CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Character

Character is very important element in literary works such as novel, drama or even poems. The character can be human, or even animal. We absolutely know that characters are the most important elements in a film. Characters can easily help the director to convey the themes or the main ideas as well as view to the watches. A director usually uses characters in their works to identify the people, the situation, or to unfold the ideas in the movies by using dialogues and actions. The personality of the character will lead the character to act such emotional, behavioral, and all the logical things that deals with the problems which be faced by the character.

Abrams (1981:20) stated that character is the persons presented in dramatics of narrative work who are interpreted by reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say and what they do in action. According to Barsam (2010), character is another essential element of film narrative, play functional roles within the plot, either acting or being acted on.In character there is a trait, a trait is a quality of mind or habitual mode of behavior, such as avoiding eye contact, or always thinking oneself the center of attention. Sometimes, of course, the traits we encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait may be a persons primary characteristic. Character may be ambition or lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or fearful. According to the British novelist and critic E. M. Forester there are two kinds of character, they are: round character (main character) and flat Character (minor character).2.1.1 Main Character and Minor Character

A character in a movie is not a real human being and has no life outside the literary composition; however the director has created the illusion of reality. There are some characters may dominate the entire story, and the other characters may not. The characters whose appearance is the most frequently appear in the story usually hold the most important part of the story in the novel, and their traits as the center of the action and the theme of the story.According to Kennedy (1991), major characters of a movie, the personalities of the character become familiar to us. If the true story seems true to life we generally find that the characters act in a reasonably consistent manner, and the director has provided them with motivation, sufficient reasons to behave as they do.

Main character is a character which is very important and usually dominating the whole story in a literary works. Main character in a movie can be more than one; however its superiority values are not always to be the same. Its superiority is determined by its domination, and its influence to the development of plot as a whole. A main character is also complex one and several adjectives will be needed to describe it. At the end of every complete story, the main character will be faced with an important decision: either continues to solve problems the way he or she always has, or change their approach and attempt to solve the problem differently.

On other hand, there are characters who appear once or sometimes in a movie and may be relatively in short portion. It is called minor character often provide, support, and illuminate the protagonist. Sometimes minor characters are prominent in certain types of literature, such as cowboy, police, and detective stories, where the focus is less on character than on performance. These kinds of characters might be lively and engaging, even though they do not develop or change.2.2 Motivation

Motivation is naturally a specific need that motivates the organism to do some kind of action. It is the interaction between environment, person and behavior factors that influence action. According to Rubin and McNeil in Gross (2010), motives are a special kind of cause that energize, direct and sustain a persons behavior (including hunger, thirst, sex and curiosity). While, according to Passer and Smith (2009) motivation is a process that influences the direction, vigor, and persistence of goal-directed behavior. In short, motivation is the internal knowledge and will for the person to act. Motivation occurs whether we are aware about it or not. That means we can be motivated at any time and do anything. Whether the motivation that comes from outside or within us. For example, we will be motivated to be better than ever because we know will get a reward in our job.

2.2.1 Kinds of Motivation

Feldman (2011) distinguish motivation in two divisions: those intrinsic andextrinsic motivations. The explanation of each will be described below:

2.2.1.1 Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to rewards provided by an activity itself, it can be said that someone playing hours playing basketball because you wish to excel at the sport. It means intrinsically motivated because his purpose of playing just for fun or he wants to get an enjoyment in playing basketball.

According to Kasschau (2003), intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in activities because those activities are personally rewarding or because engaging in them fulfills our beliefs or expectations. It is known that intrinsic motivation deals with rewards, however, the reward are much concerned to obtain the enjoyment from the activity itself.

2.2.1.2 Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation refers to reward that are obtained not from the activity, but as a consequence of the activity. If she works hard to make a lot of money, extrinsic motivation underlies her efforts.

According to Feldman (2011), extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward. It is known that extrinsic motivation deals with rewards too, however, the rewards is much concerned the effect of the activity itself.

2.2.2 The Factors Affect on Motivation

Several theorists have attempted to explain the nature of motivation. In their speculation, each of theorists has had account for factors that influence students motivation. They to the internal and external factors influence motivation.

2.2.2.1 The factors Affecting Intrinsic Motivation

According to Woolfolk (2004), the factor influencing intrinsic motivation are need for self-esteem, self-fulfillment, self-determination, belief, attribution for success and failure, expectations, engaged participation in learning communities, and maintaining self-identify through participation in activity or group.

1. Self-esteem

Self-esteem is the need to cultivate, strengthen, and maintain a high opinion of the one self.

2. Self-fulfillment

Self-fulfillment describes about the realization of personal potential. Indeed, it is the process that happens on individuals periods, it can be developed through humans potential and awareness of their identities.

3. Self-determination

Self-determination is the need to experience choice and control in what and how the activities are done. Here, they are more likely to be intrinsically motivated when they have sense of determination.

4. Beliefs

When they hold on an entity of theory ability, absolutely that believe that ability is fixed; they tend to set the best performance goals and strive to protect every activity from failure.5. Attribution for Success and FailureAttribution theories describe peoples explanation for success and failure in the some situation.

6. ExpectationThe effects or outcomes of behavior and the cognitivists interest in the impact of individual thinking. In brief, expectation is supporting feeling to reach their desire successfully.

7. Engaged Participation in Learning Communities

As part of society, peoples need to socialite with their surrounding such as learning activities that influence by certain condition. For example, the people are motivated when they became leader or responsible of their family.

