chapter ii review of literature 2.1...
TRANSCRIPT
24
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Women Entrepreneurism is an emerging concept. Since Women
Entrepreneurism is an untapped resource of the nation that can be utilised
effectively and due to the raising importance of women entrepreneurism, a
number of studies have been made in this field. An attempt has been made to
discuss the number of studies made previously in entrepreneurship in general
and women entrepreneurship in particular.
2.2 Studies based on Entrepreneurship
Everett H.E. Hagen (1962)1 attempted to study the origin of
entrepreneurs in many countries. He noted that the entrepreneurs have emerged
mainly from a particular socio-economic class. Further, in the Indian context,
the leading business communities like Parsis, Marvaris and Sindhees have been
found to have a deep desire in engaging in industrial activities.
Berna (1966)2 in her study entitled “Industrial Entrepreneurship in
Chennai State” found that the entrepreneurs hailed from diverse castes,
occupations and classes, as only small – scale operations they came up to their
present positions and diversified their production. This is attributed to their
youth, education and technical training.
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25 Kameshwar Jha (1970)3 in his study of the growth of
entrepreneurship in Bihar State, in 1970, has observed that favourable
economic conditions have a good effect on the change in entrepreneurship and
the change in social structure which is due to education . He added that profit
motive has no influence on such changes.
Gloria V. Javilionar and Georage R. Peters (1973)4 in a study on the
social and psychological aspects of Indian entrepreneurship, noted that the
entrepreneurship of the nation was a family phenomenon rather than an
individual phenomenon. The family system had helped the entry of individuals
into the arena of entrepreneurship.
Nandy (1973)5, in her study reported that “education has been a crucial
factor for developing entrepreneurship and it has accelerated the
entrepreneurial spirit.
The Small Industries Extension training institute (SIET) Hyderbad,
(1974)6 carried out a survey in 1974 among 61 entrepreneurs. The study
disseminated details like young age, formal education, urban background,
earlier industrial experience, strong aspirations risk taking spirit, adoption –
propensity and desire for economic gains were some of the aspects found
among these entrepreneurs.
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26 Ramkrishnan (1975)7, in his survey of small scale units in Delhi,
presented statistical details regarding the units and the social, educational,
occupational background of the entrepreneurs, their motivation, expectation
from and reactions to Government schemes.
The Gandhigram (1975)8 rural institute of higher education- undertook
a diagnostic study of entrepreneurship in small scale industrial units in Madurai
city in 1975. This study identified the characteristics of Madurai city
entrepreneurs as follows; pre–planning on the basis of credit facilities so as to
achieve the determined goals, dependency, initiative, innovativeness, a
moderate degree of traditionalism and occasional risk –taking.
Selvaraj, “Entrepreneurship the Need of the Day” (1998)9 emphasized
the need for the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, as it will
bridge the required disparities between the rural and less developed regions.
Migration has become a major problem in our country. If the potential migrates
are engaged in entrepreneurial activity, this can be minimized and the problem
of urbanization can be eliminated.
Suresh Reddy, (2004)10 in his “Entrepreneurship-Concept and
Development” (2004) clearly pointed out that the concept of entrepreneur is
that a person through his composite skill can exploit possibilities in a given
situation to the extent, with the available resources. Entrepreneurship
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27 development is to develop and strengthen entrepreneurial ability in those who
really wants to make bold steps.
2.3. Studies based on Women Entrepreneurship.
In 1959, D.R. Gadgil11 studied the historical aspects of the growth of
entrepreneur in the 18th century. He gave details of social communities linked
with trade and handicraft industry in various areas in India.
Rani (1986)12, in her study’ Potential Women Entrepreneurs’ found that
the desire to do something independently was the prime motivating factor to
start business activity amongst the sample respondents. The women in her
sample reiterated their capability to take independent decisions and told that
the thought of entering into entrepreneurial areas was their own and were not
influenced by others.
Brush and Hisrich(1988)13 in their work pertaining to the impact of the
strategic origin of women on the growth of their enterprises reveal that a
woman entrepreneur who has previous experience in the field stands a better
chance of successfully establishing her venture than the woman who does not
possess such experience. Financial skills are of key importance to business
survival.
Anna (1990)14 in his work pertaining to women entrepreneurs of Kerala,
found that industrial entrepreneurship among the women of Kerala has
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28 emerged from varied socio-economic, educational and cultural backgrounds.
