Chapter 8

Transport

Transport

Is the absorption and circulation within an

organism

Passive Transport

vs.

Active Transport

Passive Transport

A type of transport in which materials move across the cell membrane without using energy

( high concentration to low concentration)

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Example of Passive transport

Active Transport

A type of transport requiring energy to move materials across the cell membrane

(low concentration to high concentration)

Concentration Gradient

The difference in concentration between a region of high

concentration and a region of low concentration

passive transportpassive transport  the movement of materials the movement of materials across a plasma membrane across a plasma membrane in which the cell expends in which the cell expends

no energyno energy

•DiffusionDiffusion•OsmosisOsmosis

•PlasmolysisPlasmolysis•Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

active transport active transport   the movement of materials against the movement of materials against

a concentration gradient (from a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of low concentration to

regions of high concentration) buy regions of high concentration) buy using energy from ATPusing energy from ATP. .

•EndocytosisEndocytosis•Phagocytosis Phagocytosis •PinocytosisPinocytosis

•ExocytosisExocytosis

Cell membrane

Made up of proteins and lipids

Also known as :

- plasma membrane

- selective membrane

Is semipermeable membrane

Water molecules are small enough to easily diffuse across the cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Lipids

Protein

I. Absorption

Absorption

The passage of materials across the cell membrane

and into the cell

CirculationThe movement of materials within a cell and/or throughout an organism

a) intracellular circulation within the cell

(cyclosis)Endoplasmic reticulum

b) Intercellular circulation blood circulation throughout body

heart, blood vessels, capillaries Gastrovascular cavity

II. Circulation

Intracellular Circulation

Circulation within the cell

Ex: Cyclosis

Intracellular Circulation(Cyclosis)

Intercellular Circulation

Circulation outside of the cell

Ex: blood, heart,

III. Organisms

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plants have vascular (conducting) tissue known as xylem and phloem

1. Xylem- carries water and dissolved materials upward from the roots to the stems and leaves.

2. Phloem- carries food (glucose) and other organic compounds from the leaves throughout the rest of the plant.

Roots

Roots are structures that specialize in the absorption of water and minerals from the soil, and the

movement of these materials upward to the stem

Root Hairs

Found on roots

Increase surface area for water absorption

Stems

Structure is more complex than roots

The xylem and phloem tubes are continuous with the xylem and phloem of the roots

Leaves

The xylem and phloem tubes in the leaves are in vascular bundles called veins

The xylem and phloem tubes are continuous with the xylem and phloem of the roots and stems

Bryophytes

vs.

Tracheophytes

Tale of Two Plants

TracheophytesHas Vascular tissue Xylem, phloem

More complexTrue roots, stems, leavesTrees, flowers, bushes, Vegetables,

Grasses, etc

BryophytesLacks Vascular tissueMust be in moist Env.Limited growth capabilitiesSimple plantsNO true roots, stems, leavesMosses + liverworts

Bryophytes

Are simple, multicellular organisms that lack vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

Therefore, transport is done by diffusion through cell membrane

Bryophytes- The Bryophytes

have- no true roots,

stems or leaves. - No vascular tissue

(no tubes)- Ex: moss -

Tracheophytes

Are higher, more complex multicellular organisms that have vascular tissue for transport

Tracheophytes

- 2. Tracheophytes- Have true roots, stems, and leaves.

- Have vascular tissue- Ex: trees and

flowering plants

Chloroplast

O2

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Lightwater

Review

Leaf Cross Section

Veins

Xylem

PhloemVein

Cuticle

Epidermis

Palisademesophyll

Epidermis

Stoma

Guardcells

Spongymesophyll

Root Longitudinal Section ( #7 )

Section 23-2

Figure 23–9 Water Transport in a Root

Section Outline

23–5 Transport in PlantsA. Water Transport

1. Capillary Action

2. Transpiration

3. Controlling Transpiration

4. Transpiration and Wilting

B. Nutrient Transport

1. Functions of Phloem

2. Movement From Source to Sink

Stomates and Guard cells

Diagram #1-342

Stomates and Guard cells

a specialized cell on the undersurface of leaves for controlling gas exchange and water loss.

