Chapter 9:The High Middle Ages

• By: Cierra Adkins, Kellie Foster, Karina Matos, Krista Romanoff, and Tina Tollinger.

• Section 1:Growth and Power In England and France.

• Section 2:The Holy Roman Empire and The Church.

• Section 3: Europeans Look Outward.• Section 4:Learning Literature and The Arts.• Section 5:A Time Of Crisis.

Section 1:Growth and Royal Power in

England and France

• Feudal monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society.

• Noble & the church had a lot of power as the monarchs. They had their own courts and collected their own taxes.

• Monarchs strengthened ties with the middle class.

Strong Monarchs in England

• The Domesday Book, which was listed every castle, field and pigpen in England. This book helped William and later English monarchs build an efficient system of tax collecting.

• Common law is a legal system based on custom and court ruling.

• Jury is a group of men sworn to speak the truth.

• Exchequer is to collect taxes

Evolving Traditions of English Governments

• Henry’s son John was one of the worst rulers. He faced three powerful enemies.

a. King Philip II of France b. Pope Innocent III c. His own English nobles

• In 1215, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta

Successful Monarchs in France

• These feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, to fill the vacant throne in 987

• Hugh and his heirs slowly increased royal power.

• The Capetians built an effective bureaucracy • Philip Augustus was a bald, red-faced man who

ate and drank too much. He was a shrewd and able ruler.

• French ruler in 1226, Louis IX, ascended to the throne and was a deeply religious man.

The Different king’s of France & England

• Henry the II was the king of England

• Philip Augustus is the king of France

• Pope Innocent III he was selected the archbishop of Canterbury.

Section 2:The Holy Roman

Empire and the Church

• I. The Holy Roman Empire• In the early middle ages, as you have

learned, the emperor Charlemagne had brought much of present-day France and Germany under his rule.

II. Conflict Between Popes and Emperors

• A. Pope Gregory VII• Gregory was determine to make the church

independent of secular rulers.• Only the pope, said Gregory, had the right to

appoint and install bishops in office• B. Emperor Henry IV• Pope Gregory’s ban brought an angry response

from the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV• He argued that bishops held their lands as royal

fiefs• C. The Struggle Intensifies• In 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry, freeing

his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor.

D. Concordat of Worms

• The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years.

• In it, they agreed that the church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority

• III. The Struggle for Italy• A. Frederick Barbarossa• The emperor Frederick I, called Barbarossa,

or “ Red Beard,” dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic.

• The child of Henry and Constance, Frederick II, was raised in Southern Italy.

C. Effects of Germany and Italy

• While Frederick was embroiled in Holy, German nobles grew more independent.

• IV. The Height of Church power• Pope innocent III, who took office in 1198,

embodied the triumph of the church.

Section 3:Europeans Look Outward

• After the schism the first Crusade was the only one that came close to achieving its goals. After a few hundred years, they divided their lands into small states.

• When Jerusalem fell in 1187, it was already the Third Crusade however, the Europeans had failed to retake Jerusalem.

• During the fourth Crusade, crusaders changed from fighting Muslims to fighting Christians. Meanwhile the Muslim armies took overand the victims were the Christians.

Economic Expansion

• Even before the Crusades, Europeans got a taste of what the luxuries felt like in the Byzantine Empire. At this time,Crusades introduced fabrics, spices, and perfumes from the Middle East to Europe. We got words like sugar, cotton and rice borrowed from Arabic, and show the range of trade goods involved.

Reconquista in Spain

• In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. Their marriage between the two powerful rulers opened for a unified state and using their combined forces they made a final push against the fall of Granada which in 1492 fell and completed the Reconquista.

• To impose unity they joined forces with the townspeople to bring political unity to Spain.

Section 4: Learning,Literature, and the Arts

MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES• Medieval university is an institution of higher

learning which was established during High Middle Ages period and is a corporation

• Universities were organized like guilds with chapters to protect the rights of members and set standards for training

• Then in the 1200's other cities rushed to organize more Universities

• The program of study covered arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric and logic.

NEW LEARNING

• Muslim scholars helped the spread of learning by translating the work of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers into Arabic. The Jews also translated the work of Aristotle into latin. By the 1100's these new translations were making way into Western Europe. There they set off a new revolution of learning.

LITERATURE

• Heroic Epics- People began writing oral traditions in vernacular, everyday language of ordinary people.

• Dantes Divine Comedy- A poem that would take the reader on an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory. Also he would describe a vision of heaven.

• Chaucers Canterbury Tales In this tale Geoffrey Chaucer follows a band of English Pilgrims

He sketches a range of characters, each tells a story. Whether funny, romantic or bawdy, each tale would add pictures or medieval life.

ART

• As the churches rose, stonemasons began carving sculptors to decorate the them inside and out

• Sculptors would portray scenes from the bible and other religious themes. They also carved images of everyday life.

I. The black death

• A Global Epidemic • •Sickness was bubonic plague a disease spread by fleas on

rats• •Broke out in Europe, Asia, and North America but subsided• •In the 1200s Mongol armies conquered much of Asia setting

off a new epidemic (outbreak of rapid – spreading disease)• B. Social Upheaval• •Plague brought terror in Europe because people had no way

to stop it• •People turned to magic & witchcraft for cures while others

plunged into wild pleasures believing they would soon die• •People saw the plague as God’s punishment they beat

themselves to show reprimand for their sins• •Christians blamed Jews for the plague saying they poisoned

the wells

C. Economic Effects

• •As the plague kept recurring in the late 1300s The European economy plunged

• •Workers and employers died production declined survivors demanded higher wages

• •As the cost of labor soared inflation (rising prices) broke out too• •Landowners and merchants pushed laws to limit wages

• II. Upheaval in Church – middle ages brought spiritual, crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church

• A.Division within the Church• •Church was unable to provide leadership in the desperate times• •1309 Pope Clement moved papal court to Avignon where it remained

under French domination for 70 years• •Babylonian captivity (time when ancient Israelites were held captive

in Babylon)

 

B. New Heresies

• •Weak moral authority caused church to face more problems• •Popular people challenged the power• •In England John Wycliffe, an oxford professor, attacked Church

corruption.• III. Hundred years war • A.Causeso French Kings intent on extending their own power in France• When Edward II of England claimed the French crown in 1337, war

erupted between the rivals

•

B. English Victories

• •English won a string of victories which they owed to longbow

• •English victories took heavy toll on French morale• •Fortunes soon reversed in favor of the French

• C. Joan of Arc & French Victory• • In 1429 a 17- year old peasant woman, Joan of Arc, told

the uncrowned King of France Charles VII she was sent to save France by God

• Joan led France To several victories

• D. Effects • •hundred years war set France & England on

different paths• Allowed French Kings to expand power