chapter 9 evolution barrons book. microevolution house sparrows have adapted to the climate of north...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 9 Evolution
Barron’s Book
![Page 2: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Microevolution
House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ]
mosquitoes have evolved in response to global warming,
and insects have evolved resistance to our pesticides.
These are all examples of microevolution — evolution on a small scale.
![Page 3: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Macroevolution
![Page 6: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Anagenesis vs. Cladogenesis
![Page 8: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Evidence for Evolution
We will discuss FIVE
![Page 9: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fossil Record Transitional fossils
![Page 10: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Comparative Anatomy
Homologous
![Page 11: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Analogous
![Page 12: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vestigial
![Page 13: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Comparative Embryology
![Page 14: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Comparative Embryology
![Page 15: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Comparative Embryology
![Page 16: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Molecular Biology
Cytochrome C – polypeptide (amino acid sequence)
![Page 18: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Biogeography
![Page 20: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Biogeography
![Page 21: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Most of the 140 species of marsupials in Australia are found nowhere else in the world.
![Page 22: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Worldwide Distribution of the Order Marsupiala
Common NamesScientific
Name
No. Genera
No. Species
Distribution
Oppossums Didelphidae 12 70 Americas
Marsupial Mice, Marsupial Cats, Tasmanian Devil
Dasyuridae 14 50 Australasia
Tasmanian WolfThylacinida
e1 1 Tasmania
Numbats/Banded AnteatersMyrmecobii
dae1 1 Australia
BandicootsPeramelida
e8 18 Australasia
Shrew OppossumsCaenolestid
ae3 7 South America
Possums, Cuscuses, Gledero, Ringtails
Phalangeridae
13 40 Australasia
Noolkanger or Honey PossumTarsipedida
e1 1 Australia
KoalasPhoscolarat
idae1 1 Australia
Wombats Vombatidae 2 4 Australia
Kangaroo/Wallabies, Potoroos, Rat Kangaroos
Macrophodidae
15 47 Australasia
![Page 23: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bi-nomial nomenclature Homo sapiens Lizardus Dominicanus
![Page 26: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cuvier
![Page 28: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hutton and Lyell
![Page 29: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lamarck“acquired characteristics”
![Page 30: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Alfred Wallace
Published an essay discussing natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish his book
![Page 31: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Charles Darwin
Early 1840’s theory is worked out Publishes “On the origin of
Species” in 1859
![Page 32: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
4 tenets of natural selection
Over population
![Page 33: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Advantageous traits
![Page 37: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Types of Selection
Stabilizing
![Page 40: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
MRSA - The deadliest form of Staph MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus Staph bacteria that are resistant to the action of methicillin and related
antibiotics are referred to as MRSA MRSA are not only resistant to all penicillin-like antibiotics, but they are often
resistant to many other types of antibiotics as well. Infections with MRSA can be costly and difficult to treat because of limited
antibiotic options. The proportion of staph infections that are methicillin-resistant has been steadily
increasing, especially in the last 15-20 years. By 2003, the percentage of MRSA among all staph isolates had risen three-fold to
38.6%. Almost 40% of staph found is MRSA now! MRSA is spread by physical contact, person to person, or person to contaminated
object MRSA symptoms for the most part, not different from any other staph infection Diagnosis is confirmed by identifying the bacteria grown in a laboratory culture
from a sample. The sample may be from a sterile site, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or from a non-sterile site such as a draining lesion or a swab of the back of the nose.
![Page 44: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Sexual Selection
sexual dimorphism bestows upon the females a large, pink, pillowy buttocks sexual dimorphism bestows upon the females a large, pink, pillowy buttocks
![Page 45: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Artificial Selection
![Page 49: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sources of Variation in Population
100’s of breeds of dogs…1 species, demonstrates the tremendous potential for variation
…extent of variability, is a major determinant of capacity for evolution
![Page 50: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Balanced Polymorphism
Two phenotypes in one species, each better for its own environment
![Page 56: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Mutations
Provide new alleles in gene pool Adaptations
![Page 58: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Sexual Reproduction
Provides variation
![Page 59: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Independent assortment of chromosomes
![Page 60: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Crossing Over
![Page 61: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Random Fertilization A zygote is formed
by the random union of independently-produced gametes.