The Guard cells control the stomatal openings in the epidermis of the leaf.

Gas Exchange : Lenticels

a spongy area present in the cork (bark) surfaces of the stems, roots, and other parts of vascular plants. It appears on the surface as a lenticular (lens-shaped) spot, which acts as a pore. These structures allow for the exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere to occur across the bark which would otherwise prevent this exchange of gases.

Water Movement

Movement of nutrients and water from the ground and into the root hairs involve the following:

1. Diffusion (nutrients in) 2. Osmosis (water in)

Transpiration

The evaporation of water from the leaves through the stomatesTranspiration calls for the need of more water in the leaves, and as a result, water is pulled upward to replace the water that has evaporated

Transpirational Pull

The upward pull of water through the xylem due to

transpiration

Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.

Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

A B

Transpirationvideo 23.a

Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.

Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

A B

Transpiration

Transport videos

Transpiration video 23.a

Translocation 23.b

Section 23-5

Movementof water

Movementof sugar

Sugarmolecules

Source cell

Sink cell

Phloem Xylem

Figure 23–24 Phloem Transport

Organisms

Protists Ameoba Paramecium

Animals Hydra Earthworm Grasshopper

Kingdom: Protista

Oxygen

CO2

Phylum: Protozoan, Amoeba (ameba)

Metabolic Waste

Kingdom: ProtistaPhylum: Protozoan, Paramecium

Posterior Contractile

vacuole

Plasma membrane

Anterior Contractile

vacuole

cytoplasm

Circulation in Protista

Phylum: ProtozoanEx. Amoeba, Paramecium

No specialized transport system

Materials enter and leave by:diffusion and active transportUses contractile vacuoles

Ex. Oxygen, carbon dioxide

Invertebrates Review

Arthropod

Annelid

Flatworm

Cnidarian

Mouth/anus

Mouth/anusMouth

Mouth

Gastrovascularcavity

Gastrovascularcavity

Pharynx

Pharynx

PharynxCrop

Crop

Gizzard

Intestine

Intestine

Rectum

Anus

Anus

Stomachand

digestive glands

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Coelenterate

AKA: Cnidarian

Mouth/anus

Gastrovascularcavity

Cnidaria Review:

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Coelenterates or Cnidaria

Simple multicellular organisms 2 cell layers thick, endo and ectodermic layers Every cell in contact with the environment Carries out Extracellular circulation in Gastrovascular cavity (GVC)

Diffusion of gasses in and outIngests nutrients by Phagocytosis

Carries out Intracellular Circulation by Cyclosis and diffusion

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Annelida

Anus

Clitellum

Circular muscle

Longitudinalmuscle

Nephridia Ganglia Ringvessels

Reproductiveorgans

Ventralblood vessel

Ganglion

Brain

Mouth

Dorsalblood vessel

CropGizzardBody segments

Setae

Prentice Hall chapter 27

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Annelida

Annelida AKA Segmented Worms

Skin is moist for oxygen permeability

Closed Circulatory system

Blood contains IRON bases PROTEIN HEMOGLOBIN. Red color

Double diffusion of O2 through skin then body cells

Absorbs digested end products using typhlosole

Phylum: AnnelidsPhylum: Annelids(Segmented worms)(Segmented worms)

Transport Similarities

Insect:Open Circulatory

System

Annelid:Closed Circulatory

System

Heartlikestructures

Bloodvessels

Heartlike structure

Bloodvessels

Hearts

Heart

Sinusesand organs

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda

Open circulatory system, meaning the blood flows into the tissue and comes into direct contact with all the cells. Blood is transparent-green, lacks iron based hemoglobin. ITS COPPER BASED Blood only carries nutrients. NO GASESSpecial tubes transport the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Has only one blood vessel, the aortaHeart pumps the blood through the aorta and into the tissue or body spaces where materials are exchanged. The blood returns to the heart through valve like openings in the heart wall. SINUSES