chapter nine: sub-saharan africa

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Chapter Nine: Sub-Saharan AfricaPublished online: 07 Mar 2012.

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Chapter Nine

Sub-Saharan Africa

AfricAn StAndby force

How to best address the range of diverse secu-rity challenges on the continent has in recent years been a preoccupation of many defence and security establishments. The Military Balance has traced the evolving debates and practical develop-ments surrounding the African Peace and Security Architecture and the African Standby Force (ASF). The ASF is the African Union’s prescribed instrument for eventually meeting the military demands of the continent. Five brigades of roughly 6,500 soldiers are planned. Of course, generating adequate capacity to support AU initiatives relating to peace and security (such as AU and AU/UN deployments) and the ASF hinges on the success of individual states in gener-ating deployable combat power, or other relevant and deployable assets. On this, the situation remains mixed (see below). While some African militaries are restructuring at a fast pace, with realistic ambitions to become comparatively modern, responsive and well equipped forces, others deploy small forces that have barely changed in size and capability since the 1960s. Many African states suffer domestic conflict and insurgency, which hampers military reform and modernisation. These differences matter for Africa’s current and future military balance.

Nonetheless, the AU is pressing ahead with the ASF concept, and practical moves – such as earmarking sites and constructing logistics hubs for the regional brigades, such as in Douala, Cameroon – are under way. The AU in April sponsored a work-shop on the third roadmap for ASF operationalisation, with a desire to sharpen focus on rapid deployment capabilities, humanitarian security, maritime security and the protection of civilians. But arguably as impor-tant as AU planning in realising a deployable capa-bility are the actions of individual states in reforming or reshaping their defence establishments and capa-bilities, the support given to them by other nations, and that given by regional economic and political groupings. Useful lessons will also be learned from the early operation of the AU’s regional standby brigades. These factors will help militaries to build

contacts and develop expertise, and learn lessons through participation at regional training centres and in multinational exercises such as the large-scale inter-operability exercises run by USAFRICOM.

WeSt AfricA

West African states faced a range of ongoing secu-rity challenges in 2011, notably the conflict in Côte d’Ivoire and continued efforts to combat Islamist armed groups operating in the Sahel. Despite the threat that conflict may spill over in the region, as it did in Liberia (1989–2003) and in Sierra Leone (1991–2002), most militaries remain small and lightly equipped. Defence expenditure, as a percentage of GDP, is 18% lower and national armed force size is 28% smaller than East Africa (The Military Balance, 2011, pp. 410–49, comparisons omit Ethiopian and Eritrean forces). These differences in scale partly relate to the continued, albeit diminishing, presence of French forces in the region, which many govern-ments see as some insurance against foreign aggres-sion. They are also a legacy of regimes that have tried to keep armed forces small, relying on well-equipped ‘presidential’ guard forces to secure the presidency.

Côte d’Ivoire’s armed forces, for instance, were lightly equipped even before the 2002–11 hostili-ties and the UN arms embargo (2004–present). Most armoured vehicles were unserviceable, often due to cannibalisation; mobility depended on civilian pickup trucks; barracks were decrepit due to several decades without maintenance; and forces retained many inoperable weapons. The army had benefitted from sporadic investment over the years, such as the partial replacement of infantry weapons and the acquisition of BM-21 MLRS. By 2011, however, the army had lost the technical capacity to operate its few remaining larger weapon systems and the conflict was fought primarily with small arms and light weapons. Following the April 2011 cessation of hostilities, the government of President Alassane Ouattara faces the challenge of rebuilding national armed forces and integrating rebel forces, which, at time of writing, remained under the control of ten semi-independent rebel commands.

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412 The MiliTAry BAlAnce 2012

East Sector

West Sector

Abidjan

Korhogo

Bouna

Daoukro

Adzopé

Tabou

Tai Issia

ZuénoulaMan

Guiglo

Charavine

Boua�é

Sinfre

Divo

Daloa

29 Mar: Bondoukou

29 Mar: Abengourou

31 Mar: San Pédro

31 Mar: Abidjan

28/29 Mar: Duekoué

6 Mar: Toulepleu

21 Mar: Bloléquin

30 Mar: Soubré

30 Mar: Gagnoa

25 Feb: Zouan-Hounien

30 Mar: Yamoussoukro

30 Mar: Tiebissou

Bouaké

Port-Bouët: French OP Licorne base

The French Navy has a permanent naval presence in the Gulf of Guinea under Operation Corymbe. As of August, FS Germinal, a Floreal class frigate is deployed to the region.

Pro-Gbagbo bastion

French embassy

Gbagboresidence

Golf Hotel

Akouedomilitary base

State radio/TV RTI

Agban policebarracks

Presidential palace

International airport (under French control)

French military camp

The �nal battle for Abidjan

UN helicopterattacks

Pro-GbagboPro-Ouattara

The Golf Hotel was Ouattara HQ from Dec 2010. Pro-Outtara forces reached Abidjan on 31 Mar 2011 and joined the move on Gbagbo strongholds.

Security-sector reformSecurity-sector reform remains a priority. The disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration into civilian life of former combatants is also a challenge. Until March 2011, the country had two separate armed forces, the 55,000-strong Forces de Defense et de Securité (FDS) loyal to ex-President Gbagbo, and the Forces Nouvelles (FN, loyal to Outtara), around 10,000-strong. On 17 March, President Ouattara announced the creation of the Forces Républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire (FRCI), composed of FN and some former FDS forces. Though security has improved, establishing trust among former combatants and with the population, has proved problematic. In early October, Outtara announced the revival of the FANCI. Both UNOCI and French troops are reported to be engaged in training the new army.

Armed forces in Côte d’IvoirePlanned Forces Armées Nationales de Côte d’Ivoire (FANCI): 29,000 ex-FDS personnel, 9,000 ex-FN troops, and 2,000 volunteers, 10,000 troops demobilised

Operation Licorne troops: Around 700

UNOCI troops: 9,150 troops; 197 military observer; 1,301 police (including formed units)

Armed militias and large numbers of small arms remain a security problem

International forces in Côte d'IvoireDue to the violence in Côte d’Ivoire, the UN augmented UNOCI with around three companies of troops, three armed Mi-24 helicopters (mainly tasked in the west) and two utility helicopters from UNMIL in Liberia. France’s Opération Licorne, deployed in 2002, numbered around 700 personnel in October 2011. France rapidly boosted Licorne to a reported 1,700 extra personnel during and after the post-election violence. Deployments included marine and Foreign Legion units already training in Gabon as well as a Gendarmerie contingent. French equipment reportedly included Gazelles (with HOT) and Pumas already in-country. Logistical support was provided by the LPD Foudre, already in the Gulf of Guinea as France’s Operation Corymbe standing patrol.

Scenes of �ghting

2011 clashesPro-Ouattaraadvance south

UNOCI bases

UNOCI = UN mission in Côte d’Ivoire

UNOCI inter-sector boundary

C Ô T E D ’ I V O I R E

G H A N A

L I B E R I A

Around 3,000 Ivorians died and 900,000 fled in the violent aftermath of a contested presidential poll in late 2010. The much-delayed election was meant to finally unite Côte d’Ivoire, which was split into a rebel-run north and government- controlled south by a civil war in 2002–03. Instead, the poll threatened to push the country back into war, when the southern-backed incumbent, Laurent Gbagbo, refused to cede defeat to his northern rival, Alassane Ouattara, the internationally recognised winner. Months of clashes and political stalemate ended with Gbagbo’s capture in April and Ouattara’s May inauguration. But reported massacres during the unrest and human-rights abuses by both sides are new obstacles on the path to reconciliation, as is security-sector reform. The humanitarian situation remains dire: around 20,000 IDPs remain in camps in Côte d’Ivoire; up to 170,000 more displaced people reside with host communities and families.

© IISSSources: Strategic Survey 2011, The Military Balance 2011, IRIN, French MOD, OCHA, UN, Defense News

Map 4 côte d’ivoire

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413Sub-Saharan Africa

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While these issues are true of many states in the region, whose militaries essentially resemble gendar-meries, they do not apply to all states. Ghana, for instance, has launched a ‘bottom-up’ force-moderni-sation programme. In the mid-2000s, the government realised that it could not address military deficiencies with piecemeal procurement of the kind adopted by many states in the region. Instead, Ghana embarked on a sustained (2009–25) restructuring programme, beginning with the rehabilitation of military barracks, on which US$800,000 was spent; MoD offices, for which China donated US$7.25 million and Ghana spent US$1.75m; and the acquisition of small arms and light weapons. Ghana envisages that Phase I of the programme, from 2009–15, will cost around US$750m. It will encompass all arms of the military. In 2008–10, the Navy received seven offshore patrol vessels, with an estimated value of US$2.7m, donated through the US Navy’s African Partnership Station (APS) programme. There are reportedly other naval contracts with China and South Korea. In 2011, the

air force placed orders for five aircraft (two C-295 transport aircraft, one EMB-190 and two DA-42 MPP Guardian surveillance aircraft) with funding from loan agreements. In 2009, the army acquired 30 new Spanish-manufactured light military vehi-cles (ten VAMTAC and 20 VAM TL). Two features of the programme mark it out from many West African states: the programme is comprehensive, rather than ad hoc; and defence acquisitions have been of new, rather than surplus, materiel. Ghana’s programme is likely to be aided by increasing oil revenues.

States in northern West Africa have particular secu-rity concerns regarding Islamist armed groups oper-ating across the Sahel region, from Niger to Senegal. Mali, for example, has launched repeated operations against groups close to the Algerian and Nigerien borders. These long-range operations, usually in desert terrain, require mobile armoured forces and air support. In regional terms, Mali’s military is well equipped. Its defence expenditure has remained high, and stable, since the mid-1990s. At 2.24% of GDP in

PiracyGlobal piracy continues to grow and evolve, with the number of attempted attacks on ships worldwide reaching an all-time high of 266 in the first half of 2011, according to the International Maritime Bureau (IMB).

There are no surprises regarding the leading region for piracy: the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean continue to be plagued by Somali-based pirates, despite the presence of three multinational counter-piracy patrols and various nations deploying independent naval forces. However, one potentially positive trend has been a decrease in the number of successful hijackings by Somali-based pirates, if not the total number of attacks. In 2010, 49 successful hijackings were carried out, according to the IMB; by the end of September 2011 that number was 24. This might owe as much to increased awareness of the problem by international shipping companies as the deployment of naval forces. More companies are now adopting the Best Management Practices, developed by a variety of ship-ping companies, multinational forces and non-govern-mental organisations and now in its fourth iteration, that suggest the use of ship-based defences, high freeboards, a minimum speed and particular manoeuvres to under-take during a suspected attack. More private security companies are also being employed to provide armed guards on vessels, and governments are beginning to take more active steps in backing these initiatives. In October 2011, the UK prime minister indicated that the UK would

allow the licensing of armed guards aboard UK-registered shipping. Nonetheless, as the number of vessels actually hijacked has declined, ransoms have increased dramati-cally. The average ransom paid in 2010 was US$5.4m, more than twice the level paid in 2009.

Declining success in ship hijacking may be leading to an evolution in the types of tactics and operations the pirates are looking to undertake. In September and October respectively, the kidnap of two European tour-ists, one British (with another British citizen killed during this attack) and one French (who later died in captivity), from Kenyan coastal resorts by armed Somalis in boats, raises the possibility that pirates may diversify their targets to indulge in traditional kidnap-for-ransom. At time of writing, the culprits of the kidnappings were unknown.

A surge in piracy has also been witnessed in other areas of the world, particularly the Gulf of Guinea. According to the IMB, 38 attempted attacks had occurred in the area by early September 2011. In the first half of the year, 12 attacks on tankers were identified by the IMB, compared to none the previous year. Fuelled by a lucrative energy trade from the Gulf’s oil producers and the lack of constabulary naval or maritime forces in the region, piracy is becoming an increasingly frequent activity, though it remains far less frequent and serious there than it does in the Indian Ocean. Without a concerted international response in the near future, West Africa will remain a permissive environ-ment for increased piracy.

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2010, this expenditure is well above the regional average of 1.05% of GDP (The Military Balance, 2011, pp. 410–49). The United States assists Mali and other states in the region through the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP) programme. Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) provides military support to the TSCTP to increase the capacity of states to combat terrorist activities. West African OEF-TS programme states include Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. Meanwhile, it remains unclear how, in Nigeria, deployment of the military on internal security tasks in the wake of terror attacks by the Islamist Boko Haram group will affect procurement and planning in the long term.

Meanwhile, moves are again under way to assist security-sector reform (SSR) in Guinea–Bissau. (In previous editions of The Military Balance, various initiatives such as the 2008–10 EU SSR mission have been noted.) According to the UN secretary general’s special representative, speaking in June, ‘the polit-ical and security situations were improving, but ... economic reforms had yet to be bolstered by other reforms, notably in the defence and security sector’. The UN has noted that its Mission to Guinea–Bissau (UNIOGBIS) has been working with the Ministry of Defence on ‘training modules and the drafting of modules for a training of trainers programme’. And Angola early in 2011 deployed a military-technical mission to support security and defence reform. These capacity-building moves were underpinned by the development of a roadmap for SSR, adopted on 24 March by ECOWAS and Portuguese Language Community states. The roadmap includes aspira-tions to downsize the military, and create a military pension fund. According to the UN, the SSR process will focus on implementing the SSR strategy; ‘demo-bilisation in the defence and security sectors and progress in the vetting and certification process for policing and internal security personnel, in accor-dance with gender and human rights standards’; increasing access to justice; and ‘coordination and resource mobilisation activities for the pension fund and related initiatives’. It is reported that the govern-ment allocated $4.5m for the pension fund.

eASt AfricA

East Africa faced a range of disparate security chal-lenges in 2011, including the continued Ethiopia–Eritrea stand-off, war in Somalia, drought and ongoing hostilities between and within Sudan

and South Sudan. As a result, East African mili-taries are the continent’s most diverse in terms of size and equipment. Eritrea and Ethiopia’s armed forces together maintain more than 300,000 active personnel (more than all other East African mili-taries combined). East Africa also hosts large, well-equipped military forces, such as those of Kenya and Uganda, but also small, lightly equipped militaries, such as Djibouti.

As in West Africa, some states have launched military reforms, while others have changed little in recent years. For example, Uganda – where defence expenditure is 15–20% of government spending and growing – invests heavily in procurement and force modernisation. Eritrea and Burundi, by contrast, have downsized and reformed little post-conflict. Unlike West Africa, however, the region also hosts an emerging military power, South Sudan. South Sudanese defence forces are a new, large and increas-ingly well-equipped military presence in the region.

Since the late 2000s, several states in the region, including Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, have launched substantial military modernisation programmes. Ethiopia, for example, reduced its forces to 140,000 active personnel following the end of the 1998–2000 conflict with Eritrea. It aims to restructure its (former revolutionary) armed forces, cutting them down from four military commands to three, and a headquarters in Addis Ababa, with support from China, Israel, Russia and the US. Ethiopia also appears set to invest heavily in procurement. In 2011, it began discussions with Ukraine to purchase 200 T-72 main battle tanks in a deal estimated at US$100m. Since Eritrea and Ethiopia relied primarily on older T-54/T-55 tanks during the 1998–2000 conflict, these and associated acquisitions are strategically significant and indicate a growing qualitative imbalance between Eritrean and Ethiopian forces. While Eritrea continues to field around 200,000 active armed forces, Ethiopia’s defence objectives appear to involve further down-sizing and consolidation, with an emphasis on quality rather than size.

South Sudan gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011. The country faces acute security chal-lenges, including conflict with Sudan on the South Kordofan and Northern Bahr el Ghazal borders and operations against armed groups in Jonglei, Upper Nile and Unity states. The South Sudan Armed Forces (SSAF) is currently restructuring and re-equip-ping. (Under the terms of South Sudan’s 2011 tran-sitional constitution, the Sudan People’s Liberation

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Army (SPLA) was to transform into the SSAF.) The country receives military assistance (largely training and advice) from Kenya, South Africa, the UK and the US, in addition to UK- and US-funded private security companies and Russian/Ukrainian technical assistance. The Government of South Sudan (GOSS) initially reported SPLA forces of 300,000, a figure that was inflated in advance of UN disarmament, demo-bilisation and reintegration (DDR) initiatives and confused due to the plethora of armed groups oper-ating in the country. Reliable sources estimate the SSAF fields between 30,000 and 40,000 active forces and 80,000 to 90,000 diverse reserve/militia forces. The SSAF maintains that it wishes to ‘downsize’ to 100,000 active troops, although reports in April 2011 of the forced conscription of an estimated 6,000 troops in Unity state confuse the issue further.

In the mid-2000s, the SPLA began to re-equip on a large scale, beginning in 2006–07 with Ural-4320 troop transport trucks from an unknown supplier, in addition to small arms, light weapons and ammu-nition. Around 110 T-72M tanks and 11 BM-21 MLRS were acquired between 2007 and 2008, and nine Russian Mi-17-V5 helicopters and one Mi-172 helicopter in 2009–10. In 2007, the World Bank esti-mated GOSS defence expenditure at US$555m. Some analysts project that figure has risen to US$ 1 billion in 2010–11; the GOSS, meanwhile, pledged to double defence spending in 2010. If estimates are correct, South Sudan’s defence budget is larger than those of Ethiopia or Eritrea.

centrAl AfricA

Many Central African militaries face the severe chal-lenges of protracted internal armed conflict and foreign insurgency. While some have attempted to restructure their armed forces, many have had to defer ‘deep’ reform in favour of short-term strategies to enhance immediate operational requirements.

The armed forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC), for example, suffer internal divisions and a lack of coordinated investment. Only with the assistance of the UN mission in the DRC, now called MONUSCO, and Rwanda, has the DRC been able since 2009 to counter the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FDLR) rebel group, in addition to Uganda’s Allied Democratic Forces–National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (ADF–NALU), Mai-Mai and other militias. Ugandan forces continue to provide the backbone of DRC efforts to combat the Ugandan/Sudanese-based Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The country has invested sporadically in procurement. While some procurements have been reported, the FARDC in general remains poorly equipped and decentral-ised, mainly because political divisions hamper the creation of a unified national military with clear lines of command and control.

The FARDC’s phased 2008–20 reform plan aims first to create a ‘Rapid Reaction Force’ (at an estimated cost of US$132m). The 2010 deployment of a Belgian-trained brigade to Equateur province may suggest limited success in this regard. However, the need to respond to internal conflicts has prioritised ‘quick-fix’ operations over broader structural reforms. The plan envisages the creation of a ‘Covering Force’ (12 battal-ions) by 2015 and, from 2015 to 2020, a ‘Principal Defence Force.’ In effect, this means that the FARDC is likely to remain decentralised for some time to come.

Like the DRC, the Central African Republic’s (CAR) armed forces are severely restricted in their operational capacity. CAR faces a number of persistent security threats, including lawlessness in the north of the country and sporadic attacks by armed groups, including the domestic Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) and LRA insurgents. The army has difficulties projecting force beyond the capital, Bangui, due to the near-total destruction of military infrastructure during the 1996–2003 violence, and unserviceable military vehicles. Since 2008, CAR has attempted to restruc-

incursions into SomaliaOn 14 October, Kenyan ground forces entered Somalia in a combined ground and air assault intended to reduce the capacity of al-Shabaab fighters to threaten Kenyan territory. It is alleged that al-Shabaab were responsible for a series of kidnappings and bombings in Kenya. It is reported that at least two battalions of Kenyan troops were deployed on Operation Linda Nchi. While troops from the AU Mission in Somalia have been pushing back al-Shabaab fighters in Mogadishu, the Kenyan advance is likely designed to pressure al-Shabaab in the south, notably around the port of Kismayo. In December, it was reported that Ethiopian troops had entered Somalia, adding to the pressure on al-Shabaab. At time of writing, it remained unclear how long Kenyan and Ethiopian forces intended to remain inside Somalia.

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ture its military into a ‘garrison’ force, based in six regions. This has been aided by support from China and France (the latter under a new defence agree-ment signed in April 2010), including the construc-tion of barracks and the procurement of equipment. In 2004, France supplied a US$3.2m defence package including 46 military vehicles. The CAR procure-ment programme, however, appears to be quite limited. Since 2008, the country has acquired three APCs from Slovakia, in addition to small quanti-ties of unspecified equipment supplied by Austria, China, France and Israel. Although 2010 defence spending was a high 2.6% of GDP, Bangui’s defence reforms can best be described as nascent. The govern-ment still does not fully control the countryside and CAR remains reliant on Ugandan forces to combat the LRA. However, in October US President Obama announced that up to 100 US military personnel will be deployed to assist regional forces combating the LRA; the troops will be combat-equipped, but will only engage LRA forces in self-defence. The Military Balance 2011 (p. 407) analysed regional actions against the LRA, and Washington’s focus on the threat to regional states from that group.

