Chapter 7Chapter 7Transforming the notes Transforming the notes

into a rough draftinto a rough draft

9410021A Amy9410021A Amy

9410023A Sharon9410023A Sharon

9410025A Vicki9410025A Vicki

7a.7a. Preparing to write the rough Preparing to write the rough draft: A checklistdraft: A checklist

1. Formulate a thesis.1. Formulate a thesis.

2. Go over your notes. 2. Go over your notes.

3. Organize your notes in the order of their 3. Organize your notes in the order of their appearance in the paper.appearance in the paper.

4. Write an outline or abstract of the paper, breaking4. Write an outline or abstract of the paper, breaking down the thesis into an ordered list of topic.down the thesis into an ordered list of topic.

Writing rough draft with typewriter Writing rough draft with typewriter or by pen or pencil:or by pen or pencil:

1. Triple-space 1. Triple-space 2. Separate sheet for each paragraph2. Separate sheet for each paragraph

3. Use dictionary3. Use dictionary 4. Use thesaurus4. Use thesaurus

7c.7c. Writing rough draft with a Writing rough draft with a computer:computer:

1.1. Not necessaryNot necessary to use triple-space or to use triple-space or

separate page per paragraph.separate page per paragraph.

2. Run the draft through 2. Run the draft through spelling checkerspelling checker..

3. Consult the 3. Consult the built-in thesaurusbuilt-in thesaurus..

7c-17c-1 Overdoing itOverdoing it

1. Do not use fancy fonts.1. Do not use fancy fonts.

ex: ex: The purpose The purpose of this of this researchresearch…………

Instead ofInstead of → → The purpose of this research……The purpose of this research……

2. Do not resort to extravagance.2. Do not resort to extravagance.

ex: ex: TThe he PPurpose urpose OOf f TThis his RResearch……esearch……

Instead of→ The purpose of this research……Instead of→ The purpose of this research……

7c-2 7c-2 Using spelling-checker Using spelling-checker

Spelling-checker:Spelling-checker: Catch misspelling of a word, but nobody Catch misspelling of a word, but nobody can tell you whether you use a word correctly can tell you whether you use a word correctly or not.or not.

You still need to check your work by You still need to check your work by yourself.yourself.

7d7d Using your notes in the paper Using your notes in the paper

Be sure that the progress of your paper is Be sure that the progress of your paper is

logical and that you have not left out some logical and that you have not left out some

important material. important material.

7d-17d-1 Summaries and paraphrasesSummaries and paraphrases

The sources of summaries and paraphrasesThe sources of summaries and paraphrases

must be given in the body of the paper.must be given in the body of the paper.

→ → in in running textrunning text or in or in parenthesesparentheses

I. I.

When the court life Russia died out at the imperial When the court life Russia died out at the imperial palace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of political salonpalace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of political salons suddenly made their appearance in various sectis suddenly made their appearance in various sections of St. Petersburg. Although these new salons bons of St. Petersburg. Although these new salons became the breeding ground for the same kinds of iecame the breeding ground for the same kinds of intrigues, plots, counterplots, and rivalries that hantrigues, plots, counterplots, and rivalries that had taken place at the imperial palace, somehow theid taken place at the imperial palace, somehow their activities seemed dwarfed, and their politics lackr activities seemed dwarfed, and their politics lacked the grandeur and dazzle that had accompanied ed the grandeur and dazzle that had accompanied the political style at the palace. the political style at the palace.

II. II.

When the court life Russia died out at the imperial When the court life Russia died out at the imperial palace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of political salonpalace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of political salons suddenly made their appearance in various sectis suddenly made their appearance in various sections of St. Petersburg. Although these new salons bons of St. Petersburg. Although these new salons became the breeding ground for the same kinds of iecame the breeding ground for the same kinds of intrigues, plots, counterplots, and rivalries that hantrigues, plots, counterplots, and rivalries that had taken place at the imperial palace, somehow theid taken place at the imperial palace, somehow their activities seemed dwarfed, and their politics lackr activities seemed dwarfed, and their politics lacked the grandeur and dazzle that had accompanied ed the grandeur and dazzle that had accompanied the political style at the palace the political style at the palace (Fűlőp-Miller 101)(Fűlőp-Miller 101)

III. III.

As As Hugh Seton-WatsonHugh Seton-Watson points out in the preface points out in the preface to his book on the Russian empire, most people to his book on the Russian empire, most people tend to forget that the Russian empire was tend to forget that the Russian empire was multinational and therefore peopled with many multinational and therefore peopled with many non-Russian citizens, most important of whom non-Russian citizens, most important of whom were the polish were the polish (ix)(ix)..