The occupational background of father/husband provides an environment
favourable to the growth of entrepreneurship among women. The study
indicates that rural-agricultural women are not fully prepared to accept the
changes taking place in the urban and semi-urban areas. The author further
finds that highly qualified women were motivated to enter industry in their
prime. However, low level of education did not inhibit a few entrepreneurs
from entering industry. Government agencies installed entrepreneurial spirit
among women, especially among educated ones.
Chandra (1991)15In her study on “Development of Women
Entrepreneurship in India: A Study of Public Policies and Programmes” has
mainly described the institutional services available for the women
entrepreneur and the role of such organizations in the development of
entrepreneurship. The study also presents a socio- economic profile of women
entrepreneurs, the nature of their enterprises, motivation, factors crucial for
success and the assistance from Government and Non-Governmental agencies.
Shah (1991)16 in her study on ‘Fostering Women Entrepreneurship –A
study of Distinctive features’ conducted on three target groups (sample 100
each) of women entrepreneurs of middle and upper middle income groups
having Science and Technology (S&T) background and coming from middle
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29 and lower middle income groups, and of low income groups coming from low
strata of the society found out that the motive to become entrepreneurs was
summarized into five major responses, i.e. economic needs or pressures
utilization of own experience and education, husband’s (family’s)interest and
support availability of free time and finance and desire to become independent
and personal ego satisfaction(of doing something on ones’ own)
Herper (1992)17 in her work on women of poor communities in
Orissa with a view to developing hypotheses about the social and academic
determinants that motivate women to cross the borderlines from generating no
income to generating small income through self-employment and business. She
found that one major barrier for women to start or expand business is the lack
of exposure. Women become more enterprising after interventions from
outsiders. Two other findings seem to contradict general accepted assumptions,
lack of time is not a main constraint and poverty alone is not a pushing factor:
awareness has to be created; change has to be perceived as something possible.
Singh (1993)18, in her work ‘Women Entrepreneurs; Their Profile and
Motivation’, concluded that factors impinging on the entrepreneurial
manifestation of women are not different from those affecting men
entrepreneurs.
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30 The researcher finds that several women are now willing to become
entrepreneurs due to various factors. These factors can be broadly classified
under two categories, namely, ‘pull factors’ and ‘push factors’. Under the first
category, the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and
adventure with an urge to do something new and to have an independent
occupation. The other category of factors forces women to take up business
enterprises to get over financial difficulties due to family circumstances.
However, the latter category forms a negligible percentage of total women in
her sample, can be regarded as an extension of kitchen activities-the three Ps,
namely Pickles, Powder (spices) and Papad, with which women
entrepreneurship is popularly identified.
A study on women entrepreneurs was carried out by Sarayadhi and
Begam (1995)19. It was a survey conducted on 415 women entrepreneurs in
Kerala, who were engaged in a variety of business enterprises. The survey
presents the socio-economic profile, nature of enterprise and information about
the Government and Non-Governmental institutional support.
Klein (1995)20 in her paper ‘Returning to Work: Challenge for Women’,
states that problems of compatibility between professional and private life are
usually resolved to the detriment of women. With few exceptions, it is women
who interrupt their career, when family obligations require such a choice. Their
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31 reintegration into active life poses problems but it is necessary not only as a
basic human right but also for economic efficiency.
Zapalska (1997)21, in her survey of women entrepreneurs in three
biggest urban centres in Poland found that the type of ventures established by
the women entrepreneurs varied widely, with some in traditionally male-
dominated fields and others in the traditional female dominated areas. On
balance the majority of women entrepreneurs were involved in business related
to personal, computers, consulting, sales and advertising. Almost all the
businesses were based on product innovation or product modification.
Jeyanthi.K. (1999)22 in the study “Women Entrepreneurs and Micro
Credit” emphasized that to make women improve their economic status and to
reduce the burden of dependence from male heads, micro credit programmers
should be given more priority towards women empowerment. Moreover,
proper and systematic training to explore the attitude, knowledge and skill
development helps in making successful entrepreneurs. In order to improve
women entrepreneurs and help them intensive training and a good credit
system should be evolved.
Neetima et al., (2000)23 in their work, “Training Women for
Entrepreneurship” emphasized that good training programme keeps the trainees
involved and motivated. Women should be trained in all aspects to get success.
