CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: LEARNING LEARNING

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

Opening Experiment: Opening Experiment: Directions: Please place your Directions: Please place your

head on desk, close your eyes head on desk, close your eyes and relax. and relax.

This is NOT HypnosisThis is NOT Hypnosis

LearningLearning

►YouTube - Scary Loud Noise►LearningLearning - a change in behavior due - a change in behavior due

to experienceto experience►We are not born with a blueprint of We are not born with a blueprint of

how to survive, we learn by how to survive, we learn by experience. We have experience. We have adaptabilityadaptability – – the capacity to cope with our changing the capacity to cope with our changing environments. environments.

Behaviorism Behaviorism

►BehaviorismBehaviorism – – Psychology should be an objective science Psychology should be an objective science Studies behavior without reference to Studies behavior without reference to

mental processes . mental processes . RELATE EVERYTHING WE LEARN IN THE RELATE EVERYTHING WE LEARN IN THE

NEXT 2 CHAPTERS TO BEHAVIORISM aka NEXT 2 CHAPTERS TO BEHAVIORISM aka Behavioral perspectiveBehavioral perspective

BehavioristsBehaviorists

►Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov – Russian physiologist – Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)responses in dogs (1849-1936)

BehavioristsBehaviorists

► John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson – – American psychologist American psychologist who established the who established the psychological school of psychological school of behaviorism. (1878 – behaviorism. (1878 – 1958)1958)

"Give me a dozen healthy "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one guarantee to take any one at random and train him to at random and train him to become any type of become any type of specialist I might select--specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant- chief, and yes, merchant- chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors"race of his ancestors"

BehavioristsBehaviorists

►B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner – An American – An American psychologist who advocated psychologist who advocated behaviorism and studied the effects of behaviorism and studied the effects of reinforcement. (1904 – 1990)reinforcement. (1904 – 1990)

(Operant Conditioning)

Associative Learning Associative Learning

►Learning by associationLearning by association – learning that – learning that certain events occur together. certain events occur together. Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning – learning the – learning the

relationship between stimuli and relationship between stimuli and responses. P. 314 Fig. 8.1 responses. P. 314 Fig. 8.1

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning – learning through – learning through rewards and punishments. P.315 Fig. 8.2rewards and punishments. P.315 Fig. 8.2

Behavior followed by it’s consequencesBehavior followed by it’s consequences

Examples of Classical Examples of Classical ConditioningConditioning

► Alfred Hitchcock FilmsAlfred Hitchcock Films►YouTube - Top 5 Horror Movies theme songs► Jaws Theme Song ► Bakeries Bakeries ► Songs Songs ► Sounds of the ocean CDSounds of the ocean CD► Your Dogs and Cats Your Dogs and Cats ►Classical Conditioning with a Daisy the Cat ►Classical Conditioning Experiment

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

►Classical conditioningClassical conditioning – learning to – learning to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary that produce reflexive, involuntary responses, and will learn to respond responses, and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they similarly to the new stimulus as they did the old one. did the old one.

Pavlov’s DogPavlov’s Dog

► Pavlov observed the salivation Pavlov observed the salivation of dogs…of dogs… Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Stimulus (UCS- (UCS-

aka US)aka US) – something that elicits a – something that elicits a natural response (natural response (FOODFOOD))

Unconditioned ResponseUnconditioned Response (UCR- (UCR- aka UR)aka UR) – natural, involuntary – natural, involuntary response response (SALIVATION(SALIVATION))

Neutral StimulusNeutral Stimulus (NS) (NS) – something – something that does not elicit any particular that does not elicit any particular behavior without conditioning behavior without conditioning (BELL)(BELL)

Pavlov’s DogPavlov’s Dog

UCR

CR

UCS

NS No response

Pavlov’s DogPavlov’s Dog

►Order of stimuli Order of stimuli Conditioned Stimulus / Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus / Neutral Stimulus

(CS) presented first THEN the (CS) presented first THEN the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Present within a short amount of time Present within a short amount of time from one another… half a second. from one another… half a second.

Pavlov’s DogPavlov’s Dog

► After Conditioning ….After Conditioning …. Conditioned StimulusConditioned Stimulus (CS) – (CS) – a originally a originally

irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a particular irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a particular behavior behavior (BELL)(BELL)

Conditioned ResponseConditioned Response (CR) (CR) – the learned – the learned response that initially occurred to the unconditioned response that initially occurred to the unconditioned stimulus and now occurs to the conditioned stimulus stimulus and now occurs to the conditioned stimulus (SALIVATION)(SALIVATION)

Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov – YouTube Two and Half Men - Pavlov's Bar – YouTubeTwo and Half Men - Pavlov's Bar – YouTube

Interesting fact about Pavlov’s laboratory I read aboutInteresting fact about Pavlov’s laboratory I read about

Pavlov’s LaboratoryPavlov’s Laboratory

► ouTube - Baha Men - Who Let The Dogs Out ouTube - Baha Men - Who Let The Dogs Out (Original version) | Full HD | 1080p (:18)(Original version) | Full HD | 1080p (:18)

Pavlov’s DogPavlov’s Dog

►FOOD (UCS) ------------ SALIVATION (UCR)FOOD (UCS) ------------ SALIVATION (UCR)►BELL (NS) ------------ Initially produced no BELL (NS) ------------ Initially produced no

salivation salivation ►NS + UCS ----------------- SALIVATION NS + UCS ----------------- SALIVATION

(UCR)(UCR)►BELL (CS) ---------------- SALIVATION (CR)BELL (CS) ---------------- SALIVATION (CR)