The summary here is The summary here is more emphaticmore emphatic because it because it

is coupled with is coupled with the name of the authority.the name of the authority.

7d-27d-2 Direct and indirect quotations Direct and indirect quotations

Direct quotation:Direct quotation:

Quotations must be reproduced with the Quotations must be reproduced with the

exact someone else’s words.exact someone else’s words.

Direct quotation:Direct quotation:

→ → Saddler makes the following statement: Saddler makes the following statement:

““The sentence-combining can provide straight, The sentence-combining can provide straight,

mindful in managing and rewriting basic mindful in managing and rewriting basic

sentences into more syntactically mature.sentences into more syntactically mature.””

Indirect quotation:Indirect quotation:

→ → Saddler suggests that the sentence-combining Saddler suggests that the sentence-combining

is very useful to make many writing types into is very useful to make many writing types into

more syntactically mature.more syntactically mature.

Direct quotation:Direct quotation:

Quotations must be reproduced with the exact Quotations must be reproduced with the exact phrasing , spelling, and punctuation of phrasing , spelling, and punctuation of

the original.the original.

Modification made in a quotation:Modification made in a quotation:

→→ in a note placed in in a note placed in square bracketssquare brackets

[ ][ ] within the quotation within the quotation

→ → in in parenthesesparentheses at the end of the quotation at the end of the quotation

→→ ( )( )

Ex:Ex:

Milton was advocating freedom of speech Milton was advocating freedom of speech when he said, “Give me the liberty to know, to when he said, “Give me the liberty to know, to think, to believe, and to utter think, to believe, and to utter freelyfreely [emphasis [emphasis added]added] according to conscience, above all according to conscience, above all other liberties” other liberties” ((120120)). .

7d-3 7d-3 Using brief direct quotationsUsing brief direct quotations

Brief quotations Brief quotations (four lines or less)(four lines or less) can be can be

introduced with a simple phrase.introduced with a simple phrase.

1. If the quotation is 1. If the quotation is grammatically partsgrammatically parts

of the sentenceof the sentence, the first word of the, the first word of the quotation does not need to be capitalized.quotation does not need to be capitalized.

Original quotation:Original quotation:

“ “SSome infinitives deserve to be split.”ome infinitives deserve to be split.”

Bruce ThompsonBruce Thompson

Quotation used as part of a sentence:Quotation used as part of a sentence:

Bruce Thompson affirms that writers always Bruce Thompson affirms that writers always have suspected, namely that “have suspected, namely that “ssome infinitives ome infinitives deserve to be split.”deserve to be split.”

2. If the quotation is 2. If the quotation is used at the end of a decused at the end of a declarative sentencelarative sentence, it is followed by a period , it is followed by a period whether or not a period is used in the origiwhether or not a period is used in the original.nal.

Ex:Ex: Original quotation:Original quotation: “ “Love is Love is a smoke rais‘d with the fume of sighsa smoke rais‘d with the fume of sighs;…”;…” ShakespeareShakespeare Quotation used in a declarative sentence:Quotation used in a declarative sentence:

In Act I Romeo describes love as “In Act I Romeo describes love as “a smoke rais‘d wa smoke rais‘d with the fume of sighsith the fume of sighs.”.”

7d-4 Using long quotation7d-4 Using long quotation••Introduce by a sentenceIntroduce by a sentence•With a colon•With a colon•Double space•Double space

ExampleThe final paragraphs of“A Rose for Emily”bring to a horrifying climax all the elements of Gothic horror that have pervaded the story： For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love had cuckolded him. What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust.