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32 Rural women are generally not confident and are very much bound by customs
and traditions; therefore, the trainer should be a friend, philosopher and guide
to help them come out of their shackles of life. Empowerment training is most
important of all trainings, which helps for the entire development of rural
women for self-employment.
Colette Dumas (2001)24in the study, “Micro Enterprises Training for
Low-Income Women; the Case of the Community Entrepreneurs Programmes
”found that community entrepreneurs programmed provided to low – income
women have helped the participants to launch business and succeed through
micro- enterprise job creation. The study also emphasized that the success story
of the programmed could serve as an example for other training programmers
that strive to help unemployed women to achieve self –sufficiency through
entrepreneurship
Sangita Kamdar, (2002)25 in the study “Women and Economic
Development” highlighted that women’s development is blocked by the gender
rotted segregation in occupations. This segregation has not usually decreased
and it remains a central issue to women’s economic development though
education has helped to bridge the gap to certain extent. The only way to
reduce gender inequality is by making her more independent in various fields
through education and skill formation,
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33 Sivaloganathan (2002)26 in his paper, “Women Entrepreneurs:
Problems and Prospects” highlights the major problems faced by women
entrepreneurs which are gender rooted and some of the prospects they enjoy.
The paper emphasized that large number of women are now seeking gainful
employment in various fields, which were once dominated by male. Yet they
have to go a long way to be on par with male partners. Indian women enjoy a
disadvantaged status in the society and face certain problems such as
inequality, low wages, exploitation by middleman, lack of finance, education
and also socio-economic constrains which are mainly gender-rooted. Though
the government has introduced several measures, still it has to play a great role
in encouraging women entrepreneurship in different activities by imparting
education with skills and traits required for successful management.
Rakesh Dashura et al., (2003)27 in their study, “Tribal Women
Entrepreneurs” found that tribal women have come a long way, breaking the
shackles of tribal community and are engaged themselves in occupations other
than agriculture. They have accepted entrepreneurship as bliss. Tribal women
are now improved in their economic condition through entrepreneurship. More
tribal women have inclined towards entrepreneurship and gained greater
business aptitude. If their problems, which are peculiar to them, are removed,
they make success.
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34
Sakthi Dasgupta (2003)28 in her study “Women organizing for Socio
Economic Security” found that organized women workers of SEWA are better
off than their non-organised counter parts in areas of access to credit, training
as well as access to loan for housing and health insurance, whereas women in
formal economy is characterized by poor working condition, credit problems,
lack of legal protection and concluded that organized women workers could
have beneficial impact on their work and life.
Natarajan et al., (2003)29, in their study “Competencies of the women
Entrepreneurs” emphasized the competencies of women entrepreneurs in
carrying out their business activities. The study has made an attempt to
examine the competencies of women entrepreneurs in Erode district. The study
highlights that personal variables such as age, education, experience, location
status and nature of operation do not have any influence on the competency
level of women entrepreneurs. The authors suggested that there is an urgent
need for improvement in the competency levels of women entrepreneurs
through proper training and entrepreneurship development programmes.
Dhulasi Birundha Varadharajan et al., (2003)30, in their paper
“Achieving Women Empowerment through Women Entrepreneurship” found
that women empowerment through attitude empowerment helped to improve
women status in society and strengthen their economic status. Women
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35 entrepreneurship is to improve the welfare of women and therefore
development and empowerment of women.
Kalian et al., in their paper, (2004)31 “Association Between Social
Economic Demographic Profile and Involvement of Women Entrepreneurs in
their enterprise management” reveal that various socio-economic factors such
as education family type, marital status, economic status and demographic
(sex) variables have significant impact on involvement of women
entrepreneurs in their enterprise management. The study concluded that an
adoption of integrated and multi disciplinary developmental approach along
with a plan of action could help women entrepreneurs impair of their
constraints in the form of socio- economic demographic variables such as age,
education and economic status.
Dr.M.Sumathy and Mr.K.Nagendran (2007)32 have expressed in their
article that, the women of today certainly play a vital role in the development
of the society. By sharing time, appreciation, knowledge and ideas, friendship,
kindness and experience women manages the busy world today. Their success
is mainly because of their ability to relax optimistically, listen deeply, feel
empathetically, respond carefully, synchronize co-operatively, act authentically
and acknowledge generously. After all that is the essence of women
empowerment.
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36 Ms.S.Ranjani (2007)33 has stated that the sound policy decisions about
the strategy of improving quality of life require detailed survey and analysis of
the different variables contained in them.