In contrast to CAR and DRC, Chad has weath-ered a period of intense instability and may have entered a period of military reform and consolida-tion. The 2003–10 proxy conflict with Sudan resulted in substantial procurement and expenditure. At almost 3.5% of GDP (2010), Chad’s defence spending is one of the highest in Africa. Since 2006, government defence acquisitions include: BMP-1 AIFVs, BTR-3U APCs, Su-25 FGA aircraft, and Mi-24 combat helicop-ters from Ukraine between 2006–09; light armoured vehicles from China in 2007; Eland/AML recon-naissance vehicles from South Africa and Belgium, between 2007 and 2008; VAB APCs from France in 2008 and RAM-2000 reconnaissance vehicles from Israel in 2008.

Although Chad–Sudan tensions have dissipated following the January 2010 ‘N’Djamena Accord’, the government faces continued threats from residual elements of rebel forces, including the Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD) and Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) groups in the northwest, and groups aligned to the Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) in the east. In May 2009, the government repulsed a UFR attack, thereby renewing its hopes for a military solution to rebel activity. The country has since accelerated procurement and ongoing reform of its defence and security forces.

The latest round of French assistance, agreed in the mid-2000s, includes command restructuring, logis-tical support and training for Chad’s defence and security forces, valued at around US$500,000 in 2010. Chad continues to receive Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and International Military Education and Training (IMET) assistance from the US, worth a combined US$780,000 in 2011.

Southern AfricA

A number of Southern African militaries are rela-tively young, having emerged from anti-colonial/anti-minority rule conflicts of the 1970s and 1980s. However, their development paths have differed. Botswana, for example, responded to the more relaxed regional security climate of early the 1990s with defence restructuring and acquisitions. Namibia has launched similar initiatives in recent years. Despite considerable gains in the 1980s, however, Zimbabwe’s defence forces are deteriorating due to increasing politicisation and involvement in domestic repression.

The Namibia Defence Force was created in 1990 from People’s Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and South West African Territorial Force (SWATF) units. It received initial training from Kenyan forces under a UN mandate, followed by sustained assistance from the UK between 1990–95, including force structuring, training and logistics. Namibia’s deployments in Angola and the DRC between 1999–2002, and the Namibian Caprivi region between 1998–2002 appear to have spurred investment in the defence sector. Although the military is relatively small (9,200 active forces in 2010), it has begun to invest heavily in high-value military assets, including the first of 12 F-7 fighter aircraft from China in 2006; one Cheetah and two Chetak helicopters from India in 2009, and radar upgrades of its F-7s conducted in Italy in 2007. Between 2009 and 2011–12, Namibia’s defence budget has expanded and, standing at 3.5% of GDP in 2010, the defence allocation far exceeded those of its neighbours. In Botswana the figure was 0.7% and in South Africa 1.1%. The Botswana Defence Force, with approximately 9,000 active forces, is around the same size as the Namibia Defence Force. In contrast to Namibia, however, Botswana embarked on a substantial military modernisation plan in the mid-1990s and its defence spending has since reduced.

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The 1990s modernisation initiative was a response to Botswana’s increasing participation in regional collective security arrangements, including joint operations with Southern African Development Community (SADC) states and involvement in peace support operations, such as Somalia (UN, 1992–94), Mozambique (UN, 1993–94) and Lesotho (SADC, 1998). These engagements boosted military pres-tige and domestic support for force modernisation. During the 1990s, Botswana’s defence spending averaged 3.8% of GDP as the country expanded its armed forces from around 6,000 in 1990 to 9,000 in 2011, initiated structural reforms and procured new equipment, including: 20 Scorpion light tanks from the UK between 1995 and 1996); ten CF-5A fighter aircraft and three CF-5D trainer jets from Canada in 1996 (with up to four more CF-5Ds in 2000); and 20 SK-105 tanks and turrets from Austria and France in 2000. Botswana maintains close ties with Western militaries and a majority of its officers have received training in the US. Despite significant reductions in defence expenditure since the 1990s, the country maintains a steady level of investment in its inventory: Spain delivered two CN-235 transport aircraft in 2010 and, in 2011, Botswana signed a US$45m contract with Switzerland for the delivery in 2013 of five PC-7 MkII training aircraft.

The role and capacity of Zimbabwe’s military differs from those of Botswana and Namibia. Like these two states, Zimbabwe initially – between 1980 and 2000 – received extensive UK military assistance in defining the structure of its armed forces and inte-grating and training former revolutionary fighters. Since the late 1990s, however, domestic insecurity, repression and deteriorating relations with the EU and the UK in particular have led Zimbabwe to alter its defence priorities and the role of its armed forces. The military’s strong roots in anti-colonial/anti-minority rule operations, reinforced by operations in the 1980s against Apartheid-era South African forces, closely aligned military elites with the ruling ZANU-PF party. Since 2000, these links have become further politicised with the military’s involvement in farm seizures (Operation Tsuro in 2000) and the 2002 election ‘security’ operation.

The army faces a number of internal challenges, including large-scale, voluntary retirement of offi-cers (allegedly politically motivated), deteriorating conditions of barracks and escalating recruitment of low-grade militia into the army. As a result, many accounts suggest that the army’s professionalism is

eroding rapidly. Recent defence acquisitions, such as K-8 aircraft from China between 2005–06, suggest that Zimbabwe continues to invest in major conven-tional weapons. Some commentators believe that such procurement, rather than reflecting regional security conditions, indicates the government’s fear of foreign intervention aimed at regime change.

South AfricA

As in last year’s Military Balance (p. 407), it can still be said that the South African National Defence Force remains one of the most capable militaries on the continent, but it continues to face challenges in main-taining combat effectiveness. Some new platforms have arrived. But recent deployments – such as the late-2011 decision to send around 200 personnel and vessels on anti-piracy patrols – coupled with continuing focus on border security, have added to debates on equipment and strategic direction. These came in light of budget allocations that, in 2011, were described by Defence Minister Lindiwe Sisulu as ‘hopelessly inadequate’. Sisulu was reported as having responded in the affirmative when asked in a parliamentary question whether budget issues were having an impact on readiness; she told parlia-ment in October 2011 that the defence-funding issue ‘has not been dealt [with] to the full satisfaction of the ministry and the department and we remain hopeful that the budget would be increased in the not-too-distant future’. In August, Sisulu announced a public defence-review process, led by a ten-strong committee containing two former defence minis-ters, supported by a secretariat of experts. While it was reported that the defence ministry had earlier produced an updated draft (the last defence review was in 1998), the Review Committee has a remit to look broadly at South Africa’s strategic environment and aspirations, as well as the resources needed to meet these requirements. The Department of Defence’s Annual Report FY2010/2011, released in October, painted a bleak picture of overstretch in key capability areas. While noting that the services had achieved many of the targets set for the year, the army was ‘severely overstretched, particularly in the infantry, engineer and support capabilities’, the navy ‘continued to experience critical shortages of personnel within the technical, combat, diver, submariner and logistics domains’ while, for the air force, the report asserted that it provided clear evidence ‘that the previous cuts and under funding

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in the SAAF operating budget has reached culmina-tion point in terms of adverse effects on SAAF capa-bilities.’

Funding remains a perennial problem for the South African Air Force as it tries to continue revamping its inventory, while sustaining capability with types recently introduced into service. The air force will receive the last four of its 26 Saab Gripen combat aircraft in 2012, though it has struggled to find adequate numbers of aircrew and secure suffi-cient flight hours. Efforts are ongoing to acquire transport and maritime patrol aircraft to replace ageing in-service platforms. Incidents of piracy have sharpened focus on maritime surveillance. The air force is currently dependent on its C-47TP TurboDaks to meet this role, though it is trying to identify and procure a replacement maritime patrol platform. Meanwhile, the air force’s transport aircraft plan has had to be revisited following the government’s 2010 decision to withdraw from the Airbus Military A400M programme. One effect has been that the air force’s ageing C-130Bs will need to be kept in service longer than previously anticipated, probably with an associated increase in maintenance and support costs.

Sufficient funding was, however, available to conclude integration of the South African Denel Dynamics A-Darter imaging infra-red guided air-to-air missile (IIR AAM) on the Gripen during mid-2011. The A-Darter is now jointly funded by South Africa and Brazil. It is anticipated to enter production towards the end of 2012. The South African Air Force presently operates Gripen with a small number of IRIS-T IIR AAMs, but has no radar-guided AAM in its inventory. Denel is working on a medium-range AAM to meet this role.

Sub-SAhArAn AfricA defence economicS

Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a relatively robust recovery from a period of uncertainty after the start of the global financial crisis in 2008 – a conclu-sion broadly reached by both the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the IMF. The return to growth has, however, been uneven among states that are broadly described as middle- and low-income countries and oil-producing states. Middle-income countries, those more fully integrated into the world economy, are experiencing a more hesi-tant recovery, and this helps to explain why growth across southern Africa has been more restrained than in other regions, while countries such as South Africa have had to recover from a negative growth rate seen in 2009. Meanwhile, those countries less inte-grated into the global economy have been relatively shielded from the financial crisis and, according to the IMF in September 2011, ‘most of the region’s low-income countries have returned to their pre-crisis growth rates’. Those nations relying on oil exports for the majority of their receipts have also witnessed an improvement in growth, which is likely to continue into 2012, according to the IMF. The Fund ascribes this to ‘continued strength in domestic public-invest-ment spending, as well as some idiosyncratic factors, such as a strong rebound in oil production in Angola following a disruption in 2011’.

Improved growth in 2011 has been driven in general terms by buoyant commodity prices, sustained (according to the African Development Bank) by a robust Chinese demand for commodi-ties, though with Europe and the US also key trading

Table 31 South African defence budget by Programme, 2007–2013

rand m revised Budgetrevised Budget Budget Budget

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013

Administration 2,154 2,480 2,881 3,427 3,718 3,718 4,052 4,395

Landward Defence 7,128 7,487 8,909 9,983 11,763 11,328 12,773 13,730

Air Defence 7,315 8,019 8,056 6,059 6,763 6,355 7,216 7,007

Maritime Defence 2,397 1,837 2,011 2,180 2,500 2,564 2,539 2,919

Military Health Support 1,878 2,177 2,483 2,770 3,044 3,244 3,328 3,519

Defence Intelligence 461 507 600 631 669 661 702 737

Joint Support 2,267 3,380 3,461 3,936 3,900 4,143 4,322 4,701

Force Employment 1,581 1,914 1,924 1,909 2,241 2,332 2,436 2,692

Total 25,180 27,801 30,325 32,389 34,605 34,349 37,371 39,702

Source: South African Defence Budget, April 2011, p. 459; Adjusted Defence Budget Vote, October 2011, p. 158

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partners, further economic problems in these regions could have an impact on African growth. However, as was pointed out in the 2011 IISS Strategic Survey, ‘for a number of countries such as Ethiopia and South Africa, impressive economic figures belied a trend of “jobless growth”’. As UNECA have pointed out, ‘job creation remains limited in countries where much of the economic upturn was driven by capital-intensive extractive sectors’ having few links with the wider economy. This has led to African growth rates remaining below the level needed to ‘create adequate employment and to reduce poverty’. Exchange-rate volatility and inflation also qualify the actual impact of these growth rates. Across the continent, infla-tion generally increased in early-to-mid-2011 due to oil-price fluctuations and, according to the African Development Bank, rising prices for raw materials and food.

Nonetheless, states across the continent have generally viewed defence-spending plans through the prism of their security imperatives, and have, in the main, found the funds to finance some key capa-bility enhancements. Uganda experienced a drop in inflation between 2009 and 2010 – largely due to falls in food prices – though the rate has risen dramati-cally in 2011 (coupled with currency depreciation). According to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, the annual headline rate of inflation rose to 30.5% for the year ending October 2011, from 28.3% for the year ending September to 30.5% in October. This is the highest rate since January 1993. However, Kampala continues to introduce newly purchased military equipment, such as the two (of six planned) Su-30s that arrived during 2011, reportedly as part of a wider arms package agreed with Russia. While this deal will

increase the combat capability of Uganda’s air force when the aircraft are fully inducted – and providing they are properly maintained – it was reported by the Financial Times in June 2011 that the government had turned to the central bank to help finance it, sending ‘reserves down from six months’ worth of imports to four’. (Though Uganda is still referenced, by the IMF, in the context of a low-income country, oil reve-nues likely to accrue in the future could lead to an improvement in its balance sheet.) Aircraft purchases have been pursued by many continental states in recent years. Ghana – as noted above – has embarked on a sustained restructuring programme, with new aviation capabilities forming a central plank in this process. Orders have included two C-295s, report-edly loan financed to the tune of €60m, one EMB-190 at a reported cost of US$105m and two DA-42 MPP aircraft. South Africa received more of its Gripen fighters this year.

Speaking at the time of the April budget vote, South African Defence Minister Lindiwe Sisulu noted in 2011 that the defence budget allocations for the South African National Defence Force were ‘hopelessly inadequate’. In October she returned to that theme, saying: ‘to bemoan the inadequacies of the budget is to repeat what each one here understands is a matter we should all seek to address as a matter of urgency … The priorities we outline now will require a signifi-cantly increased budget.’ However, the budget was in fact reduced under the revised Appropriations Bill in October. As the SANDF Annual Report notes, these budget cuts have had an impact on capabilities; for the air force, ‘previous cuts and underfunding in the SAAF operating budget has reached culmination point in terms of adverse effects on SAAF capabili-

0.0

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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

% o

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P1.82

1.92

1.621.75

1.65

1.33 1.31 1.22

1.62 1.58

Figure 13 Sub-Saharan Africa regional defence expenditure as % of GDP

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ties. A risk exists that not all the required system tests can be effectively done due to lack of adequate flying hours.’ Indeed, while the report notes that for combat air power, flights as part of the operation to protect the 2010 Football World Cup boosted hourly totals, for the important task of medium and light transport the total number of hours flown in 2010 was some 2,000 less than projected. Sisulu has expressed her hope to parliament that the budget can be increased but, while spending allocations might grow year-on-year, it remains to be seen whether these increases will be designed to track rising GDP growth. According to the ADB, South Africa experienced 3.6% growth

in GDP during the first quarter or 2011, though this slowed a little during the second quarter. CPI infla-tion, meanwhile rose from 3.2% in September 2010 to 5.3% in July 2011. However, defence allocations have to be viewed in light of the treasury’s 2011 Budget Review, which stated that ‘spending is focused on core social priorities and economic infrastructure’. While South Africa is consolidating its recovery, and is engaged in moves to increase export growth to the fast-developing markets of Asia, its economic pros-pects are, as the Budget Review notes, ‘highly depen-dent on global trade and investment patterns, and risks to the global outlook must be considered’.

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Angola ANG new Angolan Kwanza AOA 2010 2011 2012

GDP AOA 7.58tr 9.80tr

US$ 82.2bn 105bn

per capita US$ 4,825 5,962

Growth % 3.41 3.68

inflation % 14.5 15.0

Def bdgt AOA 343bn 340bn 352bn

US$ 3.72bn 3.63bn

USD1=AOA 92.16 93.72

Population 17,544,728

ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 37%; Kimbundu 25%; Bakongo 13%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.8% 5.5% 4.7% 3.9% 13.4% 1.2%

Female 21.4% 5.4% 4.6% 3.7% 12.9% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 107,000 (Army 100,000 navy 1,000 Air 6,000) Paramilitary 10,000

orgAniSAtionS by SerVice

Army 100,000forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Armoured/Light42 armd/inf regt (det/gps – strength varies)Light16 inf bde

COMBAT SUPPORTSome engr units

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORTSome log units

eQuiPment by tyPe †MBT 300+: ε200 T-54/T-55; 50 T-62; 50 T-72; T-80/T-84 (reported) RECCE 600 BRDM-2 AIFV 250+: 250 BMP-1/BMP-2; BMD-3 APC (W) ε170 BTR-152/BTR-60/BTR-80ARTY 1,408+

SP 16+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 4 2S3; 203mm 12 2S7 TOWED 552: 122mm 500 D-30; 130mm 48 M-46; 152mm 4 D-20 MRL 90+: 122mm 90: 50 BM-21; 40 RM-70 Dana; 240mm BM-24 MOR 750: 82mm 250; 120mm 500

AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger) RCL 500: 400 82mm B-10/107mm B-11 †; 106mm 100†GUNS • SP 100mm SU-100†

AD • SAM • MANPAD 500 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K 310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)

GUNS • TOWED 450+: 14.5mm ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23-2; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60

ARV T-54/T-55MW Bozena

navy ε1,000eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14

PCC 5 Rei Bula MatadiPBF 5 PVC-170PB 4 Mandume

coastal DefenceMSL • AShM SS-C-1B Sepal (at Luanda)

Air force/Air defence 6,000forceS by roleFIGHTER

Some sqn with MiG-21bis/MiG-21MF Fishbed; Su-27/Su-27UB Flanker2 sqn with MiG-23ML Flogger

FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACKSome sqn with MiG-23BN Flogger; Su-22 Fitter D; Su-24 Fencer; Su-25 Frogfoot

MARITIME PATROL1 sqn with F-27-200 MPA; CASA 212 Aviocar

TRANSPORTSome sqn with An-12 Cub; An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; An-32 Cline; An-72 Coaler; C-130 Hercules; C-212 Aviocar; EMB-135BJ Legacy 600 (VIP); Il-62 Classic; Il-76TD Candid; PC-6B Turbo Porter; PC-7 Turbo Trainer/PC-9*

ATTACK HELICOPTERSome sqn with Mi-24 Hind/Mi-35 Hind; SA-342M Gazelle (with HOT)

TRANSPORT HELICOPTERSome units with AS565; Bell 212; Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H; SA316 Alouette III (IAR-316) (incl trg)

AIR DEFENCE5 bn; 10 bty with S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)†; 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin); S-75M Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline)

eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT 92 combat capable

FTR 24: 6 Su-27/Su-27UB Flanker; 18 MiG-23ML Flogger FGA 54: 20 MiG-21bis/MiG-21MF Fishbed; 8 MiG-23BN/UB Flogger; 14 Su-22 Fitter D; 12 Su-24 FencerATK 10: 8 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot BTPT 50: Heavy 4 Il-76TD Candid; Medium 6 An-12 Cub Light 40: 12 An-26 Curl; 3 An-32 Cline; 8 An-72 Coaler; 8 BN-2A Islander; 3 C-212-200 Aviocar; 4 C-212-300M Aviocar; 1 Do-28D Skyservant; 1 EMB-135BJ Legacy 600 (VIP)TRG 30: 13 EMB-312 Tucano; 6 L-29 Delfin; 2 L-39C Albatros; 5 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 4 PC-9*

HELICOPTERSATK 44: 22 Mi-24 Hind; 22 Mi-35 HindMRH 26: 8 AS565 Panther; 10 SA316 Alouette III (IAR-316) (incl trg); 8 SA342M Gazelle MRH/TPT 27 Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip HTPT • Light 8 Bell 212

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AD • SAM 122 SP 70: 10 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)†; 25 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 15 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 20 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin)TOWED 52: 40 S-75M Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline)‡; 12 S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)

MSL ASM AT-2 Swatter; HOT ARM Kh-28 (AS-9 Kyle)AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-23/24 (AA-7 Apex)‡

Paramilitary 10,000

rapid-reaction Police 10,000

dePloymentguineA-biSSAuMISSANG 200 (providing trg and assistance with SSR)

benin BEN cFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012

GDP fr 3.25tr 3.48tr

US$ 6.43bn 7.29bn

per capita US$ 710 782

Growth % 2.58 3.77

inflation % 2.1 2.8

Def bdgt fr 38bn 34.9bn

US$ 75m 73m

US$1=fr 504.97 476.96


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 22.8% 5.5% 4.6% 3.9% 12.3% 1.1%

Female 21.9% 5.3% 4.4% 3.8% 12.9% 1.6%

capabilitiesActiVe 4,750 (Army 4,300 navy 200 Air 250) Paramilitary 2,500Terms of service conscription (selective), 18 months