••Set off with an indentation, not within quotation marks.Set off with an indentation, not within quotation marks.

••Do not leave an extra line spaceDo not leave an extra line space

7d-5 Using quotation from poetry1.two or three lines*Separate the lines by a slash“The raven’s croak, the low wind chocked and drear, / The baffled stream, the gray wolf’s doleful cry” are typical Romantic images used by William Morris to create a mood of idle despair.

2.more than three lines*introduce with a colon*double-spacing*indented one inch or ten spacesIn the following lines from“You Ask Me Why, Tho’l lll at Ease,”Tennyson expresses the poet’s desire for freedom to speak out ： It is the land that freemen till,

That sober-suited Freedom chose,

The land, where girt with friends of foes

A man may speak the thing he will.

7d-6 Using a quotation within another quotation7d-6 Using a quotation within another quotation*Use single quotation mark*Use single quotation markRollo May is further exploring the daimonic personality when he states that “in his essay, Yeats goes so far as to specifically define the daimonic as the‘Other Will.’”

*Use double quotation mark*Use double quotation markIn his essay“Disease as a Way of Life,”Eric J. Cassell makes the following observation ： As the term“diarrhea-pneumonia complex”suggests, infants in the Navajo environment commonly suffered or died from a combination of respiratory and intestinal complaints that are not caused by any single bacterium or virus.

7d-7 Punctuating quotations7d-7 Punctuating quotations*place commas and period (inside)*place commas and period (inside)“Three times today﹐”Lord Hastings declares in Act 3,“my foot-cloth horse did stumble, and started, when he look’d upon the Tower, as loath to bear me to the slaughter-house.” *place colons and semicolons (outside)*place colons and semicolons (outside)Brutus reassures Portia, “You are my true and honourable wife, ad dear to me as are the ruddy drops that visit any sad heart’’﹔consequently, she insists that he reveal his secrets to her. *place quotation marks and exclamation points (insid*place quotation marks and exclamation points (inside)e)King Henry asks,“What rein can hold licentious wickedness when down the hill he holds his fierce career ？”orWhich Shakespearean character said,“Fortune is painted blind, with a muffler afore her eyes’’﹖

7d-8 Handling interpolations in quoted material*be placed in square bracketsThe critical review was titled“A Cassual [sic] Analysis of Incest and Other passions.”7d-9 Using the ellipsis*Omissions within a sentence are indicated by three spaced dots: OriginalMammals were in existence as early as the latest Triassic, 190 million years ago, yet for the first one hundred and twenty million years of their history, from the end of the Triassic to the late Cretaceous, they were a suppressed race, unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-size or herbivore larger than rat-size.

Quotation Adrian Desmond, arguing that dinosaurs were once dominant over mammal, points out that “mammals were in existence as early as the latest Triassic… yet for the first one hundred and twenty million years of their history … they were a suppressed race, unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-size or herbivore larger than rat-size.”

Omission at the end of a sentence use a period followed by Omission at the end of a sentence use a period followed by three spaced dots:three spaced dots:Adrian Desmond, arguing that the dinosaurs were once dominant over Adrian Desmond, arguing that the dinosaurs were once dominant over mammals, points out that for millions of years the mammals were mammals, points out that for millions of years the mammals were “a “a suppressed race, unable throughout that span of time to produce any suppressed race, unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-sizecarnivore larger than cat-size….…. ” ”UnacceptableUnacceptable Mammals were in existence as early as the latest Triassic, 190 million years ago, yet for the first one hundred and twenty million years of their history, “according to Triassic…. unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-size or herbivore larger than rat-size.”

7d-10 Overusing quotation7d-10 Overusing quotation

7d-11 Personal commentary7d-11 Personal commentary

*your own opinion appear as personal *your own opinion appear as personal comments in your notescomments in your notes

7e7e How to use quotations to How to use quotations to explore and discoverexplore and discover

It is not only to provide the authority It is not only to provide the authority opinions, the writer also have to react to opinions, the writer also have to react to them according to the personal theories them according to the personal theories and views.and views.

