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Lesson 1: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Lesson 2: Changes in States of Matter

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random motion

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liquid

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6.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

What are states of matter?

• The state of matter depends on the motion of its particles.


• States of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

States of Matter

http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078741858/student_view0/brainpop_movies.html


What are states of matter? (cont.)


Particles in Matter

• All objects are made of particles.

• Even though the objects are not moving, their particles are.

• Particles move in random motion, or in any direction at any speed.


Particles in Matter (cont.)

• In any object, the number of particles moving in one direction is equal to the number of particles moving in the opposite direction.

• Particles collide and change speed and direction.


Particles Attract

• Particles are attracted to each other.

• The attraction grows stronger as particles move closer together and weaker as they move apart.


Solids• A solid is matter with a fixed shape and fixed

volume.

• Particles stay in the same place and vibrate back and forth in all directions.


Liquids• A liquid is matter with a fixed volume but not a fixed

shape.

• The particles are farther apart and not as strongly attracted so they move more freely than in a solid.


Gases• A gas is matter that has no fixed shape or fixed

volume.

• Shape and volume of a gas depends on the container.

• Gas particles move in random motion inside a container.


Familiar States of Matter


Familiar States of Matter

Lesson 1 Review

Particles in a ____ are close together and strongly attracted and therefore, can only vibrate.

A gas

B liquid

C solid

D plasma


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Lesson 1 Review

Why do liquids have a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape?

A The particles are strongly attracted to each other and close together.

B The particles are attracted to each other but far enough apart they can slide past each other.

C The particles are so far apart the attraction is weak and they have random movement.

D none of the above


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Lesson 1 Review

Which three states of matter are most common on Earth?

A solid, liquid, plasma

B gas, liquid, plasma

C plasma, solid, gas

D solid, liquid, gas


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

End of Lesson 1

temperature

thermal energy

melting point

freezing point

vaporization

boiling

6.2 Changes in States of Matter

boiling point

evaporation

condensation

sublimation

deposition

Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat

• A change from one state to another is the result of the change in motion of particles in an object and the strength of the forces of the particles in the object.

• Changes in energy can cause matter to change from one state to another.


Matter Changing State




Moving Particles and Kinetic Energy• Even when an object is not moving, the particles in the

object are moving.

• The particles have kinetic energy.

The gas particles inside the balloon have energy because they are moving.


Moving Particles and Kinetic Energy(cont.)

Temperature and Average Kinetic Energy

• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material.

• Particles in matter move faster as the temperature increases.

lower temperature

higher temperature


Measuring Temperature• One way to measure temperature is to use a liquid

thermometer.

• The particles in the liquid move farther apart and cause the liquid to take up more space.


Particles of Matter and Potential Energy

• Particles in a substance have potential energy.

– Potential energy decreases as particles move closer together.

– Potential energy increases as particles move farther apart.


Particles of Matter and Potential Energy (cont.)


Thermal Energy• Thermal energy includes both kinetic and potential

energy.

• Objects in the gas state have particles that move faster and are farther apart compared to objects in the solid state.

• Gas particles have more potential and kinetic energy than particles in a solid.

• The thermal energy of the gas state is greater than the solid state for any substance.


Adding and Removing Thermal Energy

• Heating a pot of water adds thermal energy.

• Cooling water in a refrigerator removes thermal energy.


Thermal Energy and Changes of State• When kinetic energy is increasing in a substance, the

temperature of the substance increases.

• When only potential energy is increasing, the substance changes state.


How does thermal energy affect the state of a substance?

Thermal Energy and Changes of State (cont.)


Changes Between the Solid and Liquid States

• The difference between water and ice are the movements of the particles and the thermal energy the particles contain.

• Melting occurs when a solid changes into a liquid.

• The melting point of a material is the temperature at which a material changes from solid to liquid.


Changes Between the Solid and Liquid States (cont.)

• As thermal energy is added to a solid, the temperature increases until the melting point is reached.

• The substance does not increase temperature until it has completely melted.


Changes Between the Solid and Liquid States (cont.)


Energy Changes During Melting• Even though thermal energy is still being added, the

temperature is not changing as a substance melts.

• The average kinetic energy of the substance does not change, only the potential energy changes.

• The attractive forces become weaker as the particles increase speed and move farther apart.


Energy Changes During Melting (cont.)


Freezing

• Freezing occurs when a liquid changes into a solid.

• The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.

• Thermal energy is removed and the potential energy decreases.