Armoured1 armd sqnLight3 inf bnAir Manoeuvre1 cdo/AB bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bty1 engr bn

eQuiPment by tyPeLT TK 18 PT-76 (op status uncertain)RECCE 31: 14 BRDM-2; 7 M-8; 10 VBL APC (T): 22 M-113ARTY 16+

TOWED 105mm 16: 12 L118 Light Gun; 4 M101MOR 81mm

AT • RL 89mm LRAC

navy ε200eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2 Matelot Brice Kpomasse (ex-PRC)

Air force 250AIRCRAFT

TPT 8 Light 4: 1 Commander 500B†; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter†; 2 Do-28D Skyservant† PAX 4: 2 B-727; 2 HS-748†

HELICOPTERSTPT • Light 5: 4 AW109BA; 1 AS350B Ecureuil†

Paramilitary 2,500

Gendarmerie 2,500forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

OTHER4 (mobile) paramilitary coy

dePloyment

côte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 426; 8 obs; 1 inf bn

democrAtic rePublic of the congoUN • MONUSCO 446; 14 obs; 1 inf bn

liberiAUN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs

South SudAnUN • UNMISS 3 obs

botswana BWA Botswana Pula P 2010 2011 2012

GDP P 101bn 117bn

US$ 14.6bn 17.1bn


Growth % 7.20 6.24

inflation % 7.0 7.8

Def bdgta P 4.29bn 3.68bn 3.68bn

US$ 620m 539m

FMA (US) US$ 0.2m 0.34m

US$1=P 6.92 6.83a Defence, Justice and Security Budget


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Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 17.3% 5.6% 5.3% 5.1% 15.5% 1.6%

Female 16.6% 5.6% 5.5% 5.3% 14.3% 2.3%

capabilitiesActiVe 9,000 (Army 8,500 Air 500) Paramilitary 1,500



Armoured1 armd bde (-)Light2 inf bde (1 armd recce regt, 4 inf bn, 1 cdo unit, 2 ADA regt, 1 engr regt, 1 log bn)

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bde1 AD bde (-)1 engr coy1 sigs coy

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 log gp

eQuiPment by tyPeLT TK 55: ε30 SK-105 Kuerassier; 25 Scorpion RECCE 72+: RAM-V-1; ε8 RAM-V-2; 64 VBLAPC 156

APC (T) 6 FV 103 Spartan APC (W) 150: 50 BTR-60; 50 LAV-150 Commando (some with 90mm gun); 50 MOWAG Piranha III

ARTY 46 TOWED 30: 105mm 18: 12 L-118 Light Gun; 6 Model 56 pack howitzer; 155mm 12 Soltam MOR 28: 81mm 22; 120mm 6 M-43

AT MSL 6+

SP V-150 TOWMANPATS 6 TOW

RCL 84mm 30 Carl Gustav AD • SAM • MANPAD 27: 5 Javelin; 10 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 12 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

GUNS • TOWED 20mm 7 M167 Vulcan ARV Greif; M578

Air Wing 500forceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with F-5A Freedom Fighter; F-5D Tiger IIISR

1 sqn with O-2 SkymasterTRANSPORT

2 sqn with BD-700 Global Express; BN-2A/B Defender*; Beech 200 Super King Air (VIP); C-130B Hercules; C-212-300 Aviocar; CN-235M-100

TRAINING1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer*

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with AS350B Ecureuil; Bell 412EP/SP Twin Huey


FTR 14: 9 F-5A Freedom Fighter; 5 F-5D Tiger II ISR 5 O-2 Skymaster TPT 19: Medium 3 C-130B Hercules; Light 15: 4 BN-2 Defender*; 6 BN-2B Defender*; 1 Beech 200 King Air (VIP); 2 C-212-300 Aviocar; 2 CN-235M-100 PAX 1 BD700 Global ExpressTRG 6 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*

HELICOPTERSMRH 7: 2 Bell 412EP Twin Huey; 5 Bell 412SP Twin HueyTPT • Light 8 AS350B Ecureuil

Paramilitary 1,500

Police Mobile Unit 1,500 (org in territorial coy)

burkina faso BFA cFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 8.67bn 9.81bn


Growth % 7.93 4.88

inflation % -0.6 1.9

Def bdgt fr 62.4bn

US$ 124m

US$1=fr 504.09 476.56


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 23.0% 5.5% 4.5% 3.8% 12.0% 1.0%

Female 22.9% 5.4% 4.5% 3.7% 12.3% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 11,200 (Army 6,400 Air 600 Gendarmerie 4,200) Paramilitary 250


Army 6,4003 Mil RegionsforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 tk bn (2 tk pl)Light5 inf regt with (3 inf bn with (1 inf coy with (5 inf pl)))Air Manoeuvre1 AB regt with (1 AB bn, 2 AB coy)

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn (2 arty tp)1 engr bn

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eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 83: 19 AML-60/AML-90; 24 EE-9 Cascavel; 30 Ferret; 2 M20; 8 M8 APC (W) 13 M3 Panhard ARTY 18+

TOWED 14: 105mm 8 M101; 122mm 6 MRL 107mm ε4 Type-63 MOR 81mm Brandt

AT RCL 75mm Type-52 (M20); 84mm Carl Gustav RL 89mm LRAC; M20

AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail‡) GUNS • TOWED 42: 14.5mm 30 ZPU; 20mm 12 TCM-20

Air force 600forceS by roleTRANSPORT

1 sqn with AT-802 Air Tractor; B-727 (VIP); Beech 200 King Air; CN-235-220; PA-34 Seneca

TRAINING1 sqn with SF-260WL Warrior*

ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with AS350 Ecureuil; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-35 Hind


TPT 6 Light 5: 1 AT-802 Air Tractor; 2 Beech 200 King Air; 1 CN-235-220; 1 PA-34 Seneca PAX 1 B-727 (VIP)TRG 2 SF-260WL Warrior*

HELICOPTERSATK 2 Mi-35 HindMRH 2 Mi-17 Hip HTPT 2 Medium 1 Mi-8 Hip Light 1 AS350 Ecureuil

gendarmerie 4,200

Paramilitary 250

People’s Militia (r) 45,000 reservists (trained)

Security company 250

dePloyment

democrAtic rePublic of the congo

UN • MONUSCO 9 obs

South SudAn

UN • UNMIS 1 obs

SudAn

UN • UNAMID 803; 7 obs; 1 inf bnUN • UNISFA 2 obs

burundi BDI Burundi Franc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 1.47bn 1.71bn


Growth % 3.85 4.22

inflation % 6.4 8.7

Def bdgt fr 70.4bn 79.7bn

US$ 56m 64m

US$1=fr 1250.46 1249.23


ethnic groups: Hutu 85%; Tutsi 14%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 23.1% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 11.8% 1.0%

Female 22.9% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 12.5% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 20,000 (Army 20,000) Paramilitary 31,050DDR efforts continue, while activities directed at profes-sionalising the security forces have taken place, some spon-sored by BINUB, the UN mission.



Mechanised2 lt armd bn (sqn)Light7 inf bnSome indep inf coy

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn1 AD bn1 engr bn

reservesforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light10 inf bn (reported)

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 55: 6 AML-60; 12 AML-90; 30 BRDM-2; 7 S52 Shorland APC (W) 57: 10 BTR 80; 20 BTR-40; 9 M3 Panhard; 12 RG-31 Nyala; 6 Walid ARTY 120

TOWED 122mm 18 D-30 MRL 122mm 12 BM-21 MOR 90: 82mm 15 M-43; 120mm ε75

ATMSL • MANPATS Milan (reported)

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RCL 75mm 60 Type-52 (M-20) RL 83mm RL-83 Blindicide

AD • SAM • MANPAD ε30 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡GUNS • TOWED 150+: 14.5mm 15 ZPU-4; 135+ 23mm ZU-23/37mm Type-55 (M-1939)

Air Wing 200AIRCRAFT 1 combat capable

TPT 4 Light 2 Cessna 150L† PAX 2 DC-3TRG 1 SF-260W Warrior*

HELICOPTERSATK 2 Mi-24 HindMRH 2 SA342L GazelleTPT • Medium (2 Mi-8 Hip non-op)

Paramilitary 31,050

Marine Police 5016 territorial districtsPATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3

PHT 3 Huchuan† AMPHIBIOUS 1 LCT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 SPT

General Administration of State Security ε1,000

local Defence Militia ε30,000

dePloyment

centrAl AfricAn rePublicECCAS • MICOPAX 5

SomAliAAU • AMISOM 4,400; 5 inf bn

SudAnUN • UNAMID 4; 2 obs

foreign forceSAll forces part of BINUB unless otherwise stated.Switzerland 1 obs

cameroon CMR cFA Franc BeAc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 22.0bn 25.1bn


Growth % 3.20 3.80

inflation % 1.3 2.6

Def bdgt fr 171bn 164bn

US$ 339m 344m

US$1=fr 504.97 476.96


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 20.4% 5.4% 5.0% 4.3% 13.6% 1.5%

Female 20.1% 5.3% 4.9% 4.1% 13.6% 1.8%

capabilitiesActiVe 14,200 (Army 12,500 navy 1,300 Air 400) Paramilitary 9,000


Army 12,5003 Mil RegionsforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Reconnaissance1 armd recce bnLight3 inf bn (under comd of mil regions)5 inf bnAir Manoeuvre1 cdo/AB bnOther1 inf bn (trg)1 (Presidential Guard) gd bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn (5 arty bty)1 AD bn (6 AD bty)1 engr bn

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 65: 31 AML-90; 6 AMX-10RC; 15 Ferret; 8 M-8; 5 VBLAIFV 22: 8 LAV-150 Commando with 20mm gun; 14 LAV-150 Commando with 90mm gunAPC 33

APC (T) 12 M3 half-trackAPC (W) 21 LAV-150 Commando

ARTY 112+ SP 18 ATMOS 2000TOWED 58: 75mm 6 M-116 pack; 105mm 20 M-101; 130mm 24: 12 Model 1982 gun 82 (reported); 12 Type-59 (M-46); 155mm 8 I1 MRL 122mm 20 BM-21 MOR 16+: 81mm (some SP); 120mm 16 Brandt

AT • MSL 49SP 24 TOW (on Jeeps) MANPATS 25 Milan RCL 53: 106mm 40 M-40A2; 75mm 13 Type-52 (M-20) RL 89mm LRAC

AD • GUNS • TOWED 54: 14.5mm 18 Type-58 (ZPU-2); 35mm 18 GDF-002; 37mm 18 Type-63

navy ε1,300HQ located at DoualaeQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11

PCC 2: 1 Bakassi (FRA P-48); 1 L’Audacieux (FRA P-48)PB 7: 2 Rodman 101; 4 Rodman 46; 1 Quartier Maître Alfred Motto

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PBR 2 Swift-38 AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 2 (93 ft)

Air force 300-400forceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with MB-326K; Alpha Jet*†TRANSPORT

1 sqn with C-130H/H-30 Hercules; DHC-4 Caribou; DHC-5D Buffalo; IAI-201 Arava; PA-23 Aztec1 VIP unit with AS332 Super Puma; AS365 Dauphin 2; Bell 206B Jet Ranger; Gulfstream III

TRAINING1 unit with Tetras

ATTACK HELICOPTER1 sqn with SA342 Gazelle (with HOT)

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Bell 206L-3; Bell 412; SA319 Alouette III


ATK 5: 1 MB-326K Impala I; 4 MB-326K Impala IITPT 18 Medium 3: 2 C-130 Hercules; 1 C-130H-30 Hercules Light 14: 1 DHC-4 Caribou; 1 DHC-5D Buffalo; 1 IAI-201 Arava; 2 J.300 Joker; 2 PA-23 Aztec; 7 Tetras PAX 1 Gulfstream IIITRG 4 Alpha Jet*†

HELICOPTERSMRH 8: 1 AS365 Dauphin 2; 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 SA319 Alouette III; 4 SA342 Gazelle (with HOT)TPT 7 Medium 4: 2 AS332 Super Puma; 2 SA330J Puma Light 3: 2 Bell 206B Jet Ranger; 1 Bell 206L-3 Long Ranger

Paramilitary 9,000


Reconnaissance3 (regional spt) paramilitary gp

dePloymentcentrAl AfricAn rePublicECCAS • MICOPAX 19

democrAtic rePublic of the congoUN • MONUSCO 5 obs

SudAnUN • UNAMID 3 obs

cape Verde CPV cape Verde escudo e 2010 2011 2012

GDP Ε 138bn 152bn

US$ 1.66bn 1.90bn


Growth % 5.39 5.56

inflation % 2.1 5.0

Def bdgt Ε 674m 722m

US$ 8.1m 9.0m

US$1=e 83.13 79.83

Population 516,100

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 16.4% 5.8% 5.4% 4.5% 14.3% 2.1%

Female 16.2% 5.8% 5.4% 4.5% 16.2% 3.4%

capabilitiesActiVe 1,200 (Army 1,000 coast Guard 100 Air 100) Terms of service conscription (selective)



LIGHT2 inf bn (gp)

COMBAT SUPPORT1 engr bn

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 10 BRDM-2 ARTY 42

TOWED 24: 75mm 12; 76mm 12 MOR 18: 82mm 12; 120mm 6 M-1943

AT • RL 89mm (3.5in)AD • SAM • MANPAD 50 SA-7 Grail‡

GUNS • TOWED 30: 14.5mm 18 ZPU-1; 23mm 12 ZU-23

coast guard ε100PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3

PCC 1 Kondor I PB 2: 1 Espadarte; 1 Tainha (PRC-27m)PBF 1 Archangel

Air force up to 100forceS by roleMARITIME PATROL

1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar; Do-228eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 5: 1 C-212 Aviocar; 1 Do-228; 3 An-26 Curl†

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central African republic CAR cFA Franc BeAc fr 2010 2011 2012

GDP fr 983bn 1.05tr

US$ 1.95bn 2.21bn


Growth % 3.30 4.08

inflation % 1.5 2.8

Def bdgt fr 25.5bn

US$ 51m

US$1=fr 504.97 476.96


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 20.6% 5.4% 4.9% 4.0% 13.0% 1.5%

Female 20.4% 5.3% 4.8% 4.0% 13.7% 2.2%

capabilitiesActiVe 2,150 (Army 2,000 Air 150) Paramilitary 1,000) Terms of service conscription (selective), 2 years; reserve obligation thereafter, term n.k.


Joint forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

OTHER1 intervention and spt bn

Army ε2,000forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Mechanised1 inf regt (1 mech bn, 1 inf bn)Other1 territorial def regt (bn) with (2 territorial intervention bn)

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 HQ/spt regt

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 3 T-55†RECCE 9: 8 Ferret†; 1 BRDM-2AIFV 18 RatelAPC (W) 39+: 4 BTR-152†; 25+ TPK 4.20 VSC ACMAT†; 10+ VAB†ARTY • MOR 12+: 81mm†; 120mm 12 M-1943†AT • RCL 106mm 14 M40†

RL 89mm LRAC†PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9 PBR†

Air force 150eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT • TPT 7 Medium 1 C-130A Hercules Light 6: 3 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 172RJ Skyhawk; 2 J.300 Joker

HELICOPTERSTPT • Light 1 AS350 Ecureuil

Paramilitary

Gendarmerie ε1,000forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Other8 paramilitary bde3 (Regional Legion) paramilitary units

foreign forceSBurundi MICOPAX 5Cameroon MICOPAX 19Chad MICOPAX 117Congo MICOPAX 123Democratic Republic of the Congo MICOPAX 118France Operation Boali 240; 1 inf coy; 1 spt detGabon MICOPAX 143

chad CHA cFA Franc BeAc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 8.38bn 9.38bn


Growth % 13.03 2.45


Def bdgt fr 63.7bn

US$ 126m

FMA (US) US$ 0.5m 0.4m

US$1=fr 504.97 476.96


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 23.3% 5.5% 4.2% 3.4% 10.4% 1.2%

Female 22.7% 5.7% 4.8% 4.1% 13.0% 1.7%

capabilitiesActiVe 25,350 (Army 17,000–20,000 Air 350 republican Guard 5,000) Paramilitary 9,500Terms of service conscription authorised


Army ε17,000–20,000 (being re-organised)7 Mil RegionsforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 armd bnLight7 inf bn

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COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn1 engr bn1 sigs bn


eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 60 T-55 RECCE 256: 132 AML-60/AML-90; ε100 BRDM-2; 20 EE-9 Cascavel; 4 ERC-90F Sagaie AIFV 92: 83 BMP-1; 9 LAV-150 Commando (with 90mm gun)APC (W) 52: 24 BTR-80; 8 BTR-3E; ε20 BTR-60ARTY 7+

SP 122mm 2 2S1 CarnationTOWED 105mm 5 M2 MOR 81mm some; 120mm AM-50

AT • MSL • MANPATS Eryx; Milan RCL 106mm M40A1 RL 112mm APILAS; 89mm LRAC

AD • GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23

Air force 350forceS by roleGROUND ATTACK

1 unit with PC-7; PC-9*; SF-260WL Warrior*; Su-25 Frogfoot

TRANSPORT1 sqn with An-26 Curl; C-130H-30 Hercules; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-1711 (Presidential) Flt with B-737BBJ; Beech 1900; DC-9-87; Gulfstream II

ATTACK HELICOPTER1 sqn with AS550C Fennec; Mi-24V Hind; SA316 Alouette III


ATK 8: 6 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot BTPT 8: Medium 1 C-130H-30 Hercules Light 4: 3 An-26 Curl; 1 Beech 1900 PAX 3: 1 B-737BBJ; 1 DC-9-87; 1 Gulfstream II TRG 4: 2 PC-7 (only 1*); 1 PC-9 Turbo Trainer*; 1 SF-260WL Warrior*

HELICOPTERSATK 3 Mi-24V Hind MRH 11: 6 AS550C Fennec; 3 Mi-17 Hip-H; 2 SA316 Alouette IIITPT • Medium 2 Mi-171

Paramilitary 9,500 active

republican Guard 5,000

Gendarmerie 4,500

dePloyment


côte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 1; 3 obs

foreign forceSFrance Operation Epervier 950; 1 armd cav BG; 1 air unit with 3 Mirage 2000C; 2 C-160 Transall; 1 CN-235M; 1 C-135FR; 1 hel det with 4 SA330 Puma

congo COG cFA Franc BeAc fr 2010 2011 2012

GDP fr 5.95tr 7.0tr

US$ 11.8bn 14.7bn


Growth % 8.75 5.0

inflation % 5.0 5.9

Def bdgt fr 108bn

US$ 214m

US$1=fr 504.97 476.96


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 22.9% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 11.7% 1.1%

Female 22.6% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 12.1% 1.6%

capabilitiesActiVe 10,000 (Army 8,000 navy 800 Air 1,200) Paramilitary 2,000



Armoured2 armd bnLight2 inf bn (gp) each with (1 lt tk tp, 1 arty bty)1 inf bnAir Manoeuvre1 cdo/AB bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty gp (with MRL)1 engr bn

eQuiPment by tyPe†MBT 40+: 25 T-54/T-55; 15 Type-59; T-34 in storeLT TK 13: 3 PT-76; 10 Type-62 RECCE 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 APC (W) 68+: 20 BTR-152; 30 BTR-60; 18 Mamba; M3 PanhardARTY 66+

SP 122mm 3 2S1 CarnationTOWED 25+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 100mm 10 M-1944; 122mm 10 D-30; 130mm 5 M-46; 152mm D-20

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MRL 10+: 122mm 10 BM-21; 122mm BM-14/140mm BM-16MOR 28+: 82mm; 120mm 28 M-43

AT • RCL 57mm M18 GUNS 57mm 5 ZIS-2 M-1943

AD • GUNS 28+ SP 23mm ZSU-23-4 TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 37mm 28 M-1939; 57mm S-60; 100mm KS-19

navy ε800 eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS• PB 6: 3 Piranha; 3 Zhuk†

Air force 1,200†forceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with Mirage F-1AZTRANSPORT

1 sqn with An-24 Coke; An-32 ClineATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-35P HindeQuiPment by tyPe†AIRCRAFT

FGA 2 Mirage F-1AZTPT • Light 2: 1 An-24 Coke; 2 An-32 Cline

HELICOPTERS†ATK (2 Mi-35P Hind in store)TPT • Medium (3 Mi-8 Hip in store)

MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡



Other20 paramilitary coy

Presidential Guard someforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Other1 paramilitary bn


côte d’ivoire CIV cFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 22.5bn 23.2bn


Growth % 2.41 -5.84

inflation % 1.4 3.0


US$ 337m 318m

US$1=fr 504.97 476.96


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 1%

Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%

capabilitiesActiVe ε40,000 target

reSerVe n.k. In October 2011, President Outtara announced the formation of the Forces Armées Nationale de Côte d’Ivoire. It is reported that these will consist of 29,000 ex-CIV military forces, 9,000 ex-Forces Nouvelles troops and 2,000 volunteers. Moves to restructure and reform the armed forces continue.