The thesis should reflect your own views, The thesis should reflect your own views, and the authorities you provide should be and the authorities you provide should be less credit than your personal judgment.less credit than your personal judgment.

You must assert your opinion; you must You must assert your opinion; you must react to the research; you must say why react to the research; you must say why you think it right or wrong.you think it right or wrong.

Ex. Drug taking should be banned, Ex. Drug taking should be banned,

because it will cause disease.because it will cause disease.

Research should inform our best Research should inform our best decisions and influence our values, decisions and influence our values, and you should not be afraid to and you should not be afraid to defend what you believe or to defend what you believe or to disagree with those with whom you disagree with those with whom you differ.differ.

7f7f Writing with unity, Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasiscoherence, and emphasis

The primary rule of writing the research The primary rule of writing the research paper is that your notes must be paper is that your notes must be blended smoothly into the natural flow blended smoothly into the natural flow of the paper.of the paper.

The paper should not seem a patchwork The paper should not seem a patchwork of unrelated snippets. In sum, you must of unrelated snippets. In sum, you must observe the rhetorical principles of observe the rhetorical principles of unity, coherence, and emphasis.unity, coherence, and emphasis.

7f-17f-1 Unity Unity The rhetorical principle of unity The rhetorical principle of unity

means that a paper should stick to means that a paper should stick to its chosen thesis without rambling.its chosen thesis without rambling.

EX.EX. Appearance will affect a person’s Appearance will affect a person’s confidence.confidence.

The paper should pursue just that The paper should pursue just that comparison.comparison.

Ex.Ex. Single and married. Single and married.

Every writer should commit the Every writer should commit the editorial murder of a favorite image, editorial murder of a favorite image, word, phrase or sentence that simply word, phrase or sentence that simply didn't fit.didn't fit.

Ex.Ex. Kill someone. Kill someone. To observe the principle of unity, you To observe the principle of unity, you

simply have to follow the lead of your simply have to follow the lead of your thesis.thesis.

7f-27f-2 coherence coherence

If unity means “sticking to the point,” If unity means “sticking to the point,” coherence means “sticking together.”coherence means “sticking together.”

Here are four suggestions to help you Here are four suggestions to help you write coherence paragraphs:write coherence paragraphs:

1.repeat key words or use clear 1.repeat key words or use clear pronouns.pronouns.

Notice the key word Notice the key word smokersmoker in the in the paragraph. paragraph.

Despite their efficacy, clinic-based interventions Despite their efficacy, clinic-based interventions for smoking cessation reach only a minority of for smoking cessation reach only a minority of ssmokersmokers in the population.1,2 Interventions provi in the population.1,2 Interventions provided by family and friends to ded by family and friends to smokerssmokers in their nat in their natural environment may have wider reach and greaural environment may have wider reach and greater population impact.3-5 The recent Clinical Prater population impact.3-5 The recent Clinical Practice Guideline on treatment of tobacco use and ctice Guideline on treatment of tobacco use and dependence provides evidence for the role of sodependence provides evidence for the role of social support in cessation.6 Because many collegcial support in cessation.6 Because many college students are exposed to e students are exposed to smokerssmokers (eg, peers) in (eg, peers) in their natural environment, there is potential for etheir natural environment, there is potential for engaging ngaging themthem as change agents for smoking ces as change agents for smoking cessation. The current study represents the first stesation. The current study represents the first step toward this goal, in that we assessed college sp toward this goal, in that we assessed college students' willingness to help a tudents' willingness to help a smokersmoker quit. quit.

Repetition of the word Repetition of the word smokersmoker can can provide connection of the sentences.provide connection of the sentences.

Other pronounce:Other pronounce:

he, himself, his, they, ithe, himself, his, they, it

2. Use parallel structures.2. Use parallel structures. The deliberate repetition of certain The deliberate repetition of certain

word, phrases, or clauses in a word, phrases, or clauses in a paragraph can give sentences a paragraph can give sentences a cohering rhythm an harmony.cohering rhythm an harmony.