To be meaningful and immediately relevant, such a survey should be
conducted at the micro level by all the concerned socio-economic research
institutions. The objective is to study the economic status of urban female
domestic helpers in a Town.
Dr.Valasamma Antony (2007)34 in the research paper stated that, the
male domination and other psychological taboos attached to women are yet to
be challenged. Educating them in the nuances of business and managerial
skills is essential. Liberal institutional finance and other support systems
should be provided. Success stories of other women entrepreneurs also would
help. Anyway, it is high time women are brought out of their reverie, into the
mainstream towards the overall economic and social development of our
nation.
Dr.M.Rajiakodi (2007)35 in the research paper stated that, the
introduction of the New Panchayat Raj is a great watershed in the annals of
India’s Rural Development Planning. Panchayat Raj System is both a rural
decentralized democratic institution as well as a mechanism to implement the
development programmes in the villages. With this thrust a study was
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37 undertaken to examine the relationship between Panchayat Raj and Rural
Employment Generation Programme.
Monika Tushir, Sumita and Pankaj (2007),36 have stated in an articles
that, the micro credit is emerging as a powerful instrument for poverty
alleviation in the new economy. It is a powerful instrument and has improved
access of rural poor specially women. the SHG – Bank linkage program had
offered greater opportunities for closer interaction between bank and group
members. There is significant improvement in the recent years and the concept
has picked up with the constant support of the state Government and NGO’s.
Dr. Madhur Bala and Dr.O.P. Monga have (2007)37 associated and
opined that the women employment supplements the family income and
enhances their economic status and places them in higher income group.
Among employed women, their better education, employment and improved
family income, all the three raises their socio-economic status and place them
in upper or upper – middle class from lower or upper – lower class.
One of the major works done in the areas of women and development is
the Book on “Women and Social Policy” by Safilos Rothechild in the year
1974. The author has presented the theoretical background of social policy
related to social women and also o liberate women.
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38
Md.Omar Ali and M.Abul Kashem (1996)38 points out those rural
women might face various kinds of problems in using the technologies. An
understanding of the problem confrontation of the rural women working in
groups may be helpful for planning and execution of extension programme
aimed at helping the rural women adopting improved practical.
Agarawal yash (1998)39 studied about the empowerment status of
women. The term empowerment status is used first as an access to resources
such as education, gainful employment and health services and second; the
position that a woman has in various situation.
Sukumar Basu (2000)40 found that, women at present contribute to the
promotion of economic development of country in various capacities as they
perform not only non-market activities through which they produce goods
savings greater “use-values”, but also various market activities to fields,
factories, offices and elsewhere outside home. So, dual role of women, one as a
contributor to production in a country and the other as a reproducer of human
race has been emphasized in our literature.
Rasheeda Bhagat,(2004)41 in her work “India Interior” has expressed
that there has been a sea change in the attitude of men towards women’s groups
and micro finance. She also stated that in the last 10 years, the banker’s attitude
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39 has changed substantially and there is a remarkable difference in the way they
look at these women’s groups. That is the major success of this programme.
Dr.M.Sumathy and Mr.K.Nagendran (2007)42 have expressed in their
article that, the women of today certainly play a vital role in the development
of the society. By sharing time, appreciation, knowledge and ideas, friendship,
kindness and experience women manages the busy world today. Their success
is mainly because of their ability to relax optimistically, listen deeply, feel
empathetically, respond carefully, synchronize co-operatively, act authentically
and acknowledge generously. After all that is the essence of women
empowerment.
Ms.S.Ranjani (2007)43 has stated that the sound policy decisions about
the strategy of improving quality of life require detailed survey and analysis of
the different variables contained in them.
To be meaningful and immediately relevant, such a survey should be
conducted at the micro level by all the concerned socio-economic research
institutions. The objective is to study the economic status of urban female
domestic helpers in a Town.
Dr.Valasamma Antony (2007)44 in the research paper stated that, the
male domination and other psychological taboos attached to women are yet to
be challenged. Educating them in the nuances of business and managerial
Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/)
40 skills is essential. Liberal institutional finance and other support systems
should be provided. Success stories of other women entrepreneurs also would
help. Anyway, it is high time women are brought out of their reverie, into the
mainstream towards the overall economic and social development of our
nation.
