chapter 6 religion. key issue 1 where are religions distributed? two types of religions ...

Chapter 6 Religion

Key Issue 1 Where are Religions Distributed? Two types of religions Universalizing Religion: attempt to be global, appeal to all people, no matter where they live, 62% of world Ethnic Religion: appeals primarily to one group living in one place, 24% of world

Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism Three main universalizing religions Each is divided into branches Branches can be divided into denominations Sects are small groups broken away from a denomination

Christianity More than 2 billion adherents, more than any other world religion Most widespread distribution Predominant religion in North America, South America, Europe and Australia Also, some countries in Africa & Asia are predominately Christian

Branches of Christianity Three Major Branches Roman Catholic: 52% of worlds Christians Protestant: 21% Eastern Orthodox: 10% 22% do not fall under the 3 major branches 5% unaffiliated with any church, but are Christian

Christianity in Europe

Roman Catholicism Dominant Christian Branch in Southwest and East Protestantism Northwest Eastern Orthodox East and southeast

Europe Regions of Roman Catholic and Protestant majorities Sharp boundaries, either by country or a dividing line within the country Eastern Orthodox Collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe & Middle East Christianity came to Russia in 10 th Century Russian Orthodox Church: 16 th Century Romanian Orthodox Church: 20% of all Eastern Orthodox Christians

Christianity in Western Hemisphere 90% of people in Western Hemisphere are Christian 5%: other religion 6%: no religion Roman Catholics: 93% of Christians in Latin America 29% in North America: Clustered in Southwestern & Northeastern United States & Quebec in Canada

Christianity in Western Hemisphere United States Protestants: 28% of US population Baptists: southeast (most popular of Prot) Lutherans: upper Midwest Mormon: Methodists

Clusters in US

Smaller Branches of Christanity Some developed independently from three main branches Isolation during development of Christianity 1) Coptic Church: Egypt 2) Ethiopian Church (split from Egyptian Coptic Church, 1948) Both trace roots to 4 th century Two shipwrecked Christians, taken as slaves, converted Ethiopian king to Christianity

Smaller branches of Christianity Armenian Church (Syria) Diffused Christianity to South and East Asia, 7 th - 13 th Centuries Smaller following, but plays a significant role in regional conflicts Armenian Christians vs Shiite Muslim in Azerbaijan NY Times Article

Smaller Branches of Christianity United States Church of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), 3% of US Consider their church to be separate from other branches Large clustering in Utah and surrounding areas

Facts about Mormons religionfacts.com Active full-time volunteer missionaries Belief in modern prophets, beginning with Joseph Smith, Jr., and continuing today with Gordon B. Hinckley Acceptance of the Bible, the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and The Pearl of Great Price as works of scripture A dietary code called the Word of Wisdom, currently requiring abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, and illegal drugs; caffeinated soft drinks are left to individual discretion. Belief in God the Father, the Son (Christ), and the Holy Ghost existing as three separate individual beings or personages Belief in a form of theosis called exaltation or eternal progression Formerly practicing polygamy (plural marriage) Wearing ceremonial temple garments under their daily clothes Performing baptisms for the dead, and other ordinances by proxy, in temples and doing attendant genealogical research.

Islam Predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia Half of worlds Muslims lives outside Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India Islam in Arabic means submission to the will of God Muslims are ones who surrender to God in Arabic

Islam 5 Pillars 1. There is no god worth of worship except the one God, the source of all creation, and Muhammad is the messenger of God 2. Five times daily, a Muslim prays, facing the citty of Mecca, as a direct link to God 3. A Muslim gives generously to charity, as an act of purification and growth 4. A Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan, as an act of self-purification If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah

Branches of Islam Two important branches: Sunni & Shiite Sunnis: 83% of Muslims, largest branch in most Muslim countries in the Middle East Shiites: 16% of Muslims, clustered. 30% of all Shiites live in Iran, 15% in Pakistan, 10% in Iraq. 90% of population in Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman, Bahrain

Islam in North America and Europe Increasing rapidly in recent years Europe: 5% Muslims France has largest Muslim population, 4 million, migration from North Africa Germany: 3 million, migration from Turkey Southeast Europe (Albania, Bosnia, Serbia) 2 million Muslims

United States & Canada Today: Home to 5 million Muslims 1990: only a few hundred thousand Nation of Islam: Black Muslims, founded in Detroit 1930 Elijah Muhammad messenger of Allah Tension between Malcolm X & Muhammad led to divided sects, 1960s

Buddhism Third of worlds major universalizing religions 400 million adherents Mostly in China & Southeast Asia Represented by the Four Noble Truths Someone can be Buddhist AND a believer in other Eastern religions

Four Noble Truths 1. All living beings must endure suffering 2. Suffering, which is caused by a desire to live, leads to reincarnation 3. The goal of all existences is to escpae from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana, which is achieved through mental and moral self- purification 4. Nirvana is attained though an Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought and meditation

Buddhism Split into more than one branch Followers disagreed on interpretation Main branches: Mahayana 56% of Buddhists, China Japan Korea Theravada 38% of Buddhists Cambodia Laos Myanmar Sri Lanka and Thailand Tantrayana 6% Tibet and Mongolia

Other Universalizing Religions Sikhism, 25 million, Punjab region of India Bahais, 8 million, dispersed mostly in Africa & Asia

Sikhism First Guru (religious teacher / enlightener): Nanak (1469-1538) in Punjab region (Pakistan) Believe in a formless God with many names Meditation Pray many times a day Prohibited from worshipping idols or icons Believe in Karma, Reincarnation but reject Caste System Everyone is equal in Gods eyes Men wear turbans and never cut beards or hair

Bahai Religion Arose from Islam in 1800s, Iran Promote gender and race equality Freedom of expression & assembly World peace & world government Every person has an immortal soul which cant die, but is free to travel through the sprit world after death

Ethnic Religions Hinduism, 3 rd largest world religion 97% of Hindus are in India Most of the remaining 3% are in Nepal Individuals chose best way to worship God Individual pursuits to reach God

Hinduism Average Hindu has allegiance to a particular God Vishnu and Siva are most common Purpose of life is to rejoin with God Samsara: Cycles of Birth, Life, and Death Karma: progress toward enlightenment Caste System

Other Ethnic Religions East Asia: China & Japan Many Chinese consider themselves Buddhists and either Confucian, Daoism or some other Chinese ethnic religion

Confucianism Confucius, philosopher & teacher Taught correct behavior Ethnic religion because is traditional values are especially important in Chinese culture Prescribed a series of ethical principles: Fulfilling obligations Treating others with sympathy and respect Following traditions

Daoism (Taoism) Founded by Lao-Tse, a contemporary of Confucius Daoists seek the path or way Find balance of life, Yin and Yang Myths and legends develop to explain not knowable events

Shintoism Ethnic religion of Japan Forces of nature are divine: sun, moon, mountains, rivers, etc Became official state religion under Emperor Meiji (1868-1912) After WWII, Allies ordered Japan to renounce empire as being divine Still exists in Japan, but no longer the official state religion

Judaism 6 million Jews live in US 5 million in Israel 2 million in Europe and 1 million in Asia Heavily concentrated in large US cities New York of Jewish population Majority in Israel, First state with Jewish majority since biblical era

Judaism Christianity and Islam find roots in Judaism Jesus was born a Jew Muhammad traced his ancestry to Abraham Ethnic religion, based in lands bordering eastern end of Mediterranean Sea First religion to support monotheism: One God Believe the Messiah will return, Jews will gather in Israel, resurrection of the dead, 1 st Temple will be rebuilt

Ethnic African Religions 100 million Africans follow traditional ethnic religions: animism Believe inanimate ojsects are animated have spirtis and conscious life Few holy books have been written Rituals are passed down by generation Monotheistic concepts, but hierarchy of divinities Numbers are declining bc Islam & Christianity Majority exists in Botswana Half of population in Angola, Congo, Madagascar, and more

A large and fundamental division within a religion is a A) branch B) denomination C) sect D) dialect E) family

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established church is a A) branch B) denomination C) sect D) dialect E) family

A universalizing religion A) is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location on Earth B) appeals to people living in a wide variety of locations C) is rarely transmitted through missionaries D) has celebrations based on seasonal changes E) is less likely to be used as a reason for violence than ethnic religions

The worlds largest universalizing religion is A) Buddhism B) Christianity C) Hinduism D) Islam E) Shintoism

The worlds largest ethnic religion is A) Confucianism B) Daoism C) Hinduism D) Shintoism E) Islam

Which is a branch of Christianity A) Druze B) Eastern Orthodox C) Shiite D) Theravadist E) Judaism

Which of the following is NOT a universalizing religion? A) Buddhism B) Sikhism C) Islam D) Judaism E) Christianity

Roman Catholics are clustered in the US southwest primarily because of migration of A) Roman Catholics from Latin America B) Roman Catholics from the northeast United States C) Roman Catholics from Ireland D) Protestants to the north E) Protestants to the east

Muslims are clustered in A) Sub-Saharan Africa B) South America C) Eastern Europe D) East Asia E) the Middle East

Lutheranism is an example of a Christian A) branch B) denomination C) religion D) sect E) family

Eastern Orthodoxy is an example of a Christian A) branch B) denomination C) religion D) sect E) family

The dominant branch of Islam is A) Druze B) Eastern Orthodoxy C) Sikh D) Sunni E) Shiite

The belief in the existence of only one god is A) animism B) cosmogony C) monotheism D) polytheism E) pagan

Animists believe that A) people should complete Gods creation of the Earth B) inanimate objects and natural events have spirits C)people should make complete use of the Earths resources D) natural disasters are preventable E) enlightenment can be achieved by all people

Adherents of which religion are also likely to believe in other religions simultaneously? A) Judaism B) Christianity C) Hinduism D) Islam E) Buddhism

chapter 6 religion. key issue 1 where are religions distributed? two types of religions ...

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