Ex. Ex. ShouldShould When people have free time, they When people have free time, they shouldshould

do the meaningful activities. They do the meaningful activities. They shouldshould do more exercise to keep healthy. They do more exercise to keep healthy. They shouldshould read more to increase the read more to increase the intelligence. Also they intelligence. Also they shouldshould go outside, go outside, instead of staying at home everyday. instead of staying at home everyday.

3. Use transitional markers.3. Use transitional markers. Common among these markers are the conjunctions Common among these markers are the conjunctions aa

ndnd, , oror, , nornor, , butbut, and , and forfor..

In additionIn addition, basal cell carcinomas are a far more common for, basal cell carcinomas are a far more common form of non-melanoma skin cancer than squamous cell carcinomm of non-melanoma skin cancer than squamous cell carcinomas (80 versus 19 percent, respectively).as (80 versus 19 percent, respectively). However However, actinic kera, actinic keratosis lesions do not appear to be a precursor to basal cell carctosis lesions do not appear to be a precursor to basal cell carcinomas. In a study of 6,000 Australians, a pre-existing actinic inomas. In a study of 6,000 Australians, a pre-existing actinic keratosis was a predictive factor for squamous cell carcinomakeratosis was a predictive factor for squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas. C Co-existing actinic keratosis les and basal cell carcinomas. C Co-existing actinic keratosis lesions were found in all but one of the 38 patients with squamosions were found in all but one of the 38 patients with squamous cell carcinomas;us cell carcinomas; however however, co-existing actinic keratosis wer, co-existing actinic keratosis were found in 76 of the 124 persons with basal cell carcinomas. Te found in 76 of the 124 persons with basal cell carcinomas. This demonstrates that basal cell carcinomas do not require a chis demonstrates that basal cell carcinomas do not require a co-existing actinic keratosis lesion to develop.o-existing actinic keratosis lesion to develop.

Transitional markers add to the coherent Transitional markers add to the coherent and smooth development of the ideas in a and smooth development of the ideas in a

paragraph.paragraph. AddingAdding: furthermore, in addition, : furthermore, in addition,

moreover, similarly, alsomoreover, similarly, also OpposingOpposing: however, though, nevertheless, : however, though, nevertheless,

on the other hand, unlikeon the other hand, unlike ConcludingConcluding: therefore, as a result, : therefore, as a result,

consequentlyconsequently ExemplifyingExemplifying: for example, for instance, to : for example, for instance, to

illustrate, that isillustrate, that is IntensifyingIntensifying: in fact, indeed, even, as : in fact, indeed, even, as

matter of factmatter of fact SequencingSequencing: first, second, finally, in : first, second, finally, in

conclusion, to sum up, in short conclusion, to sum up, in short

4. Use a transitional sentence.4. Use a transitional sentence. Ex:Ex: Previous analysis of this RCT by univariate statistical methods Previous analysis of this RCT by univariate statistical methods

found that persons using the interdental brushing technique shfound that persons using the interdental brushing technique showed greater improvement in pocket depth, plaque indices, and owed greater improvement in pocket depth, plaque indices, and bleeding on probing than those using the flossing technique (Jbleeding on probing than those using the flossing technique (Jackson et al., 2006). … … .Since no difference was found in the ackson et al., 2006). … … .Since no difference was found in the bleeding scores between interdental brushing and flossing, it hbleeding scores between interdental brushing and flossing, it has been hypothesized that the difference in pocket depth reducas been hypothesized that the difference in pocket depth reduction was attributed to marginal gingival recession induced by ttion was attributed to marginal gingival recession induced by the use of interdental brushing (Christou et al., 1998).he use of interdental brushing (Christou et al., 1998).

However, univariate statistical methods cannot disentangle the However, univariate statistical methods cannot disentangle the direct and indirect effects of different oral hygiene methods on direct and indirect effects of different oral hygiene methods on the change in pocket depth.the change in pocket depth. For instance, a greater resolution i For instance, a greater resolution in the gingival inflammation due to a more effective oral hygiene n the gingival inflammation due to a more effective oral hygiene technique might cause a greater gingival recession. … … .technique might cause a greater gingival recession. … … .