Army n.k.eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 10 T-55†LT TK 5 AMX-13 RECCE 34: 15 AML-60/AML-90; 13 BRDM-2; 6 ERC-90F4 SagaieAIFV 10 BMP-1/BMP-2†APC (W) 41: 12 M3 Panhard; 13 VAB; 6 BTR-80 ARTY 36+

TOWED 4+: 105mm 4 M-1950; 122mm (reported)MRL 122mm 6 BM-21MOR 26+: 81mm; 82mm 10 M-37; 120mm 16 AM-50

AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-14 9M133 Kornet (reported); AT-5 9K113 Spandrel (reported)

RCL 106mm ε12 M40A1 RL 89mm LRAC

AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ (reported)

GUNS 21+ SP 20mm 6 M3 VDAA TOWED 15+: 20mm 10; 23mm ZU-23-2; 40mm 5 L/60

VLB MTUAIRCRAFT • TPT 1 An-12†

navy n.k.eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3

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Russia 11 obs Senegal 527; 13 obs; 1 inf bn Serbia 3 obs Tanzania 2; 1 obs Togo 524; 7 obs; 1 inf bn Tunisia 3; 5 obs Uganda 1; 5 obs Uruguay 2 obs Yemen, Republic of 1; 7 obs Zambia 2 obs Zimbabwe 3 obs

democratic republic of congo DRC

congolese Franc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 12.9bn 15.6bn


Growth % 7.25 6.53


Def bdgt fr 179bn 203bn 213bn

US$ 193m 214m

FMA (US) US$ 1.45m 1.45m

US$1=fr 923.43 949.47


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 23.3% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 11.4% 1.0%

Female 23.1% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 11.7% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe ε144,000–159,000 (central Staffs ε14,000, Army 110–120,000 republican Guard 6–8,000 navy 6,703 Air 2,548)


Army (forces du terre) ε110–120,000 (to be reduced)The DRC has eleven Military Regions. A draft Armed Forces law would group these regions into three Defence Zones.forceS by roleThe following represents the theoretical structure of the armed forces following the 2005 reform plan. It is not clear how many of these formations are combat effective in prac-tice.MANOEUVRE

Mechanised1 mech bdeLight2 cdo bn18 (integrated) inf bde

PB 1 Intrepide (FRA Patra) PBR 2 Rodman (fishery protection duties)

AMPHIBIOUS • 2 LCM

Air force n.k.eQuiPment by tyPe†HELICOPTERSATK 1 Mi-24 (reported)TPT • Medium 3 SA330L Puma (IAR-330L)†

Paramilitary n.k.

republican Guard unkAPC (W): 4 Mamba

Gendarmerie n.k.APC (W): some VAB PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4 PB

Militia n.k.

foreign forceSAll forces part of UNOCI unless otherwise stated.Bangladesh 2,183; 13 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 avn coy(-); 1 engr coy; 1 sigs coy; 1 fd hospital Benin 426; 8 obs; 1 inf bn Bolivia 3 obs Brazil 3; 4 obs Chad 1; 3 obs China, People’s Republic of 6 obs Ecuador 1 obs Egypt 176; 1 engr coyEl Salvador 3 obs Ethiopia 1 obs France 6 • Operation Licorne 700; 1 armd cav BG; 1 hel unit with 3 SA330 PumaGambia 3 obsGhana 535; 6 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 hel coy; 1 fd hospital Guatemala 5 obs Guinea 3 obs India 8 obs Ireland 2 obs Jordan 1,068; 8 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 SF coy Korea, Republic of 2 obsMalawi 853; 3 obs; 1 inf bnMoldova 34obs Morocco 726; 1 inf bn Namibia 2 obs Nepal 1; 3 obs Niger 934; 7 obs; 1 inf bn Nigeria 1; 6 obs Pakistan 1,187; 11 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy Paraguay 2; 7 obs Peru 3 obs Philippines 3; 4 obs Poland 3 obs Romania 6 obs

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foreign forceSAll part of MONUSCO unless otherwise specified.Algeria 5 obsAustria EUSEC RD Congo 1Bangladesh 2,523; 30 obs; 2 mech inf bn; 1 avn coy; 1 hel coy(-); 1 engr coyBelgium 22; 5 obs; 1 avn flt • EUSEC RD Congo 8Benin 446; 14 obs; 1 inf bnBolivia 10 obsBosnia and Herzegovina 5 obsBurkina Faso 9 obsCameroon 5 obsCanada (Operation Crocodile) 8 obs China, People’s Republic of 218; 16 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 fd hospitalCzech Republic 3 obsDenmark 2 obsEgypt 1,000; 24 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 SF coyFrance 5 obs • EUSEC RD Congo 14Germany EUSEC RD Congo 3Ghana 415; 24 obs; 1 mech inf bnGuatemala 150; 8 obs; 1 SF coyHungary EUSEC RD Congo 2India 3,707; 60 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn; 3 hel coy; 1 fd hospitalIndonesia 175; 16 obs; 1 engr coyIreland 3 obsJordan 220; 25 obs; 1 SF coy; 1 fd hospitalKenya 24 obsLuxembourg EUSEC RD Congo 1Malawi 17 obsMalaysia 15 obsMali 19 obsMongolia 2 obs Morocco 848; 5 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 fd hospitalMozambique 1 obsNepal 1,026; 25 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coyNetherlands EUSEC RD Congo 3Niger 15 obsNigeria 26 obsNorway 1 obsPakistan 3,562; 57 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 1 inf bnParaguay 17 obsPeru 7 obsPoland 3 obsPortugal EUSEC RD Congo 3Romania 22 obsRussia 30 obsSenegal 20 obsSerbia 6; 2 obs

eQuiPment by tyPe†MBT 149: 12–17 Type-59 †; 32 T-55; 100 T-72LT TK 40: 10 PT-76; 30 Type-62† (reportedly being refurbished) RECCE up to 52: up to 17 AML-60; 14 AML-90; 19 EE-9 Cascavel; 2 RAM-V-2AIFV 20 BMP-1APC 138:

APC (T) 3 BTR-50APC (W) 135: 30-70 BTR-60PB; 58 M-3 Panhard†; 7 TH 390 Fahd

ARTY 550+ SP 16: 122mm 6 2S1 Carnation 152mm 10 2S3TOWED 149: 75mm 30 M-116 pack; 122mm 77 (M-30) M-1938/D-30/Type-60; 130mm 42 Type-59 (M-46)/Type-59 IMRL 57: 107mm 12 Type-63; 122mm 24 BM-21; 128mm 6 M-51; 130mm 3 Type-82; 132mm 12MOR 328+: 81mm 100; 82mm 200; 107mm M-30; 120mm 28: 18; 10 Brandt

AT • RCL 36+: 57mm M18; 73mm 10; 75mm 10 M20; 106mm 16 M40A1

GUNS 85mm 10 Type-56 (D-44)AD • SAM • MANPAD 20 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

GUNS • TOWED 114: 14.5mm 12 ZPU-4; 37mm 52 M-1939; 40mm ε50 L/60† (probably out of service)

republican guard circa 6–8,000forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 armd regtLight3 gd bde

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty regt

navy 6,703 (incl infantry and marines)eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3

PB 23: 1 Shanghai II; 2 Swiftships†; 20 various (all under 50ft)

Air force 2,548AIRCRAFT 5 combat capable

FTR 2: 1 MiG-23MS Flogger; 1 MiG-23UB Flogger CATK 3 Su-25 FrogfootTPT 6 Medium 1 C-130H Hercules Light 3 An-26 Curl PAX 2 B-727

HELICOPTERSATK 9: 4 Mi-24 Hind; 5 Mi-24V Hind TPT 4 Heavy 1 Mi-26 Halo (non op) Medium 3: 1 AS332L Super Puma; 2 Mi-8 Hip

Paramilitary

national Police Force incl Rapid Intervention Police (National and Provincial forces)

People’s Defence Force

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South Africa (Operation Mistral) 1,202; 12 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 avn coy; 1 engr coy • Operation Teutonic 16Spain 2 obs • EUSEC RD Congo 1 Sri Lanka 4 obsSweden 6 obsSwitzerland 3 obsTanzania 2 obsTunisia 31 obsUkraine 13 obsUnited Kingdom 5 obs • EUSEC RD Congo 4United States 2 obsUruguay 1,248; 45 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 mne coy; 1 hel flt; 1 engr coyYemen, Republic of 6 obsZambia 21 obs

djibouti DJB Djiboutian Franc fr 2010 2011 2012

GDP fr 201bn 225bn

US$ 1.12bn 1.26bn


Growth % 3.49 4.82

inflation % 4.0 7.1

Def bdgt fr 1.72bn

US$ 10m


US$1=fr 178.83 178.61

Population 757,074

ethnic groups: Somali 60%; Afar 35%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 17.5% 5.4% 4.9% 3.9% 13.0% 1.5%

Female 17.5% 5.8% 5.8% 5.2% 17.7% 1.8%

ActiVe 10,450 (Army 8,000 navy 200 Air 250 Gendarmerie 2,000) national Security Force 2,500


Army ε8,000forceS by role4 military districts (Tadjourah, Dikhil, Ali-Sabieh and Obock)MANOEUVRE

Mechanised1 armd regt (1 recce sqn, 3 armd sqn, 1 (anti-smuggling)

sy coy)Light4 (joint) inf regt (3-4 inf coy, 1 spt coy)1 rapid reaction (incl CT and cdo/AB role) regt (4 inf

coy, 1 spt coy)Other1 Republican Guard regt (1 sy sqn, 1 (close protection)

sy sqn, 1 cbt spt sqn (1 recce pl, 1 armd pl, 1 arty pl), 1 spt sqn)

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty regt1 demining coy1 sigs regt1 CIS sect

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 log regt1 maint coy

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 39: 4 AML-60†; 15 VBL; 16-20 RatelAPC (W) 20: 8 BTR -80; 12 BTR-60† ARTY 96

TOWED 122mm 6 D-30 MOR 45: 81mm 25; 120mm 20 Brandt

AT RCL 106mm 16 M40A1 RL 89mm LRAC

AD • GUNS 15+SP 20mm 5 M693TOWED 10: 23mm 5 ZU-23; 40mm 5 L/70

navy ε200eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 13

PBF 2 Battalion-17PB 11

Air force 250eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT

TPT • Light 3: 1 Cessna U206G Stationair; 1 Cessna 208 Caravan; 1 L-410UVP Turbolet

HELICOPTERSATK (1 Mi-35 Hind in store)MRH 1 Mi-17 Hip HTPT 2 Medium (1 Mi-8 Hip in store) Light 2 AS355F Ecureuil II

gendarmerie 2,000 +Ministry of DefenceforceS by role MANOEUVRE

Other1 paramilitary bn

eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 1 PB

Paramilitary ε2,500

national Security Force ε2,500Ministry of Interior

dePloyment

WeStern SAhArAUN • MINURSO 1 obs

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foreign forceSFrance

Army 1,048: 1 (Marine) combined arms regt (2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy, 1 arty bty, 1 engr coy) Navy 1 LCT Air Force 1 air sqn with 10 Mirage 2000C/D; 1 C-160 Transall; 2 SA330 Puma; 1 AS555 Fennec

United States US Africa Command: 334; 1 naval air base

equatorial guinea EQG cFA Franc BeAc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 14.2bn 18.9bn

per capita US$ 21,857 28,287

Growth % -0.76 7.09

inflation % 7.5 7.3

Def exp fr ε3.8bn

US$ ε8m

US$1=fr 504.97 476.96

Population 668,225

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.1% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 13.2% 1.8%

Female 20.4% 5.1% 4.4% 3.7% 14.4% 2.3%

capabilitiesActiVe 1,320 (Army 1,100 navy 120 Air 100)



Light3 inf bn (-)

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 6 BRDM-2 AIFV 20 BMP-1APC (W) 10 BTR-152

navy ε120eQuiPment by tyPe†PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8

PCC 2 OPV 62PB 6: 1 Daphne; 1 Estuario de Muni; 2 Shaldag II; 2 Zhuk

Air force 100eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT 4 combat capable

ATK 4: 2 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot BTPT 4 Light 3: 1 An-32B Cline; 2 An-72 Coaler PAX 1 Falcon 900 (VIP)TRG 2 L-39C Albatros

HELICOPTERS ATK 6 Mi-24P/V HindTPT • Light 2 Enstrom 480

Paramilitary

Guardia civilforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Other2 paramilitary coy

coast GuardPATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1†

eritrea ERI eritrean nakfa ern 2010 2011 2012

GDP ΕRN 32.5bn 39.9bn

US$ 2.17bn 2.66bn


Growth % 2.19 8.18


Def exp ΕRN ε1.2bn

US$ ε80m

USD1=ern 15.00 15.00


ethnic groups: Tigrinya 50%; Tigre and Kunama 40%; Afar; Saho 3%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.2% 5.3% 4.5% 3.9% 12.9% 1.6%

Female 21.0% 5.3% 4.5% 4.0% 13.8% 2.0%

capabilitiesActiVe 201,750 (Army 200,000 navy 1,400 Air 350)Terms of service 16 months (4 month mil trg)

reSerVe 120,000 (Army ε120,000)


Army ε200,000Heavily cadreisedforceS by roleCOMMAND

4 corps HQMANOEUVRE

Mechanised1 mech bdeLight19 inf div1 cdo div

reserve ε120,000forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light1 inf div

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eQuiPment by tyPe MBT 270 T-54/T-55 RECCE 40 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 AIFV 15 BMP-1 APC • APC (W) 25 BTR-152 APC (W)/BTR-60 APC (W)ARTY 208+

SP 45: 122mm 32 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 13 2S5 TOWED 19+: 122mm D-30; 130mm 19 M-46 MRL 44: 122mm 35 BM-21; 220mm 9 BM-27/9P140 Uragan MOR 120mm/160mm 100+

AT MSL • MANPATS 200 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-5 9K113 Spandrel GUNS 85mm D-44

AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ GUNS 70+

SP 23mm ZSU-23-4 TOWED 23mm ZU-23

ARV T-54/T-55 reportedVLB MTU reported

navy 1,400HQ located at MassawaeQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12

PBF 9: 5 Battalion-17; 4 Super Dvora PB 3 Swiftships

AMPHIBIOUSLS • LST 2: 1 Chamo† (Ministry of Transport); 1 Ashdod†

Air force ε350forceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with MiG-29/MiG-29SMT/MiG-29UB Fulcrum 1 sqn with Su-27/Su-27UBK Flanker

TRANSPORT1 sqn with Y-12(II)

TRAINING1 sqn with L-90 Redigo1 sqn with MB-339CE*

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H


FTR 6: 4 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum; FGA 10: 2 MiG-29SMT Fulcrum; 5 Su-27 Flanker; 3 Su-27UBK FlankerTPT • Light 5: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 4 Y-12(II) TRG 12: 8 L-90 Redigo; 4 MB-339CE*

HELICOPTERSMRH 8: 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey (AB-412); 4 Mi-17 Hip HMSL

AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)

ethiopia ETH ethiopian Birr eB 2010 2011 2012

GDP ΕB 383bn 488bn

US$ 26.2bn 28.5bn


Growth % 8.01 7.54


Def bdgt ΕB 4.5bn 4.4bn 6.5bn

US$ 308m 257m

FMA (US) US$ 0.843m 2.0m

US$1=eB 14.62 17.09


ethnic groups: Oromo 40%; Amhara and Tigrean 32%; Sidamo 9%; Shankella 6%; Somali 6%; Afar 4%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 23.1% 5.1% 4.4% 3.7% 11.8% 1.1%

Female 23.2% 5.1% 4.7% 3.9% 12.3% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 138,000 (Army 135,000 Air 3,000)


Army 135,0004 Mil Regional Commands (Northern, Western, Central, and Eastern) each acting as corps HQ and one functional (Support) Command; strategic reserve of 4 divs and 6 specialist bdes centred on Addis Ababa.forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light4 corps (1 mech div, 4-6 inf div)

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 246+ T-54/T-55/T-62 RECCE/AIFV/APC (W) ε450 BRDM/BMP/BTR-60/BTR-152/Type 89ARTY 460+

SP 10+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 10 2S19 Farm TOWED 400+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 122mm ε400 D-30/(M-30) M-1938; 130mm M-46 MRL 122mm ε50 BM-21 MOR 81mm M-1/M-29; 82mm M-1937; 120mm M-1944

AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111 Spigot

RCL 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11GUNS 85mm εD-44

AD • SAM ε370 TOWED S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa) MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

GUNS SP 23mm ZSU-23-4 TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60

ARV T-54/T-55 reported

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Air force 3,000forceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with MiG-21MF Fishbed J†; MiG-21UM Mongol B† 1 sqn with Su-27/Su-27UB Flanker

TRANSPORT1 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl; An-32 Cline; C-130B Hercules; DHC-6 Twin Otter; L-100-30; Yak-40 Codling (VIP)

TRAINING1 sqn with L-39 Albatros 1 sqn with SF-260

ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER2 sqn with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; SA316 Alouette III


FGA 26: 15 MiG-21MF Fishbed J/MiG-21UM Mongol B†; 8 Su-27 Flanker; 3 Su-27UB FlankerTPT 10 Medium 6: 3 An-12 Cub; 2 C-130B Hercules; 1 L-100-30 Light 4: 1 An-26 Curl; 1 An-32 Cline; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 1 Yak-40 Codling (VIP)TRG 16: 12 L-39 Albatros; 4 SF-260

HELICOPTERSATK 18: 15 Mi-24 Hind; 3 Mi-35 HindMRH 1 AW139; 6 SA316 Alouette IIIMRH/TPT 12 Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip HMSL

AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-23/R-24 (AA-7 Apex) R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)

dePloymentcote d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 1 obs


SudAnUN • UNAMID 2,386; 14 obs; 1 recce coy; 2 inf bn; 1 hel coy; 1 log coy; 1 tpt coy UN • UNISFA 1,645; 135 obs; 2 inf bn

foreign forceSUnited States some MQ-9 Reaper

gabon GAB cFA Franc BeAc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 12.9bn 16.2bn


Growth % 5.74 5.58

inflation % 1.4 2.3

Def bdgta fr 124bn 125bn

US$ 246m 263m


US$1=fr 504.09 476.56a Includes funds allocated to Republican Guard


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.2% 5.4% 4.8% 3.9% 12.8% 1.6%

Female 21.0% 5.4% 4.8% 3.9% 13.0% 2.2%

capabilitiesActiVe 4,700 (Army 3,200 navy 500 Air 1,000) Paramilitary 2,000


Army 3,200Presidential Guard under direct presidential controlforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light1 (Presidential Guard) gd gp (bn)

(1 armd/recce coy, 3 inf coy, 1 arty bty, 1 ADA bty)8 inf coyAir Manoeuvre1 cdo/AB coy

COMBAT SUPPORT1 engr coy

eQuiPment by tyPe RECCE 70: 24 AML-60/AML-90; 12 EE-3 Jararaca; 14 EE-9 Cascavel; 6 ERC-90F4 Sagaie; 14 VBL AIFV 12 EE-11 Urutu (with 20mm gun)APC (W) 28+: 9 LAV-150 Commando; 6 Type-92 (reported); 12 VXB-170; M-3 Panhard; 1 Pandur (Testing)ARTY 51

TOWED 105mm 4 M-101 MRL 140mm 8 Teruel MOR 39: 81mm 35; 120mm 4 Brandt

AT • MSL • MANPATS 4 Milan RCL 106mm M40A1 RL 89mm LRAC

AD • GUNS 41 SP 20mm 4 ERC-20 TOWED 37: 23mm 24 ZU-23-2; 37mm 10 M-1939; 40mm 3 L/70

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navy ε500HQ located at Port GentileQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7

PCC 2 General Ba’Oumar (FRA P-400)PBFG 1 Patra with 4 SS 12M AShMPB 4 Port Gentil (FRA VCSM)

