chapter 8 energy balance and body composition
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Balance and Body Composition
Studying = 1 or 2 kcalories/minute
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Energy Balance
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Food Composition
• Direct calorimetry vs. indirect calorimetry
• Physiological fuel value
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Food Intake • Hunger• Appetite• Satiation• Satiety• Overriding hunger and satiety
– Stress eating• Sustaining satiation and satiety
– satiating
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Food Intake
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• Sustaining satiation and satiety– lower-fat foods can be eaten in
larger portions for the same number of kcalories
Food Intake
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Food Intake
• Hypothalamus– Neuropeptide Y
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Thermogenesis
• Basal thermogenesis
• Exercise-induced thermogenesis
• Diet-induced thermogenesis
• Adaptive thermogenesis
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Components of Energy Expenditure
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Components of Energy Expenditure
• Basal metabolism• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)• Resting metabolic rate (RMR)• Physical activity
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Components of Energy Expenditure
• Thermic effect of food (TEF)
• Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)
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Estimating Energy Requirements
• Gender
• Growth
• Age
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Estimating Energy Requirements
• Physical activity
• Body composition
• Body size
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Body Weight, Body Composition,
and Health
• Body composition
• Body weight = fat + lean tissue (including water)
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Defining Healthy Body Weight
• The criterion of fashion: BMI of Miss America
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Defining Healthy Body Weight
• The criterion of health• Body mass index (BMI)
=weight (kg)/height (m)2
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BMI Values Used to Assess Weight
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Distribution of Body Weights in U.S. Adults
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
• Some people need less body fat
• Some people need more body fat
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
• Fat distribution– Intra-abdominal fat– Central obesity
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
• Waist circumference-according to some...if it’s anything over 35”, it’s too much!
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
• Other measures of body composition– Fatfold measure– Hydrodensitometry– Bioelectrical impedance
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
• Other measures of body composition– Air displacement
plethysmography– Dual energy X-ray
absorptiometry (DEXA)
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Methods Used to Assess Methods Used to Assess Body FatBody Fat
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Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and
Body Fat
• Health risks of underweight
• Health risks of overweight
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BMI and Mortality
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Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and Body Fat
• Cardiovascular disease• Diabetes• Cancer• Fat and fit versus sedentary and
slim
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The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again
• The claims and truths of diet fads• High-protein, low carbohydrate diets
– The diet’s appeal
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The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again
• High-protein, low carbohydrate diets– Don’t count kcalories– Satisfy hunger– Follow a plan– Limit choices
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The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again
• High-protein, low carbohydrate diets– Too much fat– Too much protein– Too little everything else– The body’s perspective
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Questions or Thoughts
• If you have any questions or thoughts please feel free to post them in the Discussion Forum/Board or you can e-mail your instructor