Freezing (cont.)


Vaporization and Boiling

• Boiling water is liquid changing to a gas.

• Vaporization is the change from a liquid to a gas.

• The particles become too spread out and the attractive forces are too weak to keep the particles close together.


Vaporization and Boiling (cont.)

• Vaporization occurs both at the surface and inside the liquid.

• Vaporization that occurs within the liquid is called boiling.

• Boiling point refers to the temperature that boiling occurs in a substance.


Vaporization and Boiling (cont.)


Evaporation• Vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid is

called evaporation.

• Evaporation occurs both at the boiling point and temperatures below the boiling point.


Pressure and the Boiling Point• The boiling point depends on the pressure exerted on

the liquid.

• Bubbles in the liquid must form for boiling to occur.

• As air pressure increases, it becomes harder for the bubbles to form.

• The boiling point increases as air pressure increases.


Condensation

• Condensation is the change from a gas to a liquid.

• Thermal energy is removed from a gas.

• The gas particles slow down and move closer together until the attractive forces hold them together and a liquid forms.


Condensation (cont.)


Adding Thermal Energy• The temperature of the ice increases until the melting

point is reached.

• The temperature stays constant as the ice melts.

• After the ice has melted, the temperature increases until the boiling point is reached.

• The temperature stops increasing until all the water has changed to water vapor.


Adding Thermal Energy (cont.)

• Adding more thermal energy causes the temperature of the water vapor to increase.


Removing Thermal Energy• Water vapor changes back into ice by removing

thermal energy.


Changes Between Solids and Gases• Sublimation is the change of a solid to a gas without

going through the liquid stage.

• Thermal energy must be added to a solid.

• Dry ice changes from a solid to a gas.


Changes Between Solids and Gases• The opposite of sublimation is deposition, the change

of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state.

• Thermal energy is removed from a gas.

• Water vapor changes directly to ice as frost on leaves.

(cont.)


Changes in Energy Among States of Matter


Lesson 2 Review

The point at which a liquid changes to a gas is called ____.

A melting point

B freezing point

C condensation point

D boiling point


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Lesson 2 Review

A liquid can change to a gas through ____.

A evaporation

B freezing

C melting

D sublimation


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Lesson 2 Review

Thermal energy must be ____ when a liquid changes to a ____.

A lost; gas

B gained; solid

C lost; solid

D increased; solid


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

End of Lesson 2

Chapter Resources Menu

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Chapter Assessment

California Standards Practice

Concepts in Motion

Image Bank

Science Online

Interactive Table

Virtual Lab

BrainPOP

http://www.ca8.msscience.com/


A ____ has no fixed shape but a fixed volume.

A gas

B liquid

C solid

D plasma

Chapter Assessment 1

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Gases have ____ and ____.

A no fixed shape; fixed volume

B fixed shape; no fixed volume

C fixed shape; fixed volume

D no fixed shape; no fixed volume


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

The particles in a solid are ____ and ____ compared to the particles in a liquid.

A closer together; slower

B farther apart; slower

C farther apart; faster

D closer together; faster


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Sublimation occurs when a solid changes into a ____.

A liquid

B gas

C plasma

D steam


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

As air pressure ____, the ____ of a liquid increases.

A decreases; boiling point

B decreases; freezing point

C increases; freezing point

D increases; boiling point


0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Which describes particles in a solid?

A They are far apart and have weak attractive forces for each other.

B They move rapidly and in any direction.

C They vibrate in a fixed location.

D They have no fixed volume.

CA Standards Practice 1

SCI 3.e

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Why do liquids have no fixed shape?

A The particles vibrate in a fixed location.

B The particles have a high average kinetic energy.

C The particles have a high potential energy.

D The particles can slide past each other.


SCI 3.e

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Adding thermal energy can ____ or ____.

A lower temperature; change the state of matter

B increase temperature; lower temperature

C increase temperature; change the state of matter

D remove kinetic energy; change the state of matter


SCI 3.e

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

In which state of matter are particles far apart and moving in random motion?

A gas

B liquid

C solid

D ice


SCI 3.d

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

One glass of water has a temperature of 30°C and another glass of water a temperature of 40°C. Which is true?A The glass of water at

30°C has lower average kinetic energy.

B The glass of water at 40°C has lower average kinetic energy.

C The two glasses have equal average kinetic energy.

D none of the above


SCI 3.e

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Concepts in Motion 1

Concepts in Motion 2

Image Bank

Interactive Table

End of Resources

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