chapter 7 cell structure and function unit 3. cytology: the study of cells
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7
Cell Structure and Function
Unit 3
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Cytology: the study of cells
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Robert Hooke
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Robert Hooke
• Mid-1600s• England• Used microscope to
observe living tissues• Named chambers
“cells”
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Sketches from Micrographia
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• Mid-1600s• Holland• Used hand lens
microscope to observe pond water
• Observed microscopic life
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Leeuwenhoek Microscope
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Leeuwenhoek painting by Robert A. Thom
This painting appeared in "Great Moments in Medicine" published by Parke Davis & Company, in 1966.
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German cell biologists1830s: Matthias Schleidan: concluded all plants made from cells
1830s: Theodor Schwann: concluded that all animals made from cells
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Rudolph Virchow
• 1855• Germany• New cells can only be
produced from existing cells, confirmed by French scientist Louis Pasteur
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Pasteur painting by Robert A. Thom
This painting appeared in "Great Moments in Medicine" published by Parke Davis & Company, in 1966.
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Lynn Margulis
• Organelles in larger, complex cells may have been free-living prokaryotic cells in the past.
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Cell theory• Cells are made from
preexisting cells.• Cells are the smallest
units of life.• All living things are
made from at least one cell.
Cells dividing
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Properties of life• Metabolism
• Homeostasis
• Growth & reproduction
• Cellular basis
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Microscopy
• the use of microscopes to study cells
• Different types of microscopes– Light microscope– Transmission electron
microscope– Scanning electron
microscope
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Light microscope
• visible light passes through specimen glass lenses
Sample of light microscope image (cork):
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Transmission electron microscope
• TEM
• studies cellular interiors
Sample of TEM image:
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Scanning electron microscope
• SEM
• studies cellular surfaces
Sample of SEM image:
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Cellular basis of life
• Multicellular: organisms made up of more than one cell– Ex: protist, fungus, plant, animal
• Unicellular: organisms made up of only one cell– Ex: bacteria, protist, fungus
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To be a cell…• Plasma membrane: cell membrane,
made of 2 layers of phospholipids• Cytoplasm: carbohydrate and water
based solution that suspends all internal parts of the cell
• Ribosomes: produces proteins• DNA: genetic material made of nucleic
acids
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Two types of cells• Prokaryote: bacteria, archaebacteria
• Eukaryote: protist, fungus, plant, animal
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Prokaryotic cell• No nucleus
• No organelles
• Small
• Simple
• Plasma membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, DNA
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Prokaryotic cell• Capsule: durable outer covering that
some bacteria have for protection against water, acids, and viruses
• Flagella: movement
• Cell wall: protective layer around plasma membrane
• Pili: anchoring and DNA exchange
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Eukaryote• Complex• 4 basic components +
organelles• Organelles: small
compartments that carry out specialized functions within a cell
• Many variations
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CytoskeletonCell membrane
Endoplasmicreticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes Mitochondrion
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Microtubules
• Internal support system (like mini-skeleton)
• Helps with muscle contractions
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Smooth ER
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• produces lipids
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Rough ER
• dotted with ribosomes, packages proteins made by ribosomes
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Golgi apparatus (body)
• Modify, package, and sort protein packages for secretion, outside of cell
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Mitochondria
• Organelle responsible for breaking down glucose molecules into ATP energy molecules
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Chloroplast
• Organelle in plants and algae that produces sugar molecules by photosynthesis
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Lysosome
• Organelle that produces enzymes to destroy foreign molecules and waste
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• Organelle that stores water, salt, food or waste
Vacuole
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Nucleus
• Stores DNA
• DNA helps to regulate protein production.
• Proteins regulate cellular activity.
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Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
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Animal Cell
Animal Cell
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)