Dr.M.Rajiakodi (2007)45 in the research paper stated that, the
introduction of the New Panchayat Raj is a great watershed in the annals of
India’s Rural Development Planning. Panchayat Raj System is both a rural
decentralized democratic institution as well as a mechanism to implement the
development programmes in the villages. With this thrust a study was
undertaken to examine the relationship between Panchayat Raj and Rural
Employment Generation Programme.
Monika Tushir, Sumita and Pankaj (2007),46 have stated in an articles
that, the micro credit is emerging as a powerful instrument for poverty
alleviation in the new economy. It is a powerful instrument and has improved
access of rural poor specially women. the SHG – Bank linkage program had
offered greater opportunities for closer interaction between bank and group
members. There is significant improvement in the recent years and the concept
has picked up with the constant support of the state Government and NGO’s.
Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/)
41 Dr. Madhur Bala and Dr.O.P. Monga have (2007)47 associated and
opined that the women employment supplements the family income and
enhances their economic status and places them in higher income group.
Among employed women, their better education, employment and improved
family income, all the three raises their socio-economic status and place them
in upper or upper – middle class from lower or upper – lower class.
Promila Kapur (1974)48 in her work on “The Changing Status of
Working Women in India” opines those women belonging to middle and upper
classes are now conscious of their legal and political rights. They are desirous
of acquiring knowledge and skills and they have an economically independent
status. Further, the author has explained the problems and difficulties faced by
these women in their new roles.
P. Babu (1978)49 the study was an attempt to find out the sociological
factors that contribute to the development of small entrepreneurs. The study
showed that community and family background contributed to the success of
prospective entrepreneurs, formal education has not been a positive factor in
entrepreneurs, formal education has not been a positive factor in
entrepreneurship development, providing infrastructure facilities alone will not
promote entrepreneurship development and the Association of Small Scale
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42 Industries has to play an important role in identification and development
entrepreneurs.
M.V. Despande (1982)50 observed the political system was responsible
for dormancy of entrepreneurship. Financial help from family and father’s
occupational status were significantly related to entry. Industrial
entrepreneurship was a result of collective ambitions and aspirations of the
family.
Lalita Devi (1982)51 has tried to show the employment per cent against
age duration, family type and place of residence, which play a crucial role in
raising the status of women. Employed women have more power and
influence in the family and outside rather than unemployed women.
A.P. Upadhya, (1983)52 stated that success of entrepreneur was due to
incentives offered by development agencies, family upbringing from particular
caste and craft providing attention to financial function and former education.
Usha Roa (1983)53 has tried to take stock of the existing positions of
women in different regions and brought out their role in social, economic,
legal, educational moral and political spheres of Indian women. Roa has
particular interest in women belonging to the weaker sections. It is believed
that her study would be useful to both governmental and non-governmental
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43 organizations engaged in programmes and plans for the development of the
country.
Surti and Sarupriya (1983)54 investigated the psychological factors
affecting women entrepreneurs. The results indicated that unmarried women
experienced less stress and fewer dependents than married women. The
women from joint families tended to experience less role stress than subjects
from nuclear families, probably because hey share their problems with other
family members.
Sharma, Kumus (1984)55 felt the need for inter linked strategies at
different levels of Government and the society as the process of changing
status of women require both structural and attitudinal transformation to deal
with both social and economical inequalities.
Alphonsa M.J. (1984)56 has undertaken a study to examine the
dimensions of educated unemployment in Kerala. The study finds that the
employment opportunity did not increase commensurate with the increase in
the supply of educated manpower. The problem is more acute among younger
age group and among women.
Subbi Reddi and Sobha Reddi (1985)57 in their study stated that the
reasons for high success were, the age of 50 years of more, having technical
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44 education, having investment more than Rs. 10 lakhs, having previous
experience in service and in limited company type of ownership.
Sharma R.A. (1985)58 notices two mainstreams in entrepreneurial
development of India. The entrepreneurs were more evolved from certain well-
known group with some industrial and merchantile backgrounds. The other
stream consists of some well known caste and communities. According to him,
strong desire to do something independent in life, technical knowledge and/or
manufacturing experience, financial assistance from institutional sources,
business experience in the same or related line, accommodation in industrial
estates and heavy demand for a particular product or service are the major
factors induced the emergence of new entrepreneurial class.
S.G. Bhanushali (1987) in his study, “Entrepreneurship Development”,
observed that it was a characteristic feature of entrepreneurs of Kolhapur that
as in the process of establishing their workshops they received help from
earlier generation of entrepreneurs. So, they in their own turn, helped their
relatives, acquaintances and promising workers to set up independent
workshops.