7f-37f-3 Emphasis Emphasis

Emphasis requires the expression of Emphasis requires the expression of more important ideas in main or more important ideas in main or independent clauses and of less independent clauses and of less important ideas in subordinate or important ideas in subordinate or dependent clauses.dependent clauses.

In sum, emphatic writing attempts to In sum, emphatic writing attempts to rank ideas through rank ideas through grammatical grammatical structurestructure..

7g7g Using the proper tense Using the proper tense

MLA and CMS style: present tenseMLA and CMS style: present tense APA style: past or present perfect APA style: past or present perfect

tensetense

Ex. Ex. Novel:is,revealNovel:is,reveal Social science: reported, was Social science: reported, was

7h7h using graphics in your research using graphics in your research paperpaper

The ease with which graphics can be The ease with which graphics can be downloaded from the Internet or downloaded from the Internet or scanned from books and periodicals has scanned from books and periodicals has changed the look of the modern changed the look of the modern student research paper.student research paper.

A pie chart, a block table, some graphA pie chart, a block table, some graph If you have the expertise, many If you have the expertise, many

computers allow the creation of tables, computers allow the creation of tables, line graphs, or pie charts on your own.line graphs, or pie charts on your own.

General rulesGeneral rules

Place your graphics as close as possible to Place your graphics as close as possible to their introduction.their introduction.

Know the difference between figures and Know the difference between figures and tables.tables.

Provide the source.Provide the source. Full-color art is acceptable, but the heading Full-color art is acceptable, but the heading

and explanations should be in black print.and explanations should be in black print. Always explain the table or figure before you Always explain the table or figure before you

show it in your text.show it in your text. Make your explanations as brief and clear as Make your explanations as brief and clear as

possible.possible.

For a paper on the relationship between China For a paper on the relationship between China and Taiwanand Taiwan

Fig. 1. Map of China and Taiwan

For a paper on ancient China artFor a paper on ancient China art

http://www.npm.gov.tw

Fig. 2. Jadeite Cabbage with Insects from ancient China

For a paper on grammarFor a paper on grammar

7i7i Writing the abstract Writing the abstract

Abstract is a summary of the major ideas Abstract is a summary of the major ideas contained in your research paper.contained in your research paper.

No more than one page (about 120 wordNo more than one page (about 120 words)s)

Falls on page 2.Falls on page 2.

In two experiments, we developed a new methodology for studying In two experiments, we developed a new methodology for studying complex stimulus control by spatial sequences of letters generated complex stimulus control by spatial sequences of letters generated by artificial by artificial grammarsgrammars. An artificial . An artificial grammar grammar is a system of rules this a system of rules that defines which letter sequences or strings are "grammatical." In at defines which letter sequences or strings are "grammatical." In Experiment 1, pigeons learned to respond differently to strings conExperiment 1, pigeons learned to respond differently to strings conforming to a forming to a grammar versusgrammar versus strings that were nongrammatical dis strings that were nongrammatical distortions. Several different criteria all suggested that performance wtortions. Several different criteria all suggested that performance was controlled both by some short chunks of strings shared betweeas controlled both by some short chunks of strings shared between reinforced training strings and novel transfer strings and by morn reinforced training strings and novel transfer strings and by more complex sequential regularities. In Experiment 2, pigeons quickly e complex sequential regularities. In Experiment 2, pigeons quickly and accurately learned to respond differently to strings conforming and accurately learned to respond differently to strings conforming to one or the other of two different artificial to one or the other of two different artificial grammars.grammars. As in Experi As in Experiment 1, performance was controlled both by some short chunks anment 1, performance was controlled both by some short chunks and by more complex sequential regularities. The results are interpretd by more complex sequential regularities. The results are interpreted in terms of family resemblance and pose new goals for theories ed in terms of family resemblance and pose new goals for theories of complex stimulus control.of complex stimulus control.

Grammar 2

Abstract