chapter 7 cellular structure & function 7.1 cell discovery & theory 7.2 plasma membrane 7.4...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7 Cellular Structure & Function
• 7.1 Cell Discovery & Theory
• 7.2 Plasma Membrane
• 7.4 Cellular Transport
• 7.3 Structures & Organelles
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7.1 Cellular Discovery & Theory• Main idea-The invention of the microscope led to
the discovery of cells• Objectives
– Relate advances in microscope technology to discoveries about cells
– Compare compound light microscopes with electron microscopes
– Summarize the principles of the cell theory– Differentiate between a prokaryotic cell and a
eukaryotic cell.• Review Vocabulary
– Organization: the orderly structure of cells in an organism
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History of the Cell Theory
• 1665, Robert Hooke made a simple microscope
• Cell-the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
• Late 1600’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek designed his own microscope
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The Cell Theory
• Fundamental idea of modern biology that includes these three principles:– All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
– Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms
– Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells
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Microscope Technology• Compound Light
Microscope
• Utilizes a series of glass lenses and visible light to produce a magnified image
• Maximum magnification is around 1000X.
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Microscope Technology• Electron Microscope• Utilizes magnets to
aim a beam of electrons at a cell to produce images
• Specimens must be nonliving
• Magnifies images up to 500,000X
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Basic Cell Types
• Cells exists in various shapes and sizes
• Cells differ based on their function they perform for the organism
• All cells have at least one physical trait in common - the plasma membrane
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Two Categories of Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells– Cells without
specialized internal structures
– Unicellular
– Similar to the first organisms on Earth
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Two Categories of Cells• Eukaryotic Cells
– More complex than prokaryotic cells– Contain a structure called a nucleus (a distinct central
organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA) and other organelles (specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions)
– Generally one to one hundred times larger than prokaryotic cells
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Origin of Cell Diversity• Why two basic cell types?
– Eukaryotic cells derived from prokaryotic cells?
• Endosymbiont Theory– A symbiotic mutual relationship involved one prokaryotic
cell living inside the plasma membrane of another
• Because eukaryotic cells are larger and have distinct organelles, these cells have developed specific functions.
• Specific functions has led to cell diversity, and thus more diverse organisms that can adapt better to their environment.
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7.2 The Plasma Membrane
• Main idea: The plasma membrane help’s to maintain a cell’s homeostasis
• Objectives:– Describe how a cell’s plasma membrane
functions– Identify the roles of proteins, carbohydrates,
and cholesterol in the plasma membrane
• Review Vocabulary– Ion: an atom or group of atoms with a positive
or negative electric charge
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Plasma Membrane
• Primarily responsible for homeostasis in the cell
• A thin, flexible boundary between a cell and its environment that allows nutrients into the cell and allows waste and other products to leave the cell
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Selective Permeability• A key property of the
plasma membrane which allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out
• Controls the substances in and out of the cell
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Plasma Membrane Structure
• The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer.
• Phospholipid is a molecule that has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate-containing group
• Phospholipid bilayer is two layers of phospholipids arranged tail to tail
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Plasma Membrane Structure
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Plasma Membrane Structure
• Phosphate group makes the head polar and are hydrophillic
• The two fatty acid tails are non-polar and hydrophobic
• The phospholipids are arranged in such a way that the polar heads can be closest to the water molecules and the non-polar tails can be farthest away from the water molecules
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Other Components of the Plasma Membrane
• Proteins – Transmit signals inside the cells (receptor
proteins)– Acts as a support structure to give the cell its
shape– Provide pathways for substances to enter and
leave the cell (transport proteins)
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Proteins
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Cholesterol
• Prevents fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer from sticking together
• Helps maintain cell homeostasis
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Carbohydrates
• Help cells identify chemical signals
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Fluid Mosaic Model• The components of the plasma membrane are in constant motion
(fluid)• The different substances in the plasma membrane creates a pattern
(mosaic) on the surface
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7.4 Cellular Transport• Main idea – Cellular transport moves substances
within the cell and moves substances into and out of the cell
• Objectives– Explain the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
and active transport.– Predict the effect of a hypotonic, hypertonic, or
isotonic solution on a cell– Discuss how large particles enter and exits cells.
• Review Vocabulary– Homeostasis: regulation of the internal environment of
a cell or organism to maintain conditions suitable for life.
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Passive Transport
• Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy is passive transport– Diffusion– Facilitated Diffusion– Osmosis
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Diffusion• Movement of particles
from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Diffusion Rate Factors– Concentration– Temperature– Pressure
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Dynamic equilibrium• Reached when
diffusion of material into the cell equals diffusion of material out of the cell
• Molecules continue to move, but the overall concentration remains the same.