Meera Bal (1998)60 she observed that the community initiatives have
been taking the issues of women in business. She underlined that female
entrepreneurs need psychological support designed to reinforce entrepreneurial
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45 spirit among women technical assistance in the development phase would
improve the entrepreneurial base in the region.
V. Balu (1998)61 in his article stated that by providing suitable education
training and making them more self confident the women entrepreneurship can
be developed.
Singla and Syal (1998)62 have classified the problems being faced by
women entrepreneurs at different stages of their entrepreneurial career into
three major categories. i.e.
Problems related to projected formulation.
Problems related to projected implementation
Problems related to project operation.
In order to overcome this problem the authors strongly advocate Group
Women Entrepreneurship (GWE).
Anitha and A.S. Kaxmisha (1999)63 have stated in their study that
entrepreneurs are motivated by both pull and push factors and evidenced that
entrepreneurs are no longer born but they can be made. They suggested that in
order to make the women entrepreneurship movement to be a success
government and non Governmental organizations have to play a vital role.
Women entrepreneurs in backward areas need special assistance and tiely
marketing of goods. They advocated for EDP training.
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46
N. Manimekalai and G. Rajeswari (2000)64 observed that women
entrepreneurs are found in risk taking industrial activities requiring modern
techniques of production. The major problems faced by the women
entrepreneurs are the shortage of capital, lack of seed capital and the
dependence of informal sources of credit and lack of initiative to expand their
scale of operations due to financial constraints.
K. Sundar, J. Gopu, Syfil Ali (2001)65 suggested that women have the
potential and will to establish and manager enterprise of their own. What they
need is encouragement and support from the Family members, Government,
Society and Male counter part.
G. Chelladurai (2002)66 suggests that when proper education and
environment are given the social taboo can be broken up and women force can
be used as a good human resource potential for the entrepreneurial programme.
C. Natarajan and M. Kavitha (2003)67 suggested that the financial
institution assisting women entrepreneurs shall provide necessary guidelines to
the women entrepreneurs for getting financial assistance at the right time.
Arunthati Chaltopadhya (2005)68 emphasized that economic
empowerment is elevating the status of women in our society. One possible
towards achieving this end could be through entrepreneurship development.
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47
Kamalakannan (2005)69 investigated the development of
entrepreneurship. Development of entrepreneurship among has become an
important aspect of the overall economic development. This article gives a
detailed analysis of financial institutions commercial banks and NGOs engaged
in financing and promoting entrepreneurship among women.
K. Lavanya Latha (2006)70 suggested that the hard work, self
confidence, self determination,personality traits and availability of timely
financial support were the important factors for success of women
entrepreneurs.
Conclusion
Although there are a number of studies on various aspects of
entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurship in India, no systematic effort
has been undertaken to study the growth of women entrepreneurs at the micro
level. Hence an attempt has been made to study the “A Study on the
Development of Women Entrepreneurs in Dindigul District.
Now–a–days a woman shines in every field like medicine, engineering,
software, airlines, shipping, railways etc. In several sectors they have occupied
higher posts. Many women show their individuality by showing their
excellence by starting their own ventures. They build enterprises from small
level to large level.
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48
REFERENCES
1 Hagen, Everett, E., On the Theory of Social Change’ Doresen press,
Homewood, 1962
2 Berna (1966) Industrial Entrepreneurs Madras State, Bombay Asia, publishing
house 1966.
3 Kameshwar Jha ‘Growth of Entrepreneurship in an Under Developed Region-
with special reference to Bihar State. an unpublished Ph.D. Thesis 1970.
4 Gloria V. Javillonar and George R. Peters, Sociological and Social
Psychological Aspects of Indian Entrepreneurship. ‘The British Journal of
sociology’ Vol.24, No3. pp. 314-328.
5 Nandy, A, 1973, Modernity and Entrepreneurrial Competence. The Journal of
Social Psychology. 91:127-136.
6 SIET Socio-Psychological Factors Influencing the Adoption of the Innovation
of Starting a Small Industrial Unit’ SIET Institute, (Mimeographed),
Hyderabad, 1974.
7 Ramakrishnan P.,1975, New Entrepreneurship in Small Scale Industry in
Delhi. New Delhi: Economic and Scientific Research Foundation, p48.
8 Top Title add and “Entrepreneurship in Small Scale Industries in Madurai
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