chapter 7 the city as an economic node introduction urban economic functions the urban economic base...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7The City as an Economic Node
• Introduction
• Urban Economic Functions
• The Urban Economic Base
• Urban Economic Structure
• The Metropolitan Hierarchy
• The New Service Economy
• Summary
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Introduction
• City-forming activities:– Manufacturing– Tertiary activities - retail/wholesale
– Producer services– Health services– Consumer services– Transportation
• Benefits of spatial proximity– Information access
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Urban Economic Functions
Update of Table 7.1; 2002 includes agriculture, forestry & fishingIn goods production
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1992 2002
Manufacturing
GoodsProducing
ServiceProducing
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Economies of Scale
Generic problem in mfg: How large of a market to serve? It depends in part on the
existence of opportunities to exploit economies of scale. $
Quantity
No scale economiesAC
Scale economiesScale Diseconomies
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Returns to scale: Labor
Labor Units Total Output MarginalOutput
AverageProductivity
1 500 500 5002 1500 1000 7503 2750 1250 9174 3850 1100 9635 4750 900 9506 5500 750 9177 6100 600 8718 6600 500 825
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Returns to Scale, 1 Factor Input
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 5 10
Total Output
MarginalOutput
AverageProductivity
IncreasingReturns
DiminishingReturns
Negative Returns
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LaborUnits
TotalOutput
Total LaborCost
AverageLabor Cost
1 500 $20,000 $40.002 1500 40,000 26.673 2750 60,000 21.824 3850 80,000 20.785 4750 100,000 21.056 5500 120,000 21.827 6100 140,000 22.958 6600 160,000 24.24
Average Labor Cost
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 2 4 6 8 10
Assume Labor costis $20,000 per yearper worker
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Fixed Costs: Assume $100,000
Quantity of Output
Average C
ost of Cap
ital
$100K
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Average Total CostsLaborUnits
TotalOutput
Total LaborCost
AverageTotal Cost
1 500 $120,000 240.002 1500 140,000 93.333 2750 160,000 58.184 3850 180,000 46.755 4750 200,000 42.116 5500 220,000 40.007 6100 240,000 39.348 6600 260,000 39.399 7000 280,000 40.00
Total
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Forces Underpinning Scale Economies
•4 Broad Forces
1. Specialization of manpower & equipment:
The division of labor - internal to a firm (detail)
- among firms (social)
(a) increased dexterity of workers in a given task
(b) savings of time as workers move from one task to another
(c) scaling capital equipment to individual tasks with the proper capacity. “Lumpiness” of capital
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Forces underpinning scale economies
2. Economies of the large machine1’ x 1’ x 1’ = 1 cubic foot volume
6 square feet surface2’ x 2’ x 2’ = 8 cubic feet volume 24 cubic feet surfaceChange in volume - 8x, change in surface 4x
A tube: if r = 1, Volume = r2, Surface = dor volume = 3.14, surface 6.28
if r = 2, Volume = 12.56, surface = 12.56Change in volume: 4x, change in surface 2x
The “2/3 rule”
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Forces underpinning scale economies
3. Economies of massed reserves
In large scale facilities, multiples of given types of equipment lessen the chance of an entire production system being down due to equipment failure.
4. Economies of large scale purchasing
•forward & backward ripple effects from volume
•lowered shipping costs
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“Capital Intensive” Manufacturing Tends to Exploit Economies of Scale
“Process” industries - petroleum, chemicals
Batch processes - metals, paper, stone-clay-glass, rubber & plastics
Line Assembly industries - transport equipment, instruments, machinery
Advent of “flexible mfg. Systems” -
reprogrammable equipment
reworking of labor structures
New types of production (Ch. 10)
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Interplay of Scale and Technology
• Industrial restructuring - change in MOS -–change in the detail division of labor–change in the social division of labor–processes of vertical integration and
vertical disintegration
• Vertical disintegration - Boeing outsourcing; auto assembly industry
• Vertical integration - Chip makers & computer manufactures (Micron; HP)
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Agglomeration: Localized External Economies of Scale
• “Internal” versus “external” economies
- internal due to 4 broad forces described previously within the establishment
- external due to savings caused by spatial proximity of producers
- two broad categories:
(1) localization: within an industry
(2) urbanization: across industries
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Examples of Agglomeration(overheads)
Manhatten garment district
London footwear district
Japanese motor vehicle production
Telephone networks in London
Chemicals complex in Asthabula OH
Ann Markusen’s classification of
Industrial Districts (Marshallian, Hub-and-Spoke, Satellite Platform)
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Ann Markusen’sAlternativeIndustrial DistrictStructuralRelationships
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Asthabula Ohio Industrial Complex
Electro Met CoDiv. Of U.C.C.
Linde Air Prod.Div. Of U.C.C.
Archer-DanielsMidland
Detrex ChemicalIndustries
U.S. Indust. ChemDiv. Nat.Distillers
Electro Met. Co.Titanium Plant
General Time& Rubber
StaufferChem. Co.
U.S. Industrial Chem.Titanium-Zirconium
Ferro alloys
Salt
ChlorinatedSolvents
Oxygen Fatty Alcohols
FatsOils
TiCl4
TitaniumMetal
Titanium& ZirconiumMetals
Titanium &Zirconium Ores
PolyvinylResins
Ores & Lime
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? Optimal Size for Agglomerations (Cities)?
Population1K 10K 100K 1,000K
Education economies
Transportation economies
Power Economies
An
nu
al N
et E
con
omie
s
Labor economies
Total Economies
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Communication Economies• Information flow within and between major
metropolitan areas
• Possibilities of information overload
Ability to Use Information(Towards Optimal Solution)
Qua
ntity
and
Qua
lity
of I
nfor
mat
ion
(Tow
ard
perf
ect K
now
ledg
e)
Pred’sBehavioralMatrix