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Diffusion in a cell
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Movement of materials across the plasma membrane using transport proteins– Channel proteins-water filled transport protein
that opens and closes to allow the substance to diffuse through the plasma membrane
– Carrier proteins – change shape to move particles through the membrane
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Channel Proteins
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Carrier Proteins
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Osmosis
• Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• Three types of solutions– Isotonic – the cell is at equilibrium– Hypotonic – lower concentration of solute– Hypertonic – higher concentration of solute
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Isotonic Solution
• Water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate.
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Hypotonic Solution• Solute concentration is higher inside the cell• Water diffuses into the cell• Cell swells and may burst
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Hypertonic Solution• Solute concentration is higher outside the cell• Water diffuses out of the cell• Cell wilts or shrinks
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Active Transport• Requires energy to move substances against a
concentration gradient or from low to high concentration
• Active transport using carrier proteins or pumps to maintain cell homeostasis. Ex. Na+/K+ ATPase Pumps – moving 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell
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Transport of Large Substances
• Endocytosis - Process by which the cell surrounds and takes particles into the cell
• Exocytosis - Secretion of material out of the plasma membrane
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7.3 Structures & Organelles• Main idea: Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that
allow the specialization and the separation of functions within the cell.
• Objectives– Identify the structure and function of the parts of a
typical eukaryotic cell– Compare and contrast structures of plant and animal
cells
• Review vocabulary– Enzymes: a protein that speeds up the rate of a
chemical reaction.
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Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
• Cytoplasm - a semi-fluid material that constitutes the environment inside the plasma membrane (Plant & Animal Cells)
• Cytoskeleton - a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for the organelles inside the cell (Plant & Animal Cells)
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Cytoskeleton• A framework for the cell within the
cytoplasm that rapidly assemble and disassemble and slide past one another. This allows cells and organelles to move.– Microtubules-long, hollow protein cylinders
that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell
– Microfilaments-thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to move
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Cytoskeleton
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Cell Structures• Nucleus - brain of the cell; directs the cell
processes (Plant & Animal Cells)– Contains most of the cell’s DNA, which stores
information used to make proteins for cell growth, function, and reproduction
– Nuclear envelope - double membrane with nuclear pores that surrounds the nucleus
– Nuclear pores - allow larger-sized substances to move in and out of the nucleus
– Nucleolus – site of ribosome production
– Chromatin – the complex DNA attached to protein; spread throughout the nucleus
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Nucleus
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Ribosomes• Ribosomes are the most numerous of the cell’s
organelles (Plant & Animal Cells)• The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis.
(Protein factories)• Composed of RNA & protein• The concentration or distribution of ribosomes in
the cells depends on how the proteins they produce will be used.
• Proteins used by the cells are made by free floating ribosomes.
• Exported proteins are made by ribosomes that are attached to the ER.
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Ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• The “ER” is a membrane system of folded
sacs and tunnels (Plant & Animal Cells)
• Rough ER are covered with ribosomes
• Smooth ER have little or no ribosomes and function primarily as an intercellular highway, a path which molecules can move from one part of the cell to another– Also the site of carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
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ER
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Golgi Apparatus• The processing, packaging and secreting
organelle of the cell (Plant & Animal Cells)• Notice that the Golgi Apparatus consists of
a stack of membranes.• It operates like a production line in a
factory, where a product is assembled at one end, then packaged, and finally shipped out.
• The protein vesicle is modified as it passes from sac to sac. Finally it is released to be sent out of the cell.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Vacuole
• A membrane-bound vessicle for the temporary storage of materials
• Plant cells-one large; Animal cells-a few small
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Lysosomes• Lysosomes are organelles that contain
powerful digestive (Animal Cells Only)
• They destroy foreign bodies that get into the cell
• They also digest food vacuoles to help feed the cell
• They destroy the cell when it is too old or damaged. This is why they are sometimes called the “suicide sacs of the cell”
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Lysosomes
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Centrioles• Centrioles are tiny
t-shaped structures in the cell that function in helping the cell when it divides to form two new cells (Animal Cells and most Protists)
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Mitochondria• The Mitochondria are the respiration
centers of the cell (Plant and Animal Cells)
• They are called the “powerhouse of the cell”
• They provide energy for the cell.
• Mitochondria have their own DNA.
• The number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the needs of the cell.
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Mitochondria
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Chloroplasts• The Chloroplast is an
organelle that is responsible for making food (Plants Cells Only)
• This process is called photosynthesis.
• They use sunlight + Water + Carbon dioxide and make glucose (sugar).
• The waste product of this is oxygen and water vapor.
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Cell Wall• A Cell Wall is the rigid
covering of a plant cell that provides shape and protection (Plant Cell Only)
• It is made primarily of cellulose (carbohydrate)
• Pores in the cell wall allow ions and molecules to pass to and from the cell membrane.
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Cellular Projections• The Cilia is a hair-like
cellular projection that functions in movement both of an organisms and of moving particles. Like in the illustration to the right (Some Animal Cells).
• The Flagella is a whip-like tail cellular projection that is long and help movement in unicellular organisms and some individual cells such as the sperm on the right (Some Animal Cells)
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell