religion. a. what is the purpose of religion? religions are value systems religions teach...
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RELIGIONRELIGION
A. What is the purpose of A. What is the purpose of religion?religion?
Religions are Religions are value systemsvalue systems
Religions teach followers proper Religions teach followers proper ethical behaviorethical behavior
B. STATE RELIGIONSB. STATE RELIGIONS
Buddhism: Buddhism: Myanmar, Laos, ThailandMyanmar, Laos, Thailand
Islam: Islam: Pakistan, IranPakistan, Iran
Russia: Russian OrthodoxRussia: Russian Orthodox
Greece: Greek OrthodoxGreece: Greek Orthodox
Green: Islam
Blue: Christianity
Yellow: Buddhism
Conflicts along Religious BordersConflicts along Religious Borders
Interfaith BoundariesInterfaith Boundaries– Boundaries between the world’s major faiths.Boundaries between the world’s major faiths.
Intrafaith BoundariesIntrafaith Boundaries– Boundaries within a single major faith.Boundaries within a single major faith.
Interfaith Boundary in AfricaInterfaith Boundary in Africa
Partition of IndiaPartition of India
Sri LankaSri Lanka--30% Tamil (Hindu-Dravidian)
Separatist movement
--70% Sinhalese Buddhists
Armenia and AzerbaijanSoviet Union’s divide-and-diminish plan
The Former YugoslaviaThe Former YugoslaviaGenocide
Ethnic Cleansing
Israel and Israel and PalestinePalestine
C. SACRED SITESC. SACRED SITES
LakesLakes CavesCaves RiversRivers
– GangesGanges– JordanJordan
TreesTrees MountainsMountains
– ArafatArafat– FujiFuji– SinaiSinai
Sacred Sites and PilgrimageSacred Sites and Pilgrimage
Vatican City
Pope John Paul II greeted pilgrims in St. Peter’s Square
Sacred Sites and RitualsSacred Sites and RitualsAt Saint Declan’s Holy Well in Ardmore, IrelandAt Saint Declan’s Holy Well in Ardmore, IrelandPilgrims hang scraps of clothing as offerings Pilgrims hang scraps of clothing as offerings
This practice is common at sacred sites in Far Eastern Russia
1. Jerusalem is sacred to 3 religions:1. Jerusalem is sacred to 3 religions:Judaism (Western Wall)Judaism (Western Wall)
Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)
Islam (Dome of the Rock)Islam (Dome of the Rock)
2. Hindu 2. Hindu pilgrimage to pilgrimage to Ganges River Ganges River in in Varanasi, Varanasi, India India
Hindus perform morning rituals.
Swedogon Pagodo in Yangon, Myanmar
3. Eight hairs of the Buddha are preserved under the dome (chedi)
4. The Great Mosque at Mecca
D. CLASSIFICATION:D. CLASSIFICATION: Monotheism:Monotheism:
– ChristianityChristianity– IslamIslam– JudaismJudaism
Polytheism:Polytheism:
– HinduismHinduism– Japanese ShintoJapanese Shinto
1. Universalizing Religions:1. Universalizing Religions:
– ChristianityChristianity– IslamIslam– BuddhismBuddhism
2. “Ethnic” Religions:2. “Ethnic” Religions:
– JudaismJudaism– HinduismHinduism– Japanese ShintoJapanese Shinto
3. 3. “Tribal” Religions “Tribal” Religions (shamanism & (shamanism & animism)animism)
Religions of the World
Where are universalizing religions located?Where are ethnic religions located?
Sumatra
Amazon
Mali
Korea
SECULARISMSECULARISM
an indifference to or rejection of religionan indifference to or rejection of religion
agnostic?agnostic?
atheist?atheist?
Government Impact on ReligionGovernment Impact on Religion
The Soviet The Soviet Union:Union:
- Had an official Had an official policy of atheismpolicy of atheism
- Discouraged Discouraged religious practicereligious practice
- Drew boundaries Drew boundaries for political for political control that control that separated ethnic separated ethnic groups in small groups in small areasareas
Armenia and AzerbaijanSoviet Union’s divide-and-diminish plan
E. DISPOSAL OF THE DEADE. DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD Burial: Burial:
Christians, Jews, MuslimsChristians, Jews, Muslims
Cremation:Cremation:
Hinduism, BuddhismHinduism, Buddhism
HINDUISMHINDUISM
Oldest major world religion (over 4,000 years old)Oldest major world religion (over 4,000 years old)
– religiousreligious– philosophicalphilosophical– socialsocial– economiceconomic– artisticartistic
HINDUISMHINDUISM
850 million to 1 billion followers850 million to 1 billion followers
– almost all in Indiaalmost all in India– 80% of Indians are Hindu80% of Indians are Hindu
Ethical system: Ethical system: dharma (conduct in this life) andand karma(conduct in previous lives)(conduct in previous lives)
Divine Trinity of Hindu gods:Divine Trinity of Hindu gods:BrahmaBrahma the creator, the creator, VishnuVishnu the preserver, and the preserver, and ShivaShiva the destroyer. the destroyer.
HINDU BELIEFS:HINDU BELIEFS:
No single doctrineNo single doctrine No central organizationNo central organization
Core beliefs:Core beliefs:
– divinity of the souldivinity of the soul
– reincarnationreincarnation
– unending cycle of birth and deathunending cycle of birth and death
– pilgrimages to the Ganges Riverpilgrimages to the Ganges River
CASTE SYSTEM:CASTE SYSTEM:
All creatures are rankedAll creatures are ranked
Caste (birth) indicates spiritual statusCaste (birth) indicates spiritual status
– priestspriests– warriorswarriors– farmersfarmers– servantsservants– ““untouchables” (about 20%)untouchables” (about 20%)
HINDU TEMPLESHINDU TEMPLES
BUDDHISMBUDDHISM Started as a Hindu reform Started as a Hindu reform
movementmovement Founded by Prince Siddhartha Founded by Prince Siddhartha
Gautama Gautama
Buddhism (2,600 years old):Buddhism (2,600 years old):
““Buddha” means enlightened oneBuddha” means enlightened one About 300-400 million followers (India, About 300-400 million followers (India,
China, Japan, Tibet, Nepal, S.E. Asia)China, Japan, Tibet, Nepal, S.E. Asia)
pagodas– symbolize peace
bodhi tree where Siddhartha reached enlightenment…
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS:FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS:
1.1. Existence Involves SufferingExistence Involves Suffering
2.2. Suffering is the Result of DesireSuffering is the Result of Desire
3.3. Pain Ends When Desire is DestroyedPain Ends When Desire is Destroyed
4. Cycle of births and deaths ended (Nirvana)4. Cycle of births and deaths ended (Nirvana)
JUDAISMJUDAISM
Judaism was founded about 4,000 years ago (Abraham)Judaism was founded about 4,000 years ago (Abraham)
over 20 million followersover 20 million followers Ethical Teachings: Ethical Teachings: Torah and TalmudTorah and Talmud
word of god (Yahweh) said to be revealed in the Torah (Old word of god (Yahweh) said to be revealed in the Torah (Old Testament of the Bible)Testament of the Bible)
Branches of Judaism:Branches of Judaism:
– Sephardim (20%)Sephardim (20%)
Iberian Peninsula – expelled 15th c.Iberian Peninsula – expelled 15th c. ties to North Africa & Babylonian Jewsties to North Africa & Babylonian Jews
– Ashkenazim (80%)Ashkenazim (80%)
W. & C. Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Russia)W. & C. Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Russia) most Jewish migrants to U.S.most Jewish migrants to U.S.
ISRAELISRAEL
Zionism – Zionism –
belief in the need for an independent Jewish state in Israel.belief in the need for an independent Jewish state in Israel.
synagoguesynagogue: Jewish temple: Jewish temple
Western Wall, JerusalemWestern Wall, Jerusalem
Jewish neighborhoods in European Cities Jewish neighborhoods in European Cities the Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague, the Czech Republicthe Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague, the Czech Republic
CHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANITY
JesusJesus– was Jewishwas Jewish
spread through the Roman Empire by hierarchical and contagious spread through the Roman Empire by hierarchical and contagious diffusiondiffusion
Ethical system:Ethical system: Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments
over 1 billion Christians worldwide (most are Roman Catholic)
denominations: Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Protestants, Baptists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Methodists, Born Again, Mormons
CHRISTIAN LANDSCAPE:CHRISTIAN LANDSCAPE:
ColonizationColonization
MissionariesMissionaries
ImmigrationImmigration
ISLAMISLAM Islam: Islam: submission to the will of submission to the will of AllahAllah over 1 billion followersover 1 billion followers world’s fastest growing religionworld’s fastest growing religion
the prophet Mohammed said to receive the holy book of the the prophet Mohammed said to receive the holy book of the Koran Koran from Allah (god) in about A.D. 610from Allah (god) in about A.D. 610
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM:FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: belief in one god
prayer 5 times daily facing Mecca
month of fasting (Ramadan)
almsgiving
pilgrimage to Mecca
BRANCHES OF ISLAMBRANCHES OF ISLAM
Sunnis (80-85%)Sunnis (80-85%)
Shi’itesShi’ites
– Majority in IranMajority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen
ISLAMIC LANDSCAPE:ISLAMIC LANDSCAPE:
MosquesMosques
CONFUCIANISM:CONFUCIANISM:
K’ung Fu-tzuK’ung Fu-tzu
– Compiler of traditional wisdomCompiler of traditional wisdom
No Churches or ClergyNo Churches or Clergy
Ancestor WorshipAncestor Worship
Basis for imperial Chinese Basis for imperial Chinese social controlsocial control
Confucian templeConfucian temple
TAOISM:TAOISM:
First taught by Lao-tsu First taught by Lao-tsu in 6in 6thth c. B.C. c. B.C.
Tao – “The Way”Tao – “The Way”
– happiness lies in naturehappiness lies in nature– religion and philosophyreligion and philosophy– deplore passion and govt.deplore passion and govt.
JAPANESE SHINTO:JAPANESE SHINTO: traditional religion traditional religion
of Japanof Japan
worship of nature worship of nature & ancestors& ancestors
Shinto – “The Way Shinto – “The Way of the Gods”of the Gods”
Spirits (Spirits (kamiskamis)—)—family, rivers, trees, family, rivers, trees, animals, mountains, animals, mountains, sun, moonsun, moon
ToriiTorii – ceremonial – ceremonial gateway archesgateway arches
torii arches
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