingiber cassumunar [Bonglai]
Mangifera indica [Mangga]
Persicaria odorata [Kesom]
Acorus calamus L. [Delingau]
Barringtonia racemosa [Putat]
Ipomoea reptans [ Kang kong]