More Classical ConditioningMore Classical Conditioning

►Practice Classical ConditioningPractice Classical Conditioning

Onion Breath. P.318 Fig. 8.4 romantic Onion Breath. P.318 Fig. 8.4 romantic vs. sexual arousalvs. sexual arousal

►Classical conditioning and the blink Classical conditioning and the blink responseresponse

Examples of Classical Examples of Classical ConditioningConditioning

►Classical Conditioning at BGSU – Classical Conditioning at BGSU – YouTubeYouTube

►The Office - Pavlov's dog on VimeoThe Office - Pavlov's dog on Vimeo►Classical Conditioning within Psychology Classical Conditioning within Psychology

- "Attack of the Quack" –- "Attack of the Quack" –► YouTubeClassical Conditioning in High YouTubeClassical Conditioning in High

School School

Clockwork Orange classical conditioning Clockwork Orange classical conditioning scenescene

5 concepts of classical 5 concepts of classical conditioningconditioning

►Acquisition- Learning has taken place Acquisition- Learning has taken place when the animal/person responds to when the animal/person responds to the conditioned stimulus. This initial the conditioned stimulus. This initial learning is calledlearning is called acquisitionacquisition. (the . (the animal has acquired a new behavior)animal has acquired a new behavior)

Extinction and Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Spontaneous Recovery

►Will the CS always yield the CR… even if Will the CS always yield the CR… even if repeatedly presented without the UCS?repeatedly presented without the UCS? ExtinctionExtinction – the diminishing of an CR if the – the diminishing of an CR if the

CS is not presented with the UCSCS is not presented with the UCS

►Will the CS yield a CR after a wait Will the CS yield a CR after a wait period?period? Spontaneous recoverySpontaneous recovery – the – the

reappearance of an extinguished reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.conditioned response after a rest period.

Distinguishing Between Distinguishing Between Stimuli Stimuli

►Will the animal respond to a somewhat Will the animal respond to a somewhat varied stimulus?varied stimulus? GeneralizationGeneralization – after conditioning, the – after conditioning, the

tendency for a stimulus, similar to the CS, to tendency for a stimulus, similar to the CS, to evoke a similar response. P. 321 snails evoke a similar response. P. 321 snails cartooncartoon

Discrimination Discrimination – the learned ability to – the learned ability to distinguish between CS and another stimulus.distinguish between CS and another stimulus.

Water Bottle Experiment.Water Bottle Experiment. Rape as classical conditioning p. 325Rape as classical conditioning p. 325

Activity Classically Activity Classically Conditioning a StudentConditioning a Student

►Directions: On a sheet of scrap paper write Directions: On a sheet of scrap paper write out the following 9 terms in one columnout the following 9 terms in one column

►UCS, UCR, CS, CR, Acquisition, Extinction, UCS, UCR, CS, CR, Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination.Discrimination.

►After I conduct the short demonstration After I conduct the short demonstration label the 4 parts of the classical label the 4 parts of the classical conditioning then explain WHEN in the conditioning then explain WHEN in the experiment the last 5 terms took place or experiment the last 5 terms took place or might have taken place.might have taken place.

John B. Watson’s Little John B. Watson’s Little Albert Experiment Albert Experiment

►Little Albert feared loud noises but not Little Albert feared loud noises but not white rats. white rats. Loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR) Loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR) Presentation of rat (NS) – no fear Presentation of rat (NS) – no fear Pair rat (NS) and loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR)Pair rat (NS) and loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR) After several repetitions, After several repetitions,

the sight of the rat (CS)the sight of the rat (CS)

produced fear (CR)produced fear (CR)

The Little Albert Experiment The Little Albert Experiment

Taste AversionsTaste Aversions

►Garcia and Koelling’s ExperimentGarcia and Koelling’s Experiment – Rats and – Rats and taste aversions taste aversions Rats were given food, then given radiation, Rats were given food, then given radiation,

which led to nausea. Then the rats would later which led to nausea. Then the rats would later avoid that food. avoid that food.

► 2 interesting findings: 2 interesting findings: Aversion developed to only tastes (not sights or Aversion developed to only tastes (not sights or

sounds)sounds) Even after hours had passed between presenting the Even after hours had passed between presenting the

CS and the UCS the aversion still developed. CS and the UCS the aversion still developed. ► Humans may experience taste aversions: Humans may experience taste aversions:

Eat food – become sick – Feel nauseas at the sight or Eat food – become sick – Feel nauseas at the sight or smell of the food. smell of the food.

Sheep Coyotes and Ranchers poison in sheep carcass.Sheep Coyotes and Ranchers poison in sheep carcass.

Human Taste AversionsHuman Taste Aversions

►““secondary disgust”- Fudge (shape of muffins secondary disgust”- Fudge (shape of muffins vs. droppings)vs. droppings)

►Favorite Soup:Favorite Soup:

stirred in a thoroughly washed used stirred in a thoroughly washed used flyswatter (82%)flyswatter (82%)

brand new flyswatter (58%)brand new flyswatter (58%)

used comb that has been thoroughly washed used comb that has been thoroughly washed (76%)(76%)

served in thoroughly washed used dog bowl (71%)served in thoroughly washed used dog bowl (71%)

Classical Conditioning factsClassical Conditioning facts

►People with OCD and/or Autism are 3 times People with OCD and/or Autism are 3 times likely to be conditioned.likely to be conditioned.

►Men who saw a car with a seductive women Men who saw a car with a seductive women were more likely to rate the car as faster, were more likely to rate the car as faster, better designed and more appealing than better designed and more appealing than men who viewed the same ad without.men who viewed the same ad without.

►Associating celebrities with productsAssociating celebrities with products►Taking people to lunch/dinner to make Taking people to lunch/dinner to make

business deals.business deals.