For humans, the number of different gametes is 223 * 223, or 8,388,6082, giving 70,368,744,177,664 (70 trillion) possible combinations.
![Page 62: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Outbreeding
Mating organisms that are not closely related….
Is that bad or good?
![Page 63: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Promotion of Outbreeding
Flowering plants..male and female parts mature at different times
Lions---dominant male chases away young maturing males…
![Page 64: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Diploidy 2n condition, whole other set of
genes that could be an advantage when conditions change
![Page 65: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Heterozygote superiority
Hybrids have an advantage ** Population retains greater variation Ex sickle cell anemia Ss- no sickle cell, and resistance to
malaria SS no sickle cell, die from malaria ss has sickle cell, and may die from
that
![Page 66: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Frequency Dependent Selection Minority advantage Decrease frequency of
more common phenotypes Ex.) Search
image….predators are used to chasing prey that looks a certain way, if you look different you and your young will survive…
![Page 68: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Evolutionary Neutral Traits
Bloodtype Fingerprint variation Where from? Why? Function? ….all unknowns
![Page 69: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Causes of Evolution
Genetic Drift: change due to chance Bottleneck effect (fire, earthquake,
flood)…
![Page 70: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Founder effect
![Page 72: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Small population breaks away from a larger one. Rarer alleles are over represented…..
Amish 1770’s German population, extreme isolation, and intermarriage
![Page 73: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Gene Flow
Movement of alleles in or out of population
Migrations
![Page 75: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Mutations
Changes in genetics material
![Page 76: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Nonrandom mating
Individuals chose mates for a specific reason
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/quicktime/l_016_08.html
![Page 77: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Natural selection
Environment changes Those who are better adapted to it “are selected for” They survive They reproduce and those genes
are passed on…
![Page 78: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Sources of Stability in populations
Hardy and Weinberg Stable population would require 5
things large Isolated No mutations Mating random No natural selection
![Page 79: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
This is purely hypothetical, it CANNOT exist
![Page 80: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Hardy Weinberg Equation
Calculate frequencies of alleles in population
P dominant allele Q recessive allele Problems 1, 2, 3 – go over together
![Page 81: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Speciation
To be of the same species…. Potential to interbreed in nature Produce fertile viable offspring
![Page 83: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Allopatric speciation
Caused by geographic isolation
![Page 84: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Sympatric Speciation
Polyploidy- more than 1 set of chrom
Habitat isolation- Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation Reproductive isolation
![Page 86: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Plants that are polyploidy CANNOT breed with plants that have the normal number of chromosomes
![Page 87: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Habitat Isolation
![Page 88: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Behavioral Isolation
![Page 89: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Temporal Isolation
![Page 90: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Reproductive Isolation
Anatomical incompatibility Small male dog and large female
dog cannot mate Prezygotic barriers- prevent
mating Postzygotic barriers- mating occurs
but offspring is infertile
![Page 91: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
![Page 93: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Patterns of Evolution
Divergent
![Page 94: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Convergent
![Page 95: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Convergent
![Page 96: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Parallel Evolution
![Page 97: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Coevolution
![Page 98: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Adaptive Radiation
![Page 99: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Macroevolution
Gradualism- organisms descended from a common ancestor gradually, in a linear and branched fashion.
Prob: A lot of missing links haven’t been found
![Page 100: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Punctuated Equilibrium
Gould and Eldridge- new species appear suddenly after long periods of stasis…
See figures page 183
![Page 101: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Origin of Life
Earth age 4.6 billion years Ancient atmosphere, had many
gases but lacked free oxygen UV rays and lightening Mimicking early Early Earth….
![Page 102: Chapter 9 Evolution Barrons Book. Microevolution House sparrows have adapted to the climate of North America, ] mosquitoes have evolved in response to](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061305/55144fd8550346414e8b5087/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Mitochondrial DNA, is inherited from the mother…..