8. Maintaining Self-Identify Through Participation in activity or GroupGenerally, peoples are part of home member that need to participate their selves in every activities, such as personal and group in order to socialize with others and as part of socialization is moving from legitimate peripheral participation in group. Here, the people are not only able to build appreciation with the other, even with stranger.

2.2.2.2 The factors Affecting Extrinsic Motivation

According to Woolfolk (2004), the factor influencing extrinsic motivation are reinforces, reward, incentive, and punishment.

1. Reinforces

Reinforces is a consequence that increases the probability that a behavior will occur. For example, the frequency of response increases because it is followed by stimulus. It is usually pleasure as when a parent prizes a childs work. And than the child have good response with it.

2. Reward

Reward is a kind of positive reinforcement that has to be given appropriately in order to create nice situation and increase the peoples desire to learn. 3. Incentive

An incentive is an object or event that encourages or discourages behavior. The form of incentive can be tangible rewards. Actually, incentive has important role in social approval at the achievement and it appears when to influence the learning by making the people focus more effectively in learning, especially in language learning.

4. Punishment

Punishment is sequences that decrease the probability the behavior will occur. 2.3 Motivation in Getting the Dream

In this study, dream is not in our sleep but dream is vision for future. It means dream is a goal of life. Seifert (2009) stated that one way motives vary is by the kind of goals that students set for themselves, and by how the goals support students academic achievement. As we might suspect, some goals encourage academic achievement more than others, but even motives that do not concern academics explicitly tend to affect learning indirectly. Its mean sometimes the motivation that come from outside the academic much effect on student learning. For example, some students want to get the maximum score for the study with pushing him to learn a lot of theory relating to materials.But there are the opposite, students who wish to gain maximum results without much attention to the theories needed, because the students are more 'exploration-what happens in everyday life with the study.

Everyone have a goal of life. Someone will be motivated to reach his goal to get influences from outside or inside the person, such a person aspiring to be an entrepreneur. In this case there must be the influence of motivation from within the person and even from a friend, spouse, or the environment. According to Seifert (2009), motives as goal influences by intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation of the goal is sustaining students interest in a subject. Extrinsic motivation of the goal is focus in gaining recognition as the best among peers, encourage competition among peers. Its mean we need an intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to reach the goal of life. As described previously intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has a big influence for our life.

2.4 The Elements of Movie

Movie is a motion picture: a series of still images that, when viewed in rapid succession (usually 24 images per second), the human eye and brain see as fluid movement. Every movie is a complex synthesisa combination of many separate, interrelated elements that form a coherent whole (Barsam, 2010). According to Klarer (2004) the most essential elements of film can be subsumed under the dimensions of space, time and sound.A. Spatial DimensionSpatial Dimension is umbrella term for a number of heterogeneous aspects in film, such as film stock, lighting, camera angle, camera movement, point of view, editing, and montage.1. Film StockThe deliberate choice of film stock, including black and white or color, high-contrast or low-contrast, sensitive or less sensitive material produces effects which directly influence the contents of a film.2. LightingLighting is indirectly connected to film stock for certain light conditions have to be fulfilled according to the sensitivity of the film.3. Camera AngleAn important consideration is the camera angle from which a certain scene is to be filmed. It is possible to distinguish between high angle, straight-on angle, or low angle shots depending on the position of the camera.4. Camera MovementCamera movement is linked to camera angle and allows for a change of perspective.5. Point of ViewIn the majority of films, the perspective is that of an omniscient narrator who at times borrows subjective points of view of characters in the film. In a few rare cases, a subjective perspective or point of view is consistently maintained.6. EditingEditing is one of the major cinematic techniques which have contributed to the flexibility of the medium.7. MontageMontage is a filmic technique which creates effects similar to the use of the rhetorical figures of metaphor and simile in literature.

B. Temporal DimensionTemporal dimension are includes aspects such as slow motion, fast motion, plot time, length of film, flashback, and foreshadowing.1. Slow and Fast MotionFast motion and slow motion use to draw attention to everyday situations such as city traffic or the changes of the seasons, stressing the importance of an ecological awareness on an endangered planet.

2. Plot TimeAspects of plot which have already been mentioned, such as foreshadowing and flashback, or interwoven levels of action and time, can be translated into film. The uses of clocks, calendars, newspapers, signs of aging, or fashion are only some of the many ways to indicate the passage of time in film.3. Length of FilmThe cinema has other ways to create a discrepancy between the time span portrayed and the actual time.4. FlashbackFlashback is device in the structuring of plot which introduces events from the past in an otherwise linear narrative.5. ForeshadowingForeshadowing is device in the structuring of plot which brings information from the future into the current action.C. Acoustic DimensionAcoustic Dimension most recently acquired feature of film. Not developed until the 1920s, it radically changed the medium because information no longer had to be conveyed merely by means of visual effect, such as facial expression, gestures, or subtitles, but could also rely on language (dialogue and monologue), recorded music, or sound effects.1. DialogueDialogue is one of narrative films most compelling devices, stitching the actor to the character and rendering that character knowable through the texture of the voice to the audience.2. MusicFilm music assumes a special position and usually supports the plot. Volume, sound, rhythm, and pace of the music change according to the situation and underscore levels of meaning with acoustic effects.

3. Sound EffectsSound effects are shaped sounds and scores to fit the images on offer in early theaters and nickelodeons, melding later into larger musical ensembles to accompany ever-longer films. The idea of sound alongside film convinced spectators; Inventors needed to surmount immense technological and aesthetic obstacles to widespread and cost-effective recording of cinematic sound.