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Chapter 7 The Breathing System: General Principles, Common Components, and Classifications P.192 The breathing system (breathing or patient circuit, respiratory circuit or system) is a gas pathway connected to the patient, through which gas flows occur at respiratory pressures, and into which a controlled composition of a gas mix ture is dispensed ( 1 ). In practice, the breathing system is usually regarded as extending from the point of fresh gas inlet to the point at which gas escapes to atmosphere or a scavenging system. Scavenging equipment is not considered part of the breathing system. The breathing system receives the gas mixture from the anesthesia machine, delivers gas to the patient, re-moves carbon dioxide, and the conditions temperature and humidity of the inspired mixture ( 2 ). It allows the continuous flow from the anesthesia machine to be converted into an intermittent flow; allows spontaneous, controlled, or assisted respiration; and provides for other functions such as gas s ampling and airway pressure, flow, and volume monitoring ( 2 ). General Principles Resistance Physics When gas passes through a tube, the pressure at the outlet will be lower than that at the inlet ( 3 ). The drop in pressure is a measure of the resistance that must be overcome as the gas moves through the tube. Resistance varies with the volume of gas passing through per unit of time. Therefore, flow rate must be stated when a specific resistance is mentioned. The nature of the flow is important in determining resistance. There are two types of flow: laminar and turbulent. In clinical practice, flow is usually a mixture of both. Lamin ar Flow Figure 7.1A  illustrates laminar gas flow through a tube. The flow is smooth and orderly, and particles move parallel to the walls of the tube. Flow is fastest in the center of the tube, where there is less friction.

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