AMPHIBIOUSLANDING SHIPS • LST 1 President Omar Bongo (FRA Batral) (capacity 1 LCVP; 7 MBT; 140 troops) with 1 hel landing platform LANDING CRAFT 12 LCVP


1 sqn with Mirage 5G/5DG; Mirage 5E2; Mirage F-1AZTRANSPORT

1 (Presidential Guard) sqn with AS332 Super Puma; ATR-42F; Falcon 900; Gulfstream IV-SP

1 sqn with C-130H Hercules; CN-235M-100TRAINING

1 (Presidential Guard) sqn with T-34 Turbo MentorATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

1 sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey (AB-412); SA-330C/H Puma; SA342M Gazelle


FGA 14: 4 Mirage 5E2; 2 Mirage 5G (Mirage 5); 2 Mirage 5DG (Mirage 5D); 6 Mirage F-1AZ MP (1 EMB-111* in store)TPT 5 Medium 1 C-130H Hercules ( 1 L-100-30 in store)Light 2: 1 ATR-42F; 1 CN-235M-100 PAX 2: 1 Falcon 900; 1 Gulfstream IV-SP TRG 3 T-34 Turbo Mentor (4 CM-170 Magister in store)

HELICOPTERSMRH 2: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey (AB-412); 1 SA-342M Gazelle (2 SA342L Gazelle in store)TPT 5 Medium 4: 1 AS332 Super Puma; 3 SA-330C/H Puma Light 1 EC135

Paramilitary 2,000


Armoured2 armd sqnOther3 paramilitary bde11 paramilitary coyAviation1 unit with AS350 Ecureuil; AS355 Ecureuil II

eQuiPment by tyPeHELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 4: 2 AS350 Ecureuil; 2 AS355 Ecureuil II


foreign forceSFrance • Army 762; 1 recce pl with ERC-90F1 Lynx; 1 (Marine) inf bn; 4 SA330 Puma

gambia GAM Gambian Dalasi D 2010 2011 2012

GDP D 29.3bn 32.6bn

US$ 1.03bn 1.12bn


Growth % 6.12 5.5

inflation % 5.0 5.9

Def bdgt D ε189m

US$ ε7m

US$1=D 28.49 29.15


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.7% 5.5% 4.6% 3.7% 13.0% 1.4%

Female 21.5% 5.4% 4.6% 3.8% 13.4% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 800 (Army 800)


gambian national Army 800forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light2 inf bnOther1 (Presidential Guard) gd coy

COMBAT SUPPORT1 engr sqn

Marine Unit ε70eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 7: 1 Bolong Kanta; 2 Fatimah I; 4 Taipei (ROC Hai Ou)

Air WingeQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT

TPT 6 Light 2 AT-802A Air Tractor PAX 4: 1 B-727; 1 CL-601; 2 Il-62M Classic (VIP)

dePloyment

côte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 3 obs

liberiAUN • UNMIL 2 obs

SudAnUN • UNAMID 196; 1 inf coy

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ghana GHA Ghanaian new cedi c 2010 2011 2012

GDP C 46.2bn 57.9bn

US$ 31.9bn 37.5bn


Growth % 7.72 13.53


Def bdgt C 179m 198m

US$ 124m 128m

FMA (US) US$ 0.35m 0.45m

US$1=c 1.45 1.54


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 18.4% 5.4% 5.1% 4.4% 15.1% 1.6%

Female 18.0% 5.3% 5.1% 4.3% 15.3% 1.9%

capabilitiesActiVe 15,500 (Army 11,500 navy 2,000 Air 2,000)


Army 11,500forceS by roleCOMMAND

2 comd HQSPECIAL FORCES

2 AB/SF coyMANOEUVRE

Reconnaissance1 recce regt (3 recce sqn)Light6 inf bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty regt (1 arty bty, 2 mor bty)1 fd engr regt (bn)1 sigs regt1 sigs sqn

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 log gp1 tpt coy2 maint coy1 trg bn

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 3 EE-9 Cascavel AIFV 39: 24 Ratel FSC-90; 15 Ratel-20APC (W) 50 Piranha ARTY 84

TOWED 122mm 6 D-30 MOR 78: 81mm 50; 120mm 28 Tampella

AT • RCL 84mm 50 Carl Gustav AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

GUNS • TOWED 8+: 14.5mm 4+: 4 ZPU-2; ZPU-4; 23mm 4 ZU-23-2

ARV Piranha reported

navy 2,000Naval HQ located at Accra; Western HQ located at Sekondi; Eastern HQ located at TemaeQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7

PCO 2 Anzole (US)PCC 4: 2 Achimota (GER Lurssen 57m); 2 Dzata (GER Lurssen 45m)PB 1(US)

Air force 2,000forceS by roleGROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*; L-39ZO*: MB-326K; MB-339A*

TRANSPORT1 sqn with BN-2 Defender; Cessna 172; F-27 Friendship; F-28 Fellowship (VIP)

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with AW109A; Bell 412SP Twin Huey; Mi-17V-5 Hip H; SA319 Alouette III

eQuiPment by tyPe†AIRCRAFT 13 combat capable

FGA 3 MB-326KTPT 10 Light 9: 1 BN-2 Defender; 1 C-295; 3 Cessna 172; 4 F-27 Friendship PAX 1 F-28 Fellowship (VIP) TRG 8: 6 K-8 Karakorum*; 2 L-39ZO*; 2 MB-339A*

HELICOPTERSMRH 3: 1 Bell 412SP Twin Huey; 2 SA319 Alouette IIITPT 5 Medium 3 Mi-17V-5 Hip H Light 2 AW109A

dePloymentcôte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 535; 6 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 hel coy; 1 fd hospital

democrAtic rePublic of the congoUN • MONUSCO 415; 24 obs; 1 mech inf bn

lebAnonUN • UNIFIL 876; 1 inf bn

liberiAUN • UNMIL 706; 9 obs; 1 inf bn


WeStern SAhArAUN • MINURSO 7; 8 obs

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guinea GUI Guinean Franc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 4.67bn 4.7bn


Growth % 1.94 3.96


Def bdgt fr ε275bn

US$ ε48m

US$1=fr 5711.11 7057.34


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.5% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 13.5% 1.5%

Female 21.0% 5.2% 4.4% 3.7% 13.7% 2.0%

capabilitiesActiVe 12,300 (Army 8,500 navy 400 Air 800 Gendarmerie 1,000 republican Guard 1,600) Other paramilitary 7,000Terms of service conscription, 2 years


Army 8,500forceS by roleSPECIAL FORCES

1 SF bnMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 armd bnLight5 inf bn1 ranger bn1 cdo bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn1 AD bn1 engr bn

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 38: 8 T-54; 30 T-34 LT TK 15 PT-76 RECCE 27: 2 AML-90; 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 APC (W) 40: 16 BTR-40; 10 BTR-50; 8 BTR-60; 6 BTR-152ARTY 47+

TOWED 24: 122mm 12 M-1931/37; 130 mm 12 M-46MRL 220mm 3 BM-27/9P140 UraganMOR 20+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 20 M-1943/M-38

AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); 9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel)

RCL 82mm B-10 GUNS 6+: 57mm ZIS-2 M-1943; 85mm 6 D-44

AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) ‡ GUNS • TOWED 24+: 30mm M-53 (twin); 37mm 8 M-1939; 57mm 12 Type-59 (S-60); 100mm 4 KS-19


navy ε400eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 • PB 4 Swiftships†; 2 Zhuks†

Air force 800eQuiPment by tyPe†AIRCRAFT

FGA (3 MiG-21 Fishbed non-op)TPT • Light 2 An-2 Colt

HELICOPTERSATK 4 Mi-24 HindMRH 5: 2 MD-500MD; 2 Mi-17-1V Hip H; 1 SA342K GazelleTPT 2 Medium 1 SA330 Puma† Light 1 AS350B Ecureuil

MSL AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡


Gendarmerie 1,000


People’s Militia 7,000

dePloyment



SudAnUN • UNISFA 2 obs


guinea bissau GNB cFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012

GDP fr 414bn 458bn

US$ 820m 960m


Growth % 3.47 4.79

inflation % 1.1 4.6


US$ 25m 20m

US$1=fr 504.09 476.56


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 20.2% 5.3% 4.7% 4.0% 13.3% 1.3%

Female 20.2% 5.4% 4.8% 4.1% 14.8% 1.9%

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capabilitiesActiVe ε4,458 (Army ε4,000 (numbers reducing) navy 350 Air 100) Gendarmerie 2,000Terms of service conscription (selective). Manpower and eqpt totals should be treated with caution. Recent governments have envisaged reducing the armed forces. A number of draft laws to restructure the armed services and police have been produced.


Army ε4,000 (numbers reducing)forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Reconnaissance1 recce coyArmoured1 armd bn (sqn)Light5 inf bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn1 engr coy

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 10 T-34 LT TK 15 PT-76 RECCE 10 BRDM-2 APC (W) 55: 35 BTR-40/BTR-60; 20 Type-56 (BTR-152) ARTY 26+

TOWED 122mm 18 D-30/M-1938 MOR 8+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 8 M-1943

ATRCL 75mm Type-52 (M20); 82mm B-10 RL 89mm M20 GUNS 85mm 8 D-44

AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ GUNS • TOWED 34: 23mm 18 ZU-23; 37mm 6 M-1939; 57mm 10 S-60

navy ε350eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2 Alfeite†

Air force 100eQuiPment by tyPeHELICOPTERS • MRH 1 SA-319 Alouette III†


Gendarmerie 2,000

foreign forceSAngola MISSANG 200 (providing trg and assistance with SSR)

Kenya KEN Kenyan Shilling sh 2010 2011 2012

GDP sh 2.55tr 2.98tr

US$ 31.0bn 33.1bn


Growth % 5.55 5.28


Def bdgt sh 56.7bn 55.9bn 58.4bn

US$ 689m 622m


US$1=sh 82.25 89.86


ethnic groups: Kikuyu ε22–32%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.3% 5.0% 4.9% 4.5% 13.2% 1.2%

Female 20.9% 5.0% 4.8% 4.5% 13.2% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 24,120 (Army 20,000 navy 1,620 Air 2,500) Paramilitary 5,000(incl HQ staff)



Armoured1 armd bde with (3 armd bn)Light1 inf bde with (3 inf bn)1 inf bde with (2 inf bn)1 indep inf bnAir Manoeuvre1 air cav bn1 AB bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bde (2 arty bn)1 ADA bn1 engr bde (2 engr bn)

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 78 Vickers Mk 3 RECCE 92: 72 AML-60/AML-90; 12 Ferret; 8 S52 Shorland APC (W) 94: 10 M-3 Panhard in store; 52 UR-416; 32 Type-92 (reported) ARTY 110

TOWED 105mm 48: 8 Model 56 pack howitzer; 40 Light GunMOR 62: 81mm 50; 120mm 12 Brandt

AT • MSL • MANPATS 54: 40 Milan; 14 Swingfire RCL 84mm 80 Carl Gustav

AD • GUNS • TOWED 94: 20mm 81: 11 Oerlikon; ε70 TCM-20; 40mm 13 L/70

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ARV 7 Vickers ARVMW Bozena

navy 1,620 (incl 120 marines)eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6

PCFG 2 Nyayo with 2 twin lnchr with Otomat AShM, 1 76mm gun PCC 3: 1 Arambe (FRA P400); 2 Shujaa with 1 76mm gun PBF 1 Archangel

AMPHIBIOUS LCM 2 Galana


2 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger IITRANSPORT

Some sqn with DHC-5D Buffalo†; DHC-8 Dash 8†; F-70† (VIP); Y-12(II)†

TRAININGSome sqn with Bulldog 103/Bulldog 127†; EMB-312 Tu-cano†*; Hawk Mk52†*; Hughes 500D†

ATTACK HELICOPTER2 sqn with Hughes 500M†; Hughes 500MD Scout Defender†(with TOW); Hughes 500ME†; Z-9W

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with SA330 Puma†


FTR 22: 18 F-5E Tiger II; 4 F-5F Tiger IITPT 18 Light 17: 4 DHC-5D Buffalo†; 3 DHC-8 Dash 8†; 10 Y-12(II)†; (6 Do-28D-2† in store); PAX 1 F-70† (VIP)TRG 24: 8 Bulldog 103/127†; 11 EMB-312 Tucano†*; 5 Hawk Mk52†*

HELICOPTERSMRH 38+: 2 Hughes 500D†; 12 Hughes 500M†; 11 Hughes 500MD Scout Defender† (with TOW); 10 Hughes 500ME†; 3 Z-9WTPT • Medium 13: 2 Mi-171; 11 SA330 Puma†

MSL AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder ASM AGM-65 Maverick; TOW

Paramilitary 5,000

Police General Service Unit 5,000PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 5 (2 on Lake Victoria)

Air WingAIRCRAFT • TPT 7 CessnaHELICOPTERS

TPT • Light 1 Bell 206L Long Ranger TRG 2 Bell 47G

dePloyment


SomAliA1,600: 2 inf bn

South SudAnUN • UNMISS 691; 5 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 de-mining coy

SudAnUN • UNAMID 79; 5 obs; 1 MP coy

ugAndAEU • EUTM 12

foreign forceSUnited Kingdom Army 52

lesotho LSO lesotho loti M 2010 2011 2012

GDP M 17.0bn 19.6bn

US$ 2.28bn 2.74bn


Growth % 3.64 5.15

inflation % 3.4 6.5

Def exp M 654m

US$ 88m

Def bdgt M 418m 348m 374m

US$ 56m 48m

US$1=M 7.44 7.17


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 16.8% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 14.9% 2.6%

Female 16.7% 5.3% 5.7% 5.7% 14.6% 2.7%

capabilitiesActiVe 2,000 (Army 2,000)



Reconnaissance1 recce coyLight7 inf coyAviation1 sqn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bty (-)1 spt coy (with mor)

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 22: 4 AML-90; 10 RBY-1 RAMTA; 8 S52 Shorland ARTY 12

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TOWED 105mm 2 MOR 81mm 10

AT • RCL 106mm 6 M40

Air Wing 110AIRCRAFT

TPT • Light 3: 2 C-212-300 Aviocar; 1 GA-8 AirvanHELICOPTERS

MRH 3: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 Bell 412EP Twin HueyTPT • Light 2: 1 Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 1 Bo-105LSA-3

dePloyment


liberia LBR liberian Dollar l$ 2010 2011 2012

GDP L$ 71.3bn 84.0bn

US$ 989m 1.15bn


Growth % 5.60 6.94

inflation % 7.3 8.8

Def bdgt L$ 597m

US$ 8m


US$1=l$ 72.06 72.75


ethnic groups: Americo-Liberians 5%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 22.3% 4.2% 4.4% 4.2% 13.3% 1.5%

Female 22.0% 4.5% 4.5% 4.2% 13.4% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 2,050 (Army 2,000, coast Guard 50)



Light1 (23rd) inf bde with (2 inf bn, 1 engr coy, 1 MP coy)

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 trg unit (forming)

coast guard 508 craft (Zodiac) under 10t FLD

foreign forceSAll under UNMIL comd unless otherwise specified

Bangladesh 1,437; 13 obs; 1 inf bn; 2 engr coy; 1 MP coy; 1 sigs coy; 1 log coy; 1 fd hospitalBenin 1; 2 obsBolivia 1; 2 obs Brazil 2; 2 obs Bulgaria 2 obsChina, People’s Republic of 564; 2 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd hospital Croatia 2Denmark 2; 3 obs Ecuador 1; 2 obs Egypt 7 obs El Salvador 2 obs Ethiopia 4; 9 obs Finland 2 France 1Gambia 2 obsGhana 706; 9 obs; 1 inf bnIndonesia 1 obs Jordan 120; 4 obs; 1 fd hospital Korea, Republic of 1; 1 obsKyrgyzstan 2 obsMalaysia 6 obsMali 1 obsMoldova 2 obsMontenegro 2 obsNamibia 3; 1 obs Nepal 18; 2 obs; 1 MP sectNiger 2 obs Nigeria 1,548; 14 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 sigs coy Pakistan 2,958; 7 obs; 3 inf bn; 3 engr coy; 1 fd hospitalParaguay 1; 2 obs Peru 2; 2 obs Philippines 115; 2 obs; 1 inf coy Poland 1 obsRomania 2 obs Russia 4 obs Senegal 2; 1 obsSerbia 4 obs Togo 1; 2 obsUkraine 277; 2 obs; 1 hel coyUnited States 5; 4 obsYemen, Republic of 1Zambia 3 obsZimbabwe 2 obs

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madagascar MDG Malagsy Ariary fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 8.64bn 10.1bn


Growth % 0.61 0.99



US$ 56m 71m

US$1=fr 2138.56 2040.42


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.7% 5.4% 4.6% 3.8% 12.9% 1.3%

Female 21.4% 5.4% 4.6% 3.8% 13.3% 1.7%

capabilitiesActiVe 13,500 (Army 12,500 navy 500 Air 500) Paramilitary 8,100Terms of service conscription (incl for civil purposes) 18 months


Army 12,500+forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 armd bnLight3 inf bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn1 engr regt1 sigs bn

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 log bn

eQuiPment by tyPeLT TK 12 PT-76 RECCE 73: ε35 BRDM-2; 10 Ferret; ε20 M3A1; 8 M8 APC (T) ε30 M3A1 half-trackARTY 25+

TOWED 17: 105mm 5 M101; 122mm 12 D-30 MOR 8+: 82mmM-37; 120mm 8 M-43

AT • RCL 106mm M40A1 RL 89mm LRAC

AD • GUNS • TOWED 70: 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4; 37mm 20 Type-55 (M-1939)

navy 500 (incl some 100 Marines)eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7

PCC 1 ChamoisPB 6 (USCG)

AMPHIBIOUS • LCT 1 (FRA Edic)

Air force 500forceS by roleTRANSPORT

1 sqn with An-26 Curl; Yak-40 Codling (VIP)1 (liaison) sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna 337 Skymaster; PA-23 Aztec

TRAINING1 sqn with Cessna 172; J.300 Joker; Tetras

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with SA318C Alouette II

eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT • TPT 16 Light 14: 1 An-26 Curl; 4 Cessna 172; 1 Cessna 310; 2 Cessna 337 Skymaster; 2 J.300 Joker; 1 PA-23 Aztec; 1 Tetras; 2 Yak-40 Codling (VIP) PAX 2 B-737HELICOPTERS

MRH 4 SA318C Alouette II

Paramilitary 8,100

Gendarmerie 8,100PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • 5 PB

malawi MWI Malawian Kwacha K 2010 2011 2012

GDP K 812bn 896bn

US$ 5.3bn 5.69bn


Growth % 6.51 4.59

inflation % 7.4 8.6

Def exp K ε6.7bn

US$ ε43m

US$1=K 153.28 157.37


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 22.6% 5.5% 4.7% 4.0% 11.8% 1.1%

Female 22.5% 5.5% 4.8% 4.0% 11.8% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 5,300 (Army 5,300) Paramilitary 1,500



Light3 inf bnAir Manoeuvre1 para bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 (general) bn (1+ mne coy, 1 armd recce sqn, 2 lt arty bty, 1 engr unit)

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT8 log coy

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eQuiPment by tyPeLess than 20% serviceabilityRECCE 41: 13 Eland; 20 FV721 Fox; 8 Ferret ARTY 17

TOWED 105mm 9 lt MOR 81mm 8 L16

AD • SAM • MANPAD 15 Blowpipe GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm 40 ZPU-4

navy 220eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1 Kasungu†

Air Wing 200eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT • TPT 2 Light 1 Do-228; PAX 1 Falcon 900EXHELICOPTERS • TPT 3 Medium 2: 1 AS532UL Cougar; 1 SA330H Puma Light 1 AS350L Ecureuil

Paramilitary 1,500

Mobile Police Force 1,500RECCE 8 S52 Shorland AIRCRAFT

TPT • Light 4: 3 BN-2T Defender (border patrol); 1 SC.7 3M Skyvan

HELICOPTERS • MRH 2 AS365 Dauphin 2

dePloymentcôte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 853; 3 obs; 1 inf bn


middle eASt

UN • UNTSO 1 obs


mali MLI cFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 9.21bn 10.7bn


Growth % 5.85 5.28

inflation % 1.3 2.8

Def bdgt fr ε103bn

US$ ε204m


US$1=fr 504.09 476.56


ethnic groups: Tuareg 6-10%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 23.8% 5.2% 4.2% 3.5% 11.4% 1.4%

