life is cellular spi.1.1 identify the cellular organelles associated with major cell processes....
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Life is CellularSPI.1.1 Identify the cellular
organelles associated with major cell processes.
SPI.1.2 Distinguish between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The Cell Theory• All living things are composed of cells• Cells are the basic units of structure
& function in living things• New cells are produced from existing
cells
Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic– No Nucleus– No
Membrane Covered Organelles
– Circular DNA
• Eukaryotic–Nucleus–Membrane
covered organelles
–Linear DNA
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells• Animal
–Cell membrane
–Mitochondria–Small to no
vacuole
• Plant–Cell wall &
membrane –Chloroplast &
Mitochondria–Large
Vacuole
Eukaryotic Components• Cell Membrane (& Cell Wall)• Nucleus• Ribosomes• Endoplasmic Reticulum • Mitochondria (& Chloroplast)• Golgi Complex• Vesicle• Vacuole• Lysosome
Cell Membrane• Made of phospholipids
–Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
Cell Membrane• Functions:
–Keep in cytoplasm–Allow in nutrients–Excrete waste
Cell Wall• Found in plants and algae• Made of cellulose
–Carb
Cell Wall• Functions
–Strength–Support
• Prevents the tearing of thecell membrane
Nucleus • Functions:
–Control center–Stores genetic info–Instructs protein synthesis
• Contains DNA• Contains Nucleolus
–Make ribosomes
Ribosomes• Makes proteins
–Proteins = amino acids• Smallest organelle• No membrane
–Made of RNA
Cytoskeleton• Network of filaments & tubes that
cross in the cytosol• Functions
–Give shape (tent)–Tracks to move items
Endoplasmic Reticulum• AKA – ER• Functions as the
intracellular highway• Two types
–Rough ER–Smooth ER
Rough ER• Flattened sacs covered with ribosomes• Produces:
–Phospholipids–Proteins
• Most abundant: –Digestive–Antibody producing
Smooth ER• No ribosomes on surface • Less than rough ER• Functions
–Produces estrogen & testosterone–Detoxifies in liver & kidney
Chloroplast • Plants and algae• Contains chlorophyll
–Traps sunlight
• Performs photosynthesis
Mitochondria• Where most of the ATP is produced
–Produced in the inner membrane–ATP= energy–Needs oxygen
Endosymbiotic Theory• Mitochondria & chloroplast originated from a
symbiotic relationship b/t prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic cells
–Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria–Chloroplast = cyanobacteria
Endosymbiotic Theory• Evidence
–Own DNA–Double membrane–Binary Fission (independent)–Size–Own ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus• Process and ships out proteins & other
materials out of the cell• Close to cell membrane• Modify the ER products
–Add carb labels =
direction to other cells
Lysosomes • Special vesicles that contain enzymes• Originate from Golgi• Functions
–Break down carbs, lipids, & proteins from food
–Destroy worn out organelles–Rid cell of waste
Vacuoles • Store water for the cell• Large in plant cells
–Supports the cell• Wilting
Movement Through Membranes
SPI.1.7 Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable
membranes.
SPI.1.8 Compare and contrast active and passive transport
Cell Membrane• Lipid Bilayer
–phospholipids• Protein channels
–Allows molecules to pass
• Carbohydrate chains–Cell to cell recognition
Selectively Permeable • Selective = picky
• Permeable = allows things to pass through
Selectively Permeable
Solutions• A homogenous mixture in a liquid form• Mixture = solute + solvent• Solute – dissolved particles• Solvent – dissolving liquid
–Usually water
• Solutions are formed by diffusion
Solutions
Solutes
Solvent Solution
The Formation of a Sugar-Water Solution
Concentrations__Mass of Solute__Volume of Solution
Concentration of Solution
=
Example: If you dissolve 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration?
4 g/L
Movement Across Membranes
• Passive – NO energy required– Diffusion – Osmosis– Facilitated diffusion– Ion Channels
• Active – Energy Required– Pumps– Endocytosis– Exocytosis
Diffusion• Movement of particles across
membranes• Move by concentration gradient• High conc. Low conc.• No energy required• Goal = Equilibrium• Rate determined by steepness of
gradient
Diffusion Demonstration• Dialysis tubing = selectively
permeable membrane• Phenolthalien - Indicator
– Base – pink
• Iodine – indicator –Starch - black
Osmosis• The diffusion of water across a membrane• Movement determined by solute
concentrations– Hypotonic– Hypertonic– Isotonic
Hypotonic Solutions• LOWER concentration of solutes
Hypertonic Solutions• HIGHER concentration of solutes
Isotonic Solutions• Equal concentrations of solutes
Water Movement (Osmosis)–Water moves from hypotonic to
hypertonic solution–Isotonic water moves both ways
Effects of Osmosis
Osmosis in Blood Cells
Facilitated Diffusion• Movement of specific molecules
across the cell membrane by protein channels
• No energy required• Moved by concentration
gradients• Ex: Glucose
Active Transport• Movement of particles through proteins
against the normal direction of diffusion• Lower conc. higher conc.
Ion Pumps• Similar to channels but move AGAINST the conc. gradient
• Na-/K+ pumps– 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein– ATP opens protein by changing channel shape– Na- released to outside and 2 K+ (outside) bind– Protein resumes its original shape – releasing K+
into cell
Endocytosis• Cells surround a particle and
encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell
Exocytosis • Vesicles formed in the ER or Golgi
complex carry particles out of the cell by fusing membranes
Organization of LifeChapter 7Section 4
Unicellular Organisms• Single celled organism• Prokaryotes
–Bacteria
• Eukaryotes–Yeast
• Colonial–Volvox
Multicellular Organisms• Organisms composed of many cells• Cells work as groups for specialized
functions
Specialized Cells • They will have specialized functions• Examples
–Bone–Blood–Skin
Organization • Cell• Tissues • Organs• Organ Systems• Organism
Tissues • Examples
Organs• Animal
–Stomach
• Plants –Roots
Organ Systems• Failure of one part can affect the
others in the system• Digestive
Organism • Unicellular • Multicellular
After Organisms?• Populations• Communities • Ecosystem