Female 23.5% 5.3% 4.4% 3.7% 12.0% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 7,350 (Army 7,350) Paramilitary 4,800 Militia 3,000


Army ε7,350forceS by roleSPECIAL FORCES

1 SF bnMANOEUVRE

Armoured2 tk bnLight4 inf bnAir Manoeuvre1 AB bn

COMBAT SUPPORT2 arty bn3 AD bty1 engr bn

eQuiPment by tyPe†MBT 33: 12 T-54/T-55; 21 T-34 LT TK 18 Type-62 RECCE 64 BRDM-2APC (W) 84: 44 BTR-60; 30 BTR-40; 10 BTR-152ARTY 46+

TOWED 14+: 100mm 6 M-1944; 122mm 8 D-30; 130mm M-46 (reported)MRL 122mm 2 BM-21MOR 30+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 30 M-43

AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 SaggerGUNS 85mm 6 D-44

AD • SAM 12+TOWED 12+ S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

GUNS • TOWED 12: 37mm 6 M-1939; 57mm 6 S-60ARV T-54/T-55 reported

navy 50eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 PBR†

Air Force 400forceS by roleFIGHTER

1 sqn with MiG-21MF Fishbed; MiG-21UM Mongol BTRANSPORT

1 sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; BN-2 Islander; BT-67

TRAINING1 sqn with L-29 Delfin; SF-260Wl Warrior*; Tetras

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-24D Hind; Z-9

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FGA 2: 1 MiG-21MF Fishbed; 1 MiG-21UM Mongol BTPT • Light 10: 1 An-24 Coke; 2 An-26 Curl; 1 BT-67; 2 BN-2 Islander; 4 TetrasTRG 8: 6 L-29 Delfin; 2 SF-260WL Warrior*

HELICOPTERS ATK 4 Mi-24D HindMRH 1 Z-9TPT 1 Medium 1 Mi-8 Hip Light (1 AS350 Ecureuil in store)



OTHER8 paramilitary coy


national Police 1,000

Militia 3,000

dePloyment





mauritius MUS Mauritian rupee r 2010 2011 2012

GDP R 299bn 328bn

US$ 9.4bn 11.0bn


Growth % 4.16 4.20

inflation % 2.9 6.7

Def bdgta R 449m 295m 310m

US$ 14m 10m

US$1=r 31.86 29.71a Defence and Home Affairs Budget


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 11.1% 4.1% 3.9% 3.8% 23.2% 3.0%

Female 10.7% 4.0% 3.8% 3.7% 24.0% 4.5%

capabilitiesActiVe nil Paramilitary 2,000


Paramilitary 2,000

Special Mobile Force ε1,500forceS by role

MANOEUVRELight6 (rifle) inf coyOther2 (mobile) paramilitary coy

COMBAT SUPPORT1 engr coy

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 spt pleQuiPment by tyPeRECCE BRDM-2; Ferret AIFV 2 VAB (with 20mm gun)APC (W) 16: 7 Tactica; 9 VAB ARTY • MOR 81mm 2 AT • RL 89mm 4 LRAC

coast Guard ε500PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6

PSOH 1 Vigilant (capacity 1 hel) (CAN Guardian design)PB 5: 2 P-2000; 1 SDB-Mk3; 2 Zhuk (FSU)

AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 3: 1 BN-2T Defender; 2 Do-228-101

Police Air WingHELICOPTERS

MRH 4 SA316 Alouette IIITPT • Light 1 AS355 Ecureuil II

mozambique MOZ Mozambique new Metical M 2010 2011 2012

GDP M 313bn 373bn

US$ 9.44bn 12.6bn


Growth % 6.81 7.19


Def bdgt M ε2.02bn

US$ ε61m

US$1=M 33.19 29.48


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 22.0% 6.0% 4.7% 3.3% 12.3% 1.2%

Female 21.8% 5.9% 4.8% 3.3% 13.0% 1.7%

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capabilitiesActiVe 11,200 (Army 10,000 navy 200 Air 1,000) Terms of service conscription, 2 years


Army ε9,000–10,000forceS by roleSPECIAL FORCES

3 SF bnMANOEUVRE

Light7 inf bn

COMBAT SUPPORT2-3 arty bn2 engr bn

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 log bn

eQuiPment by tyPe†Equipment at estimated 10% or less serviceabilityMBT 60+ T-54RECCE 30 BRDM-1/BRDM-2AIFV 40 BMP-1APC (W) 271: 160 BTR-60; 100 BTR-152; 11 CasspirARTY 126

TOWED 62; 100mm 20 M-1944; 105mm 12 M-101; 122mm 12 D-30; 130mm 6 M-46; 152mm 12 D-1MRL 122mm 12 BM-21MOR 52: 82mm 40 M-43; 120mm 12 M-43

AT • MSL • MANPATS 290: 20 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 120 in store; 12 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 138 in store

RCL 75mm; 82mm B-10; 107mm 24 B-12 GUNS 85mm 18: 6 D-48; 12 Type-56 (D-44)

AD • SAM • MANPAD 250: 20 9K32 Strela-2(SA-7 Grail)‡; 230 in store

GUNS 330+ SP 57mm 20 ZSU-57-2TOWED 310+: 20mm M-55; 23mm 120 ZU-23-2; 37mm 100: 90 M-1939; 10 in store; 57mm 90: 60 S-60; 30 in store

navy ε200

Air force 1,000forceS by roleTRANSPORT

1 sqn with An-26 Curl; FTB-337G MiliroleATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

1 sqn with Mi-24 Hind†AIR DEFENCE

Some bty with S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)†‡eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT

FGA (some MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N non-op)ISR 2 FTB-337G Milirole TPT • Light 2 An-26 Curl; (4 PA-32 Cherokee non-op)

HELICOPTERSATK 2 Mi-24 Hind†

TPT • Medium (2 Mi-8 Hip non-op)AD • SAM (10+ S-125 Pechora SA-3 Goa non-op)‡

TOWED: S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)† ‡

dePloyment


namibia NAM namibian Dollar n$ 2010 2011 2012

GDP N$ 85.8bn 93.2bn

US$ 11.3bn 13.0bn


Growth % 4.78 3.57

inflation % 4.5 5.0

Def exp N$ 2.6bn

US$ 343m

Def bdgt N$ 3.02bn 3.01bn 3.13bn

US$ 398m 421m

US$1=n$ 7.57 7.16


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 17.3% 6.0% 5.6% 5.1% 14.6% 1.8%

Female 17.0% 5.9% 5.5% 4.8% 14.2% 2.3%

capabilitiesActiVe 9,200 (Army 9,000 navy 200) Paramilitary 6,000



Light6 inf bnOther1 (Presidential Guard) gd bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 cbt spt bde with (1 arty regt)1 AT regt1 AD regt

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 log bde

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT T-54/T-55†; T-34† RECCE 12 BRDM-2 APC (W) 60: 10 BTR-60; 20 Casspir; 30 Wolf Turbo 2 ARTY 69

TOWED 140mm 24 G2 MRL 122mm 5 BM-21 MOR 40: 81mm; 82mm

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AT • RCL 82mm B-10 GUNS 12+: 57mm; 76mm 12 ZIS-3

AD • SAM • MANPAD 74 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡GUNS 65

SP 23mm 15 ZumlacTOWED 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4


navy ε200Fishery protection, part of the Ministry of Fisheries eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8

PCO 4: 1 Imperial Marinheiro with 76mm gun; 2 Nathanael Maxwilili; 1 Tobias HainyenkoPCC 1 OryxPB 3: 1 Brendan Simbwaye; 2 Tracker II (additional vessels on order)

LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AGOR 4AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 F406 Caravan II HELICOPTERS • TPT • Medium 1 S-61L

Air forceforceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with MiG-23 Flogger (reported); F-7 (F-7NM); FT-7 (FT-7NG)

ISR1 sqn with O-2A Skymaster

TRANSPORTSome sqn with An-26 Curl; Falcon 900; Learjet 36; Y-12

TRAINING1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*

ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Chetak; Mi-25 Hind D; Mi-8 Hip


FTR 12: 2 MiG-23 Flogger (reported); 8 F-7 (F-7NM); 2 FT-7 (FT-7NG)ISR 5 O-2A SkymasterTPT 6: Light 5: 2 An-26 Curl; 1 Learjet 36; 2 Y-12 PAX 1 Falcon 900TRG 12 K-8 Karakorum*

HELICOPTERSATK 2 Mi-25 Hind D TPT 2 Medium 1 Mi-8 Hip Light 1 Chetak

Paramilitary 6,000

Police Force • Special Field Force 6,000 (incl Border Guard and Special Reserve Force)

dePloymentcôte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 2 obs



SudAnUN • UNAMID 3; 5 obsUN • UNISFA 1 obs

niger NER cFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 5.39bn 6.28bn


Growth % 7.96 5.49

inflation % 0.9 4.0

Def bdgt fr ε23.4bn

US$ ε46m

US$1=fr 504.09 476.55


ethnic groups: Tuareg 8-10%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 25.1% 5.3% 4.3% 3.6% 10.9% 1.0%

Female 24.6% 5.1% 4.1% 3.4% 11.6% 1.3%

capabilitiesActiVe 5,300 (Army 5,200 Air 100) Paramilitary 5,400Terms of service selective conscription (2 year)


Army 5,2003 Mil DistrictsforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Reconnaissance4 armd recce sqnLight7 inf coyAir Manoeuvre2 AB coy

COMBAT SUPPORT1 AD coy1 engr coy


eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 132: 35 AML-20/AML-60; 90 AML-90; 7 VBL APC (W) 22 M-3 Panhard ARTY • MOR 40: 81mm 19 Brandt; 82mm 17; 120mm 4 Brandt AT • RCL 14: 75mm 6 M-20; 106mm 8 M-40

RL 89mm 36 LRAC AD • GUNS 39

SP 10 M3 VDAA TOWED 20mm 29

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Air force 100eQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT

ISR 2 DA42 MPP Twin StarTPT 5 Medium 1 C-130H Hercules Light 3: 1 An-26 Curl; 1 Do-28; 1 Do-228-201 PAX 1 B-737-200 (VIP)

HELICOPTERSMRH 2 Mi-17 Hip H

Paramilitary 5,400

Gendarmerie 1,400


national Police 1,500

dePloyment




nigeria NGA nigerian naira n 2010 2011 2012

GDP N 30.4tr 38.2tr

US$ 199bn 244bn


Growth % 8.72 6.89


Def bdgt N 232bn 348bn

US$ 1.52bn 2.23bn

FMA (US) US$ 1.35m 1.35m

US$1=n 152.80 156.35


ethnic groups: North (Hausa and Fulani) South-west (Yoruba) South-east (Ibo); these tribes make up ε65% of population

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 20.9% 5.5% 4.8% 4.2% 14.1% 1.5%

Female 20.0% 5.2% 4.6% 4.0% 13.6% 1.6%

capabilitiesActiVe 80,000 (Army 62,000 navy 8,000 Air 10,000) Paramilitary 82,000Reserves planned, none org


Army 62,000

forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 armd div with (2 armd bde, 1 recce bn, 1 arty bde, 1 engr bde)Mechanised2 mech div each with (1 mech bde, 1 mot inf bde, 1 recce bn, 1 arty bde, 1 engr bn)Light1 composite div with (1 recce bde, 2 mot inf bde, 1 amph bde, 1 AB bn, 1 arty bde, 1 engr bde)Other1 (Presidential Guard) gd bde with (2 gd bn)

COMBAT SUPPORT1 AD regt

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 276: 176 Vickers Mk 3; 100 T-55†LT TK 157 Scorpion RECCE 452: 90 AML-60; 40 AML-90; 70 EE-9 Cascavel; 50 FV721 Fox; 20 Saladin Mk2; 72 VBL (reported); 110 CobraAPC 484+

APC (T) 317: 250 4K-7FA Steyr; 67 MT-LB APC (W) 167+: 10 FV603 Saracen; 110 Piranha; 47 BTR-3U; EE-11 Urutu (reported)

ARTY 506 SP 155mm 39 VCA 155 Palmaria TOWED 112: 105mm 50 M-56; 122mm 31 D-30/D-74; 130mm 7 M-46; 155mm 24 FH-77B in storeMRL 122mm 25 APR-21 MOR 330+: 81mm 200; 82mm 100; 120mm 30+

AT • MSL • MANPATS Swingfire RCL 84mm Carl Gustav; 106mm M-40A1

AD • SAM 164 SP 16 Roland MANPAD 148: 48 Blowpipe ε100 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

GUNS 90+ SP 30 ZSU-23-4 TOWED 60+: 20mm 60+; 23mm ZU-23; 40mm L/70

RADAR • LAND: some RASIT (veh, arty)ARV 17: 2 Greif; 15 Vickers ARVVLB MTU-20; VAB

navy 8,000 (incl Coast Guard)Western Comd HQ located at Apapa; Eastern Comd HQ located at Calabar;eQuiPment by tyPePRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 1

FRIGATES • FFGHM 1 Aradu (GER MEKO 360) with 8 single lnchr with Otomat AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr with Aspide SAM, 2 triple STWS 1B 324mm ASTT with A244 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx Mk89 hel)

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21CORVETTES • FSM 1 Enymiri (UK Vosper Mk 9) with 1 triple lnchr with Seacat SAM, 1 twin 375mm A/S mor, 1 76mm gun PSOH 1 Thunder (US Hamilton) with 1 76 mm gunPCFG 1 Ayam (FRA Combattante) each with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun (Additional 2 vessels†)

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PCO 4 Balsam (buoy tenders (US))PCC 3 Ekpe (GER Lurssen 57m - 2†) with 1 76mm gunPBF 5: 4 Manta (Suncraft 17m); 1 Shaldag IIPB 6: 2 Sea Eagle (Suncraft 38m; 4 additional vessels on order); 2 Town; 2 Yola

MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MCC 2 Ohue (mod ITA Lerici)AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 1 Ambe (capacity 5 tanks; 220 troops) (GER)LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5: 1 AGHS; 4 YTL

naval AviationHELICOPTERS

ASW 2 Lynx Mk89† (non-op)MRH 2 AW139 (AB-139)TPT • Light 3 AW109E Power†

Air force 10,000forceS by roleVery limited op capabilityFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with F-7 (F-7NI); FT-7 (FT-NI)MARITIME PATROL

1 sqn with ATR-42MP; Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant; Do-228-100/200

TRANSPORT2 sqn with C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules; G-2221 (Presidential) flt with B-727; B-737BBJ; BAe-125-800; Do-228-200; Falcon 7X; Falcon 900; Gulfstream IV/V

TRAINING1 unit with Air Beetle†; 1 unit with Alpha Jet*1 unit with L-39 Albatros†*; MB-339A*1 hel unit with AW109; Mi-34 Hermit (trg);

ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER2 sqn with AW139; Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind†


FTR 15: 12 F-7 (F-7NI); 3 FT-7 (FT-NI)MP 2 ATR-42 MPTPT 29: Medium 5: 1 C-130H Hercules (4 more in store†); 1 C-130H-30 Hercules (2 more in store); 3 G-222† (2 more in store†) Light 16: 1 Cessna 550 Citation; 8 Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant; 1 Do-228-100; 6 Do-228-200 (incl 2 VIP); PAX 8: 1 B-727; 1 B-737BBJ; 1 BAe 125-800; 1 Falcon 7X; 2 Falcon 900; 1 Gulfstream IV; 1 Gulfstream VTRG 108: 58 Air Beetle† (up to 20 awaiting repair); 14 Alpha Jet*; 24 L-39 Albatros†*; 12 MB-339AN* (all being upgraded)

HELICOPTERSATK 9: 2 Mi-24P Hind; 2 Mi-24V Hind; 5 Mi-35 HindMRH 2 AW139 (AB139)TPT 5: Medium (6 AS332 Super Puma in store) Light 5 AW109TRG 5 Mi-34 Hermit†

MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; PL-9C

Paramilitary ε82,000

coast Guard Port Security Police ε2,000PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC BOATS/CRAFT 60+ boats AMPHIBIOUS 5+ ACV

Security and Civil Defence Corps • Police 80,000APC (W) 70+: 70+ AT105 Saxon†; UR-416 AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 4: 1 Cessna 500 Citation I; 2 PA-31 Navajo; 1 PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 4: 2 Bell 212 (AB-212); 2 Bell 222 (AB-222)

dePloymentcôte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 1; 6 obs


lebAnonUN • UNIFIL 1

liberiAUN • UNMIL 1,548; 14 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 sigs coy

SierrA leoneIMATT 1

South SudAnUN • UNMISS 3; 8 obs

SudAnUN • UNAMID 3,317; 17 obs; 4 inf bnUN • UNISFA 1 obs


rwanda RWA rwandan Franc fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 5.49bn 5.99bn


Growth % 7.50 7.00

inflation % 2.3 3.9

Def bdgt fr 43.6bn 44.1bn 46.4bn

US$ 74m 73m


US$1=fr 592.03 608.13


ethnic groups: Hutu 80%; Tutsi 19%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.6% 4.8% 4.8% 4.4% 13.2% 1.0%

Female 21.3% 4.8% 4.9% 4.4% 13.4% 1.5%

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capabilitiesActiVe 33,000 (Army 32,000 Air 1,000) Paramilitary 2,000



Light4 inf div each with (3 inf bde)

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 24 T-54/T-55 RECCE 106: ε90 AML-60/AML-90/AML-245; 16 VBLAIFV 35+: BMP; 15 Ratel-90; 20 Ratel-60APC (W) 56+: 36 RG-31 Nyala; BTR; Buffalo (M-3 Panhard); 20 Type-92 (reported)ARTY 155+

TOWED 35+: 105mm 29 Type-54 (D-1); 122mm 6 D-30; 152mm†MRL 122mm 5 RM-70 Dana MOR 115: 81mm; 82mm; 120mm

AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡GUNS ε150: 14.5mm; 23mm; 37mm


Air force ε1,000forceS by roleATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

1 sqn with Mi-17/Mi-17MD/Mi-17V-5/Mi-17-1V Hip H; Mi-24P/V Hind

eQuiPment by tyPeHELICOPTERS

ATK 5: 2 Mi-24V Hind E; 3 Mi-24P Hind MRH 10: 1 AW139; 4 Mi-17 Hip H; 1 Mi-17MD Hip H; 1 Mi-17V-5 Hip H; 3 Mi-17-1V Hip H TPT • Light 1 AW109S

Paramilitary

local Defence Forces ε2,000

dePloymentSouth SudAnUN • UNMIS 3; 3 obs

SudAnUN • UNAMID 3,237; 10 obs; 4 inf bnUN • UNISFA 3 obs

Senegal SEN cFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 12.6bn 14.4bn


Growth % 4.24 4.02

inflation % 1.2 3.6

Def bdgt fr 98.8bn

US$ 196m


US$1=fr 504.09 476.56


ethnic groups: Wolof 36%; Fulani 17%; Serer 17%; Toucouleur 9%; Man-dingo 9%; Diola 9% (of which 30-60% in Casamance)

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.7% 5.5% 4.7% 3.8% 11.3% 1.3%

Female 21.5% 5.5% 4.9% 4.2% 14.0% 1.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 13,620 (Army 11,900 navy 950 Air 770) Paramilitary 5,000Terms of service conscription, 2 years selective


Army 11,900 (incl conscripts)4 Mil Zone HQforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Armoured3 armd bnLight6 inf bnAir Manoeuvre1 cdo/AB bnOther1 (Presidential Guard) horse cav bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn1 engr bn

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT3 construction coy

eQuiPment by tyPeRECCE 118: 30 AML-60; 74 AML-90; 10 M-8; 4 M-20 APC 36+

APC (T) 12 M-3 half-trackAPC (W) 24: 16 M-3 Panhard; 8 Casspir

ARTY 28 TOWED 12: 105mm 6 HM-2/M-101; 155mm ε6 Model-50 MOR 16: 81mm 8 Brandt; 120mm 8 Brandt

AT • MSL • MANPATS 4 Milan RL 89mm 31 LRAC

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AD • GUNS • TOWED 33: 20mm 21 M-693; 40mm 12 L/60

navy (incl Coast Guard) 950eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11

PCC 4: 1 Fouta (DNK Osprey); 1 Njambour (FRA SFCN 59m) with 2 76mm gun; 2 Saint Louis† (PR-48)PB 7: 2 Alioune Samb; 4 Alphonse Faye (2 operated by Fisheries Protection Directorate, 2 by Customs Service); 1 Senegal II

AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 6LCT 3: 1 Edic; 2 Edic 700 LCM 3

Air force 770forceS by roleMARITIME PATROL/SEARCH & RESCUE

1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar; Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) ISR

1 unit with BN-2T Islander (anti-smuggling patrols)TRANSPORT

1 sqn with B-727-200 (VIP); F-27-400M TroopshipTRAINING

1 sqn with R-235 Guerrier*; TB-30 Epsilon ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

1 sqn with AS355F Ecureuil II; Bell 206; Mi-35P Hind; Mi-171Sh


TPT 7: Light 5: 1 BN-2T Islander (govt owned, mil op); 1 C-212-100 Aviocar; 3 F-27-400M Troopship (3 more in store) PAX 2: 1 A319; 1 B-727-200 (VIP) TRG 3: 1 R-235 Guerrier*; 2 TB-30 Epsilon

HELICOPTERSATK 2 Mi-35P HindTPT 8 Medium 2 Mi-171Sh Light 6: 1 AS355F Ecureuil II; 1 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 2 Bell 206; 2 Mi-2 Hoplite

Paramilitary 5,000

Gendarmerie 5,000APC (W) 12 VXB-170

customsPATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2 VCSM

dePloyment




SudAnUN • UNAMID 1,026; 12 obs; 1 inf bn

foreign forceSFrance

Army 165Navy 230: 1 LCT; 1 AtlantiqueAir Force 1 C-160 Transall; 1 AS555 Fennec

Seychelles SYC Seychelles rupee Sr 2010 2011 2012

GDP SR 11.3bn 12.1bn

US$ 849m 930m


Growth % 6.20 5.04


Def bdgta SR 287m ε292m

US$ 22m ε22m

US$1=Sr 13.32 13.02a Includes Ministry of Defence capital expenditure

Population 89,188

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 11.2% 3.9% 4.1% 4.4% 24.7% 2.7%

Female 10.7% 3.7% 3.6% 3.9% 22.7% 4.5%

capabilitiesActiVe 200 (Army 200) Paramilitary 450


Army 200forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light1 inf coyOther1 sy unit

eQuiPment by tyPe†RECCE 6 BRDM-2†ARTY• MOR 82mm 6 M-43†AD • SAM • MANPAD 10 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) ‡

GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2†; ZPU-4†; 37mm M-1939†

Paramilitary

coast Guard 200 (incl 80 Marines)eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8

PCC 2: 1 Andromache (ITA Pichiotti 42m); 1 TopazPB 6: 2 Aries; 1 Junon; 2 Rodman 101; 1 Fortune (UK Tyne)

AMPHIBIOUS • LCT 1 Cinq Juin (govt owned but civilian op)

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national Guard 250

Air Wing 20AIRCRAFT

TPT • Light 3: 1 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 152; 1 F-406 Caravan II

foreign forceSUnited States US Africa Command: some MQ-9 Reaper UAV

Sierra leone SLE Sierra leonean leone l 2010 2011 2012

GDP L 7.60tr 9.05tr

US$ 1.88bn 2.05bn


Growth % 4.95 5.06


Def bdgt L 50.4bn 57.6bn

US$ 13m 13m

US$1=l 4033.44 4412.50


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 20.8% 4.9% 4.5% 3.7% 13.0% 1.6%

Female 21.1% 5.2% 4.8% 4.0% 14.4% 2.0%

capabilitiesActiVe 10,500 (Joint 10,500)


Armed forces 10,500eQuiPment by tyPeARTY • MOR 31: 81mm ε27; 82mm 2; 120mm 2 AT • RCL 84mm Carl Gustav HELICOPTERS • MRH/TPT 2 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip† AD • GUNS 7: 12.7mm 4; 14.5mm 3

navy ε200eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1 Shanghai III

dePloymentlebAnonUN • UNIFIL 3

SomAliAAU • AMISOM 5

South SudAnUN • UNMIS 4 obs

SudAnUN • UNAMID 135; 8 obs; 1 recce coyUN • UNISFA 1 obs

timor leSteUN • UNMIT 1 obs

foreign forceSCanada IMATT 9 Jamaica IMATT 1Nigeria IMATT 1United Kingdom IMATT 20United States IMATT 3

Somalia SOM Somali Shilling sh 2010 2011 2012

GDP US$

per capita US$

US$1=sh

*Definitive economic data unavailable


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 22.6% 4.8% 4.5% 3.5% 13.6% 1.0%

Female 22.5% 4.8% 4.6% 3.7% 13.2% 1.4%

capabilitiesNo national armed forces since 1991. Transitional government attempting to establish armed forces but hampered by defections, financial difficulties, UN arms embargo and institutional deficiencies. Militia forces and armed groups within the country. Somaliland and Puntland have their own militias. Heavy equipment in poor repair or inoperable.

militAry forceS

transitional federal government

Army ε2,000 (Ethiopian trained)

foreign forceSBurundi AMISOM 4,400; 5 inf bn Kenya 1,600; 2 inf bnSierra Leone AMISOM 5Uganda AMISOM 5,200; 6 inf bn

territory Where the recogniSed Authority (tfg) doeS not eXerciSe effectiVe controlData presented here represent the de facto situation. This does not imply international recognition as a sovereign state.

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Somaliland Population 3.5m

Militia unit strengths are not known. Equipment numbers are generalised assessments; most of this equipment is in poor repair or inoperable.


Army ε15,000forceS by roleMANOUEVRE

Armoured2 armd bdeMechanised1 mech inf bdeLight14 inf bde

COMBAT SUPPORT2 arty bde

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT1 spt bn

eQuiPment by tyPe †MBT 33: M47; T54/55RECCE BTR-50; Panhard AML 90; BRDM-2APC(W) 15-20 Fiat 6614 ARTY 69

TOWED 122mm 12 D-30 MOR MRL: 8-12 BM21 45: 81mm; 120mm

AT RCL 106mm 16 M-40A1

ADGUNS some†TOWED 20mm; 23mm ZU-23

coast Guard ε350

Ministry of the interioreQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 26

PB 7 Dolphin 26PBR 19

Puntland

Armed Forces ε5–10,000; coastguard

South Africa RSA South African rand r 2010 2011 2012

GDP R 2.66tr 2.95tr

US$ 363bn 417bn


Growth % 2.84 3.40

inflation % 4.3 5.9

Def exp R 31.3bn

US$ 4.27bn

Def bdgt R 30.7bn 30.4bn 34.6bn

US$ 4.18bn 4.29bn


US$1=r 7.34 7.09


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 14.3% 5.1% 5.8% 5.3% 16.9% 2.3%

Female 14.2% 5.1% 5.5% 4.8% 17.2% 3.4%

capabilitiesActiVe 62,082 (Army 37,141 navy 6,244 Air 10,653 South African Military health Service 8,044)

ciViliAn 12,382 (Army 6,452 navy 2,000 Air 2,144 South African Military health Service 1,786)

reSerVe 15,071 (Army 12,264 navy 861 Air 831 South African Military health Service reserve 1,115)


Army 37,141forceS by roleFormations under direct command and control of SANDF Chief of Joint Operations: 9 Joint Operational Tactical HQs, troops are provided when necessary by permanent and reserve force units from all services and SF Bde.

A new army structure is planned with 2 divisions (1 mechanised, 1 motorised) with 10 bdes (1 armd, 1 mech, 7 motorised and 1 rapid reaction). Training, Support and Land Commands are also planned, while Divisional HQ is to be re-established.COMMAND

2 bde HQSPECIAL FORCES

1 SF bde (2 SF bn(-))MANOEUVRE

Reconnaissance1 armd recce bnArmoured1 tk bnMechanised2 mech inf bnLight10 mot inf bn (1 bn roles as AB, 1 as amph)

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COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bn1 ADA bn1 engr regt

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT2 maint units1 construction bn

reserve 12,264 reservists (under strength)forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Reconnaissance2 armd recce bn1 recce bnArmoured3 tk bnMechanised6 mech inf bnLight16 mot inf bn (1 bn roles as AB, 1 as amph)3 lt inf bn (converting to mot inf)Air Manoeuvre1 AB bn

COMBAT SUPPORT7 arty regt4 AD regt2 engr regt

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 34 Olifant 1A (133 Olifant 1B in store)RECCE 82 Rooikat-76 (94 in store)AIFV 534 Ratel-20 Mk III-20/Ratel-60 Mk III-60/Ratel-90 Mk III-90 FSV 90 (666 in store)APC (W) 810: 370 Casspir; 440 Mamba ARTY 1,255

SP 155mm 2 G-6 (41 in store)TOWED 140mm (75 G2 in store); 155mm 6 G-5 (66 in store)MRL 127mm 21: (26 Valkiri Mk I in store) (24 tube)); 21 Valkiri Mk II MARS Bataleur (40 tube); (4 in store (40 tube))MOR 1,226: 81mm 1,190 (incl some SP); 120mm 36

AT • MSL • MANPATS 59: 16 ZT-3 Swift (36 in store); 43 Milan ADT/ER

RCL 106mm 100 M-40A1 (some SP)RL 92mm FT-5

AD • GUNS 76 SP 23mm 36 Zumlac TOWED 35mm 40 GDF-002

RADAR • LAND ESR 220 Kameelperd; 2 Thales Page ARV GemsbokVLB LeguanUAV • ISR • Light up to 4 Vulture

navy 6,244Fleet HQ and Naval base located at Simon’s Town; Naval stations located at Durban and Port ElizabetheQuiPment by tyPeSUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3 Heroine (Type 209) with 8 533mm TT

PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 4 FFGHM 4 Valour (MEKO A200) with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM (upgrade to Block III planned); 2 octuple VLS with Umkhonto-IR naval SAM, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 Super Lynx 300 hel)

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5: PCC 2 Warrior (ISR Reshef) with 2 76mm gun PB 3 Tobie

MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 2MHC 2 River (GER Navors) (Limited operational roles; training and dive support); (additional vessel in reserve)

AMPHIBIOUS 6 LCU LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8:

AORH 1 Drakensberg with 1 spt hel (capacity 4 LCU; 100 troops) AGOS 1 (use for Antarctic survey, privately operated for Dept of Environment)AGHS 1 Protea (UK Hecla)YTM 5

Air force 10,653Air Force office, Pretoria, and 4 op gpsCommand & Control: 2 Airspace Control Sectors, 1 Mobile Deployment Wg 1 Air Force Command PostforceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn (forming) with Gripen C/D (JAS-39C/D) TRANSPORT

1 (VIP) sqn with B-737 BBJ; Cessna 550 Citation II; Falcon 50; Falcon 900; 1 sqn with BT-67 (C-47TP) 2 sqn with C-130B/BZ Hercules; C-212; Cessna 185; CN-235 9 (AF Reserve) sqn with ε130 private lt tpt ac

TRAINING1 (Lead-in Ftr Trg) sqn with Hawk Mk120*

ATTACK HELICOPTER1 (cbt spt) sqn with AH-2 Rooivalk

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER4 (mixed) sqn with Oryx; BK-117; A109UH


FGA 18: 9 Gripen C (JAS-39C); 9 Gripen D (JAS-39D) (further 8 Gripen C to be delivered by 2012)TPT 55 Medium 8 C-130B/BZ Hercules; Light 43: 3 Beech 200C King Air; 1 Beech 300 King Air; 10 BT-67 (C-47TP - 5 maritime, 3 tpt, 2 EW); 2 C-212-200 Aviocar; 2 C-212-300 Aviocar; 10 Cessna 185; 11 Cessna 208 Caravan; 2 Cessna 550 Citation II; 1 CN-235; 1 PC-12 PAX 4: 1 B-737 BBJ; 2 Falcon 50; 1 Falcon 900 TRG 74: 24 Hawk Mk120*; 50 PC-7 Mk II Astra

HELICOPTERSAtk 11 AH-2 RooivalkMRH 4 Super Lynx 300TPT 76 Medium 39 Oryx Light 37: 29 AW-109; 8 BK-117

UAV • ISR • Medium Seeker IIMSL •AAM • IR V3C Darter IIR IRIS-T

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Ground DefenceforceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Other12 sy sqn (SAAF regt)

eQuiPment by tyPe2 Radar (static) located at Ellisras and Mariepskop; 2 (mobile long-range); 4 (tactical mobile). Radar air control sectors located at Pretoria, Hoedspruit

South African military health Service 8,044; ε1,115 reservists (total 9,159)

dePloyment

democrAtic rePublic of the congoUN • MONUSCO • Operation Mistral 1,202; 12 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 avn coy (air med evacuation team, air base control det); 1 engr coy • Operation Teutonic 16

SudAnUN • UNAMID • Operation Cordite 782; 3 obs; 1 inf bn

South Sudan SSDSouth Sudanese Pound d 2010 2011 2012

GDP ssp n.a.

US$ n.a.

per capita US$ n.a.

Growth % n.a.

inflation % n.a.

Def expa ssp 1.12bn

US$ 350m

US$1=ssp 3.20 3.30a 2010 figure reflects SPLA expenditure


capabilitiesActiVe 140,000 (Army 140,000)

Terms of service unknown



Light9 inf div

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 110+: Some T-55; 110 T-72ARTY 69+

SP 24 122mm 12 2S1 152mm 12 2S3

MRL • 122mm 15 BM-21MOR 82mm 30+

Air forceeQuiPment by tyPeAIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 Beech 1900HELICOPTERS

MRH 9 Mi-17 Hip HTPT • Medium 1 Mi-172 (VIP)

foreign forceSAll UNMISS, unless otherwise indicatedAustralia 8; 6 obsBangladesh 1563; 7; 1 inf bn; 1 rvn coy; 1 engr coy; 1 de-mining pl; 1 MP coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd hospitalBenin 3 obsBrazil 2; 6 obsBurkina Faso 1 obsCambodia 1; 2 obsCanada 3; 5 obsChina, People’s Republic of 367; 10 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd hospitalDenmark 1 obsEcuador 8 obsEgypt 8; 7 obsEl Salvador 4 obsFiji 5 obsGermany 5; 8 obsGreece 1 obsGuatemala 4 obsGuinea 1 obsIndia 2,303; 12 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 avn coy; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd hospitalJordan 2Kenya 691; 5 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 de-mining plKorea, Republic of 6 obsKyrgyzstan 4 obsMalaysia 2 obsMali 2 obsMongolia 2 obsNamibia 3 obsNepal 1; 6 obsNew Zealand 1; 2 obsNigeria 3; 8 obsNorway 3; 5 obsParaguay 3 obsPeru 4 obsPhilippines 3 obsPoland 2 obsRomania 2 obsRussia 135; 6 obs; 1 avn coyRwanda 3; 3 obsSierra Leone 4 obsSri Lanka 3 obsSweden 3; 2 obsTanzania 3 obs

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Uganda 1 obsUkraine 10 obsUnited Kingdom 2Yemen 2; 6 obsZambia 3; 6 obs

Sudan SDN Sudanese Pound sdg 2010 2011 2012

GDP sdg 155bn 173bn

US$ 65.7bn 64.3bn


Growth % 6.50 -0.22


Def exp sdg ε2.56bn ε3.1bn

US$ ε1.08bn ε1.15bn

US$1=sdg 2.37 2.69


ethnic and religious groups: Muslim 70% mainly in North; Christian10% mainly in South; 52% mainly in South; Arab 39% mainly in North

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.5% 5.7% 4.8% 3.9% 12.9% 1.4%

Female 20.6% 5.5% 4.7% 3.9% 13.8% 1.3%

capabilitiesActiVe 109,300 (Army 105,000 navy 1,300 Air 3,000) Paramilitary 17,500Terms of service conscription (males 18–30) 2 years

reSerVe nil Paramilitary 85,000


Army 85,000; ε20,000 conscripts (total 105,000)forceS by roleSPECIAL FORCES

5 SF coyMANOEUVRE

Reconnaissance1 indep recce bdeArmoured1 armd divMechanised1 mech inf div1 indep mech inf bdeLight6 inf div7 indep inf bdeAir Manoeuvre1 AB divOther1 (Border Guard) sy bde

COMBAT SUPPORT3 indep arty bde1 engr div (9 engr bn)

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 390: 20 M-60A3; 60 Type-59/Type-59D; 300 T-54/T-55; 10 Al-Bashier (Type-85-IIM) LT TK 115: 70 Type-62; 45 Type-63 RECCE 238: 6 AML-90; 60 BRDM-1/BRDM-2; 50–80 Ferret; 42 M1114 HMMWV; 30–50 SaladinAIFV 84+: 75 BMP-1/BMP-2; 2+ BTR-3; 7 BTR-80A APC 412

APC (T) 66: 36 M-113; 20-30 BTR-50 APC (W) 346: 55-80 V-150 Commando; 10 BTR 70; 50–80 BTR-152; 20 OT-62; 50 OT-64; 96 Walid; 10 Type-92 (reported)

ARTY 778+ SP 20: 122mm 10 2S1 Carnation; 155mm 10 (AMX) Mk F3 TOWED 123+ 105mm 20 M-101; 122mm 16+: 16 D-30; D-74; M-30; 130mm 75 M-46/Type-59-I; 12 M-114A1 MRL 635: 107mm 477 Type-63; 122mm 158: 90 BM-21; 50 Saqr; 18 Type-81 MOR 81mm; 82mm; 120mm AM-49; M-43

AT • MSL • MANPATS 4+: 4 Swingfire; AT-3 9K11 Sagger RCL 106mm 40 M-40A1 GUNS 40+: 40 76mm ZIS-3/100mm M-1944; 85mm D-44

AD • SAM • MANPAD 54 9K32 Strela-2 ‡ (SA-7 Grail) GUNS 996+SP 20: 20mm 8 M-163 Vulcan; 12 M3 VDAATOWED 976+: 740+ 14.5mm ZPU-2/14.5mm ZPU-4/37mm Type-63/57mm S-60/85mm M-1944; 20mm 16 M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 50 ZU-23-2; 37mm 110: 80 M-1939; 30 unserviceable; 40mm 60

RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)

navy 1,300HQ located at Port SudaneQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 4 KurmukAMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 7

LCT 2 SobatLCVP 5

Air force 3,000forceS by roleFIGHTER

2 sqn with MiG-29SE/UB FulcrumGROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with A-5 Fantan1 sqn with Su-25/Su-25UB Frogfoot

TRANSPORTSome sqn with An-26 Curl* (modified for bombing); An-30 Clank; An-32 Cline; An-72 Coaler; An-74TK-200/300; C-130H Hercules; Il-76 Candid; Y-81 VIP unit with Falcon 20F; Falcon 50; Falcon 900; F-27; Il-62M Classic

TRAINING1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*

ATTACK HELICOPTER2 sqn with Mi-24/Mi-24P/Mi-24V/Mi-35P Hind

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER2 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-171

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AIR DEFENCE5 bty with S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) ‡


FTR 23: 21 MiG-29SE Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UB FulcrumATK 26: 15 A-5 Fantan; 9 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot BISR 2 An-30 ClankTPT 23 Heavy 1 Il-76 Candid Medium 6: 4 C-130H Hercules; 2 Y-8 Light 12: 1 An-26 Curl* (modified for bombing); 2 An-32 Cline; 2 An-72 Coaler; 4 An-74TK-200; 2 An-74TK-300; 1 F-27 (VIP) PAX 4: 1 Falcon 20F (VIP); 1 Falcon 50 (VIP); 1 Falcon 900; 1 Il-62M ClassicTRG 15: 12 K-8 Karakorum*; 3 UTVA-75

HELICOPTERSATK 29: 14 Mi-24 Hind; 2 Mi-24P Hind; 7 Mi-24V Hind E; 6 Mi-35P Hind MRH ε5 Mi-17 Hip HTPT 16 Medium 15: 13 Mi-8 Hip; 2 Mi-171 Light 1 Bell 205

AD • SAM • TOWED: 90 S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) ‡MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid)); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-23/24 (AA-7 Apex) ARH R-77 (AA-12 Adder)

Paramilitary 17,500

Popular Defence Force 17,500 (org in bn 1,000); 85,000 reservists (total 102,500)mil wing of National Islamic Front

foreign forceSAll UNAMID, unless otherwise indicatedBangladesh 395; 12 obs; 1 inf coy; 1 log coy • UNISFA 1 obsBrazil UNISFA 1 obsBurkina Faso 803; 7 obs; 1 inf bn • UNISFA 2 obsBurundi 4; 2 obs Cameroon 3 obsCanada 4China, People’s Republic of 322; 1 engr coy • UNISFA 1 obsEcuador 1 obs Egypt 2,398; 21 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 sigs coy; 1 tpt coy • UNISFA 11; 4 obsEthiopia 2,386; 14 obs; 1 recce coy; 2 inf bn; 1 hel coy; 1 log coy; 1 tpt coy • UNISFA 1,645; 135 obs; 2 inf bnGambia 196; 1 obs; 1 inf coyGermany 4Ghana 7; 5 obs Guatemala 2 • UNISFA 1 obsGuinea UNISFA 2 obsIndia UNISFA 5 obsIndonesia 1; 5 obsItaly 1Jordan 7; 4 obs • UNISFA 3 obsKenya 79; 5 obs; 1 MP coyKorea, Republic of UNISFA 1 obs

Lesotho 1 obsMalawi 2; 4 obsMalaysia 13; 3 obs Mali 9 obsMongolia 44; 26 obs Namibia 3; 5 obs • UNISFA 1 obsNepal 346; 8 obs; 2 inf coyNetherlands 1Nigeria 3,317; 17 obs; 4 inf bn • UNISFA 1 obsPakistan 500; 6 obs; 1 engr coy • UNISFA 1 obsRussia UNISFA 1 obsRwanda 3,237; 10 obs; 4 inf bn • UNISFA 3 obsSenegal 1,026; 12 obs; 1 inf bnSierra Leone 135; 8 obs; 1 recce coy • UNISFA 1 obsSouth Africa 782; 3 obs; 1 inf bnSri Lanka UNISFA 1 obsSweden UNISFA 1 obsTanzania 892; 12 obs; 1 inf bnThailand 820; 10 obs; 1 inf bn Togo 8 obs Uganda 1 obsUnited Kingdom UNISFA 2 obsYemen, Republic of 5; 24 obs • UNISFA 2 obsZambia 6; 14 obs • UNISFA 12; 2 obsZimbabwe 1; 4 obs

tanzania TZATanzanian Shilling sh 2010 2011 2012

GDP sh 30.2tr 34.6tr

US$ 20.6bn 21.8bn


Growth % 6.44 6.12


Def exp sh 319bn

US$ 218m

Def bdgta sh 750bn 358bn 415bn

US$ 513m 226m


US$1=sh 1461.38 1586.07a Excludes expenditure on Ministry of Defence administration and National Service


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.1% 5.8% 5.0% 4.2% 12.3% 1.3%

Female 20.9% 5.8% 5.0% 4.2% 12.9% 1.7%

capabilitiesActiVe 27,000 (Army 23,000 navy 1,000 Air 3,000) Paramilitary 1,400Terms of service incl civil duties, 2 years

reSerVe 80,000 (Joint 80,000)

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Armoured1 tk bdeLight5 inf bde

COMBAT SUPPORT4 arty bn1 mor bn2 AT bn2 ADA bn1 engr regt (bn)


eQuiPment by tyPe†MBT 45: 30 T-54/T-55; 15 Type-59 LT TK 55: 30 Scorpion; 25 Type-62 RECCE 10 BRDM-2 APC (W) 14: ε10 BTR-40/BTR-152; 4 Type-92 (reported) ARTY 378

TOWED 170: 76mm ε40 ZIS-3; 122mm 100: 20 D-30; 80 Type-54-1 (M-30) M-1938; 130mm 30 Type-59-I MRL 122mm 58 BM-21 MOR 150: 82mm 100 M-43; 120mm 50 M-43

AT • RCL 75mm Type-52 (M-20) GUNS 85mm 75 Type-56 (D-44)

navy ε1,000eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8

PHT 2 Huchuan each with 2 533mm ASTT PB 6: 2 Ngunguri; 2 Shanghai II (PRC); 2 VT 23m

AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 2 Yuch’in

Air defence command ε3,000forceS by roleFIGHTER

3 sqn with F-6/FT-6; F-7/FT-7; FT-5; K-8 Karakorum*TRANSPORT

1 sqn with Cessna 404 Titan; DHC-5D Buffalo; F-28 Fellowship; F-50; Gulfstream G550; Y-12 (II)

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Bell 205 (AB-205); Bell 412 Twin Huey

eQuiPment by tyPe†Few air defence assets serviceable.AIRCRAFT 22 combat capable

FTR 16: 10 J-6; 6 J-7 TPT 12: Medium 2 Y-8 Light 7: 2 Cessna 404 Titan; 3 DHC-5D Buffalo; 2 Y-12(II) PAX 3: 1 F-28 Fellowship; 1 F-50; 1 Gulfstream G550TRG 9: 3 FT-5 (JJ-5); 6 K-8 Karakorum*

HELICOPTERSMRH 2 Bell 412 Twin HueyTPT • Light 1 Bell 205 (AB-205)

ADSAM 160:

SP 20 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)†; 20 S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)†MANPAD 120 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

GUNS 200 TOWED 14.5mm 40 ZPU-2/ZPU-4†; 23mm 40 ZU-23; 37mm 120 M-1939


Police Field Force 1,40018 sub-units incl Police Marine Unit

Air WingAIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 Cessna U206 Stationair HELICOPTERS

TPT • Light 4: 2 Bell 206A Jet Ranger (AB-206A); 2 Bell 206L Long Ranger TRG 2 Bell 47G (AB-47G)/Bell 47G2

Marine Unit 100PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC BOATS/CRAFT: some boats

dePloyment



lebAnonUN • UNIFIL 154; 2 MP coy


SudAnUN • UNAMID 892; 12 obs; 1 inf bn

togo TGOcFA Franc BceAO fr 2010 2011 2012


US$ 3.12bn 3.55bn


Growth % 3.71 3.83

inflation % 3.2 4.0


US$ 56m 58m

US$1=fr 504.09 476.56


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 20.5% 5.3% 4.9% 4.1% 13.4% 1.4%

Female 20.4% 5.3% 4.9% 4.2% 13.8% 1.8%

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capabilitiesActiVe 8,550 (Army 8,100 navy 200 Air 250) Paramilitary 750Terms of service conscription, 2 years (selective)


Army 8,100+forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light1 inf regt with (2 armd sqn, 3 inf coy, some spt units (trg))1 inf regt with (1 mech inf bn, 1 mot inf bn)Air Manoeuvre1 cdo/para regt with (3 cdo/para coy)Other1 (Presidential Guard) gd regt with (1 gd bn, 1 cdo bn, 2 indep gd coy)

COMBAT SUPPORT1 spt regt with (1 fd arty bty, 2 ADA bty, 1 engr/log/tpt bn)

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 2 T-54/T-55 LT TK 9 Scorpion RECCE 61: 3 AML-60; 7 AML-90; 36 EE-9 Cascavel; 3 M-20; 4 M-3A1; 6 M-8; 2 VBL AIFV 20 BMP-2 APC (W) 30 UR-416 ARTY 30

SP 122mm 6 TOWED 105mm 4 HM-2 MOR 82mm 20 M-43

AT • RCL 22: 75mm 12 Type-52 (M-20)/Type-56; 82mm 10 Type-65 (B-10)

GUNS 57mm 5 ZIS-2 AD • GUNS • TOWED 43 14.5mm 38 ZPU-4; 37mm 5 M-1939

navy ε200 (incl Marine Infantry unit)eQuiPment by tyPePATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 4 Kara (FRA Esterel)

Air force 250forceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with Alpha Jet*; EMB-326G*TRANSPORT

1 sqn with Beech 200 King Air1 VIP unit with DC-8; F-28-1000

TRAINING1 sqn with TB-30 Epsilon*

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with SA315 Lama; SA316 Alouette III; SA319 Alouette III


TPT 5 Light 2 Beech 200 King Air PAX 3: 1 DC-8; 2 F-28-1000 (VIP)TRG 10: 3 Alpha Jet*; 4 EMB-326G *; 3 TB-30 Epsilon*

HELICOPTERSMRH 4: 2 SA315 Lama; 1 SA316 Alouette III; 1 SA319 Alouette III TPT • Medium (1 SA-330 Puma in store)

Paramilitary 750

Gendarmerie 750Ministry of InteriorforceS by role2 reg sectionsMANOEUVRE

Other1 (mobile) paramilitary sqn

dePloyment




uganda UGA Ugandan Shilling Ush 2010 2011 2012

GDP Ush 34.5tr 38.9tr

US$ 15.7bn 15.2bn


Growth % 5.18 6.40

inflation % 9.4 6.5

Def bdgt Ush 465bn 484bn 617bn

US$ 211m 189m


US$1=Ush 2199.96 2554.76


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 25.1% 5.8% 4.7% 3.7% 10.0% 0.8%

Female 24.7% 5.7% 4.7% 3.6% 9.8% 1.2%

capabilitiesActiVe 45,000 (Ugandan People’s Defence Force 45,000) Paramilitary 1,800


ugandan People’s defence force ε40,000–45,000

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forceS by roleSPECIAL FORCES

1 cdo bnMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 armd bdeLight5 inf div each with (up to 5 inf bde)

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bde2 AD bn

eQuiPment by tyPe†MBT 185 T-54/T-55; 10 T-72LT TK ε20 PT-76 RECCE 46: 40 Eland; 6 Ferret AIFV 31 BMP-2APC (W) 79: 15 BTR-60; 20 Buffel; 40 Mamba; 4 OT-64 ARTY 333+

SP 155mm 6 ATMOS 2000TOWED 243+: 76mm ZIS-3; 122mm M-30; 130mm 221; 155mm 4 G-5; 18 M-839 MRL 6+: 107mm (12-tube); 122mm 6+: BM-21; 6 RM-70MOR 78+: 81mm L16; 82mm M-43; 120mm 78 Soltam

AD • SAM • MANPAD 200+: 200 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)

GUNS • TOWED 20+: 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 37mm 20 M-1939

ARV T-54/T-55 reportedVLB MTU reportedMW Chubby

Air WingforceS by roleFIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with MiG-21bis Fishbed; MiG-21U/UM Mongol A/B; Su-30Mk2

TRANSPORT1 unit with Y-121 VIP unit with Gulfstream 550; L-100-30

TRAINING1 unit with L-39 Albatros†*

ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Bell 206 Jet Ranger; Bell 412 Twin Huey; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-24 Hind; Mi-172 (VIP)


FGA 11: 5 MiG-21bis Fishbed; 1 MiG-21U Mongol A; 1 MiG-21UM Mongol B; 4 Su-30Mk2TPT 4 Medium 1 L-100-30 Light 2 Y-12 PAX 1 Gulfstream 550TRG 3 L-39 Albatros†*

HELICOPTERSATK 1 Mi-24 Hind (5 more non-op)MRH 5: 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 3 Mi-17 Hip H (1 more non-op)TPT 4: Medium 1 Mi-172 (VIP) Light 3 Bell 206 Jet Ranger

MISSILEAAM • IR R-73 (AA-11 Archer)ARM Kh-31P (AS-17A Krypton)

Paramilitary ε1,800 active

Border Defence Unit ε600Equipped with small arms only

Police Air Wing ε800HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 1 Bell 206 Jet Ranger

Marines ε400PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 PBR

local Militia Forces

Amuka Group ε3,000; ε7,000 (reported under trg) (total 10,000)

dePloyment


SomAliAAU • AMISOM 5,200; 6 inf bn



foreign forceS(all EUTM, unless otherwise indicated) Belgium 5Cyprus 1France 37Germany 3Hungary 4Ireland 5Italy 15Kenya 12Malta 7Portugal 17Spain 38Sweden 7UK 3

Zambia ZMB Zambian Kwacha K 2010 2011 2012

GDP K 77.7tr 90.5tr

US$ 15.9bn 18.5bn


Growth % 7.60 6.72

inflation % 8.5 9.1

Def bdgt K 1.22tr 1.42tr 1.85tr

US$ 251m 291m

US$1=K 4870.06 4888.09


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Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 23.4% 5.4% 4.6% 4.1% 11.5% 1.1%

Female 23.3% 5.4% 4.6% 4.0% 11.2% 1.4%


reSerVe 3,000 (Army 3,000)


Army 13,500 forceS by roleCOMMAND

3 bde HQSPECIAL FORCES

1 cdo bnMANOEUVRE

Armoured1 armd regt (1 tk bn, 1 armd recce regt)Light6 inf bn

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty regt (2 fd arty bn, 1 MRL bn)1 engr regt

eQuiPment by tyPeSome equipment†MBT 30: 20 Type-59; 10 T-55 LT TK 30 PT-76 RECCE 70 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 (ε30 serviceable)APC (W)33: 20 BTR-70; 13 BTR-60 ARTY 182

TOWED 61: 105mm 18 Model 56 pack howitzer; 122mm 25 D-30; 130mm 18 M-46 MRL 122mm 30 BM-21 (ε12 serviceable)MOR 91: 81mm 55; 82mm 24; 120mm 12

AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger RCL 12+: 57mm 12 M-18; 75mm M-20; 84mm Carl Gustav

AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡GUNS • TOWED 136: 20mm 50 M-55 (triple); 37mm 40 M-1939; 57mm ε30 S-60; 85mm 16 M-1939 KS-12


reserve 3,000forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Light3 inf bn


1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*1 sqn with MiG-21MF Fishbed J†/MiG-21U Mongol A

TRANSPORT1 sqn with MA60; Y-12(II)/(IV)

1 (VIP) unit with AW139; CL-604; HS-7481 (liaison) sqn with Do-28

TRAINING2 sqn with MB-326GB; MFI-15 Safari

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H1 (liaison) sqn with Bell 47G; Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois/AB-205)

AIR DEFENCE3 bty with S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)

eQuiPment by tyPe†Very low serviceability.AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable

FGA 10: 8 MiG-21MF Fishbed J; 2 MiG-21U Mongol ATPT 18: Light 16: 5 Do-28; 2 MA60; 4 Y-12(II); 5 Y-12(IV) PAX 2: 1 Cl-604; 1 HS-748 TRG 28: 8 K-8 Karakourm*; 10 MB-326GB; 10 MFI-15 Safari

HELICOPTERSMRH 5: 1 AW139; 4 Mi-17 Hip HTPT • Light 13: 10 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois/AB-205); 3 Bell 212TRG 5 Bell 47G

AD • SAM S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa) MSL • ASM AT-3 Sagger AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; PL-2; Python 3

Paramilitary 1,400

Police Mobile Unit 700forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Other1 police bn (4 police coy)

Police Paramilitary Unit 700forceS by roleMANOEUVRE

Other1 paramilitary bn (3 paramilitary coy)

dePloyment




South SudAnUN • UNMISS 3; 6 obs

SudAnUN • UNAMID 6; 14 obsUN • UNISFA 12; 2 obs

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Zimbabwe ZWEZimbabwe Dollar Z$ 2010 2011 2012

GDP Z$ n.a. n.a.

US$ ε7.48bn ε9.24bn

per capita US$ ε642 ε765

Growth % 9.01 6.02

inflation % 3.0 3.6

Def bdgt Z$ n.a. n.a.

US$ ε98.3m 195m

US$1=Z$ n.a. n.a.


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 21.2% 6.2% 4.3% 3.9% 11.0% 1.6%

Female 20.7% 6.2% 5.4% 5.2% 12.2% 2.2%



Army ε25,000forceS by roleCOMMAND

1 mech bde HQ5 inf bde HQ

MANOEUVREArmoured1 armd sqnMechanised1 mech inf bnLight15 inf bn1 cdo bnAir Manoeuvre1 para bnOther3 gd bn1 (Presidential Guard) gd gp

COMBAT SUPPORT1 arty bde1 fd arty regt1 AD regt2 engr regt

eQuiPment by tyPeMBT 40: 30 Type-59†; 10 Type-69† RECCE 100: 20 Eland; 15 Ferret†; 80 EE-9 Cascavel (90mm)APC 85

APC (T) 30: 8 Type-63; 22 VTT-323 APC (W) 55 TPK 4.20 VSC ACMAT

ARTY 242 TOWED 122mm 20: 4 D-30; 16 Type-60 (D-74) MRL 76: 107mm 16 Type-63; 122mm 60 RM-70 Dana MOR 146: 81mm/82mm ε140; 120mm 6 M-43

AD • SAM • MANPAD 30 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) ‡GUNS • TOWED 116: 14.5mm 36 ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 23mm 45 ZU-23; 37mm 35 M-1939

ARV T-54/T-55 reportedVLB MTU reported

Air force 4,000Flying hours 100 hrs/year

forceS by roleFIGHTER

1 sqn with F-7II†; FT-7†FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK

1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*(1 sqn Hawker Hunter in store)

GROUND ATTACK/ISR1 sqn with Cessna 337/O-2A Skymaster*

ISR/TRAINING1 sqn with SF-260F/M; SF-260TP*; SF-260W Warrior*

TRANSPORT1 sqn with BN-2 Islander; CASA 212-200 Aviocar (VIP)

ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER1 sqn with Mi-35 Hind; Mi-35P Hind (liaison); SA316

Alouette III; AS532UL Cougar (VIP)1 trg sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey, SA316 Alouette III

AIR DEFENCE1 sqn


FTR 9: 7 F-7II†; 2 FT-7 †FGA (12 Hawker Hunter in store)ISR 2 O-2A SkymasterTPT • Light 26: 5 BN-2 Islander; 8 C-212-200 Aviocar (VIP - 2 more in store); 13 Cessna 337 Skymaster*; (10 C-47 Skytrain in store)TRG 35: 11 K-8 Karakorum*; 5 SF-260M; 8 SF-260TP*; 5 SF-260W Warrior*; 6 SF-260F

HELICOPTERSATK 6: 4 Mi-35 Hind; 2 Mi-35P Hind MRH 10: 8 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 SA-319 Alouette III;TPT • Medium 2 AS-532UL Cougar (VIP) MSL • AAM • IR PL-2; PL-5

AD • GUNS 100mm (not deployed); 37mm (not deployed); 57mm (not deployed)

Paramilitary 21,800

Zimbabwe republic Police Force 19,500incl Air Wg

Police Support Unit 2,300PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 5: 3 Rodman 38; 2 Rodman 46

dePloymentcôte d’iVoireUN • UNOCI 3 obs



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Table 32 Selected Arms Procurements and deliveries, Sub-Saharan AfricaDesignation Type Quantity contract

ValueSupplier country

Prime contractor

Order Date

First Delivery Due

notes

Botswana (BWA)PC-7 Turbo Trainer MkII

Trg ac 5 n.k. CHE Pilatus 2011 n.k. To replace current PC-7s. Delivery to be complete by 2013

equatorial Guinea (eQG)Barroso-class PSO 1 n.k. BRZ Emgepron 2010 n.k. Delivery status unclear

ethiopia (eTh)T-72 MBT c.200 εUS$100m UKR Ukrspec-

export2011 n.k. -

Ghana (GhA)Chemle-class PC 2 n.k. PRC Poly

Technologies2008 2011 -

n.k. PC 2 n.k. ROK n.k. n.k. 2013 -

DA42 MPP ISR ac 2 €11.75m CAN Diamond Aircraft

2011 n.k. -

C-295 Tpt ac 2 n.k. ESP EADS (CASA) 2011 2011 First delivered Nov 2011

EMB-190 Tpt ac 1 US$105.3m BRZ Embraer 2011 n.k. Contract value includes cost of hangar complex

Kenya (Ken)n.k. APC 150 US$20m RSA OTT

Technologies2010 2011 -

Mozambique (MOZ)Conejera-class PB 1 EUR100 ESP Navantia 2011 2012 Excess defence article being sold for

token sum. Former Dragonera (P32)

Senegal (Sen)Conejera-class PB 1 EUR100 ESP Navantia 2011 2012 Excess defence article being sold for

token sum. Former Conejera (P31)

South Africa (rSA)AMV 8×8 APC (W) 264 ZAR8.8bn

(US$1.2bn)FIN/RSA Patria/Denel 2007 n.k. Five variants to be produced: cmd,

mor, msl, section, and fire spt vehicles

Gripen C/D FGA ac 26 US$1.47bn SWE SAAB 2000 2008 Seventeen C single seat variant and nine D twin-seat variant. Final delivery due 2012. Deliveries ongoing

A-Darter AAM n.k. n.k. Int’l Denel 2007 n.k. Integration on Gripen completed mid-2011 following test firings. Production delivery due to begin in 2013

Uganda (UGA)Su-30MK2 FGA ac 6 n.k. Russia n.k. 2010 2011 Delivery under way

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chapter nine: sub-saharan africa

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