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Page 1: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

RELIGIONRELIGION

Page 2: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

A. What is the purpose of A. What is the purpose of religion?religion?

Religions are Religions are value systemsvalue systems

Religions teach followers proper Religions teach followers proper ethical behaviorethical behavior

Page 3: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior
Page 4: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

B. STATE RELIGIONSB. STATE RELIGIONS

Buddhism: Buddhism: Myanmar, Laos, ThailandMyanmar, Laos, Thailand

Islam: Islam: Pakistan, IranPakistan, Iran

Russia: Russian OrthodoxRussia: Russian Orthodox

Greece: Greek OrthodoxGreece: Greek Orthodox

Page 5: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Green: Islam

Blue: Christianity

Yellow: Buddhism

Page 6: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Conflicts along Religious BordersConflicts along Religious Borders

Interfaith BoundariesInterfaith Boundaries– Boundaries between the world’s major faiths.Boundaries between the world’s major faiths.

Intrafaith BoundariesIntrafaith Boundaries– Boundaries within a single major faith.Boundaries within a single major faith.

Page 7: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Interfaith Boundary in AfricaInterfaith Boundary in Africa

Page 8: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Partition of IndiaPartition of India

Page 9: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Sri LankaSri Lanka--30% Tamil (Hindu-Dravidian)

Separatist movement

--70% Sinhalese Buddhists

Page 10: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Armenia and AzerbaijanSoviet Union’s divide-and-diminish plan

Page 11: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

The Former YugoslaviaThe Former YugoslaviaGenocide

Ethnic Cleansing

Page 12: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Israel and Israel and PalestinePalestine

Page 13: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

C. SACRED SITESC. SACRED SITES

LakesLakes CavesCaves RiversRivers

– GangesGanges– JordanJordan

TreesTrees MountainsMountains

– ArafatArafat– FujiFuji– SinaiSinai

Page 14: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Sacred Sites and PilgrimageSacred Sites and Pilgrimage

Vatican City

Pope John Paul II greeted pilgrims in St. Peter’s Square

Page 15: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Sacred Sites and RitualsSacred Sites and RitualsAt Saint Declan’s Holy Well in Ardmore, IrelandAt Saint Declan’s Holy Well in Ardmore, IrelandPilgrims hang scraps of clothing as offerings Pilgrims hang scraps of clothing as offerings

This practice is common at sacred sites in Far Eastern Russia

Page 16: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

1. Jerusalem is sacred to 3 religions:1. Jerusalem is sacred to 3 religions:Judaism (Western Wall)Judaism (Western Wall)

Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)

Islam (Dome of the Rock)Islam (Dome of the Rock)

Page 17: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

2. Hindu 2. Hindu pilgrimage to pilgrimage to Ganges River Ganges River in in Varanasi, Varanasi, India India

Hindus perform morning rituals.

Page 18: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Swedogon Pagodo in Yangon, Myanmar

3. Eight hairs of the Buddha are preserved under the dome (chedi)

Page 19: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

4. The Great Mosque at Mecca

Page 20: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

D. CLASSIFICATION:D. CLASSIFICATION: Monotheism:Monotheism:

– ChristianityChristianity– IslamIslam– JudaismJudaism

Polytheism:Polytheism:

– HinduismHinduism– Japanese ShintoJapanese Shinto

1. Universalizing Religions:1. Universalizing Religions:

– ChristianityChristianity– IslamIslam– BuddhismBuddhism

2. “Ethnic” Religions:2. “Ethnic” Religions:

– JudaismJudaism– HinduismHinduism– Japanese ShintoJapanese Shinto

3. 3. “Tribal” Religions “Tribal” Religions (shamanism & (shamanism & animism)animism)

Page 21: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Religions of the World

Where are universalizing religions located?Where are ethnic religions located?

Page 22: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Sumatra

Amazon

Mali

Korea

Page 23: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

SECULARISMSECULARISM

an indifference to or rejection of religionan indifference to or rejection of religion

agnostic?agnostic?

atheist?atheist?

Page 24: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Government Impact on ReligionGovernment Impact on Religion

The Soviet The Soviet Union:Union:

- Had an official Had an official policy of atheismpolicy of atheism

- Discouraged Discouraged religious practicereligious practice

- Drew boundaries Drew boundaries for political for political control that control that separated ethnic separated ethnic groups in small groups in small areasareas

Page 25: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Armenia and AzerbaijanSoviet Union’s divide-and-diminish plan

Page 26: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

E. DISPOSAL OF THE DEADE. DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD Burial: Burial:

Christians, Jews, MuslimsChristians, Jews, Muslims

Cremation:Cremation:

Hinduism, BuddhismHinduism, Buddhism

Page 27: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior
Page 28: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

HINDUISMHINDUISM

Oldest major world religion (over 4,000 years old)Oldest major world religion (over 4,000 years old)

– religiousreligious– philosophicalphilosophical– socialsocial– economiceconomic– artisticartistic

Page 29: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

HINDUISMHINDUISM

850 million to 1 billion followers850 million to 1 billion followers

– almost all in Indiaalmost all in India– 80% of Indians are Hindu80% of Indians are Hindu

Ethical system: Ethical system: dharma (conduct in this life) andand karma(conduct in previous lives)(conduct in previous lives)

Divine Trinity of Hindu gods:Divine Trinity of Hindu gods:BrahmaBrahma the creator, the creator, VishnuVishnu the preserver, and the preserver, and ShivaShiva the destroyer. the destroyer.

Page 30: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

HINDU BELIEFS:HINDU BELIEFS:

No single doctrineNo single doctrine No central organizationNo central organization

Core beliefs:Core beliefs:

– divinity of the souldivinity of the soul

– reincarnationreincarnation

– unending cycle of birth and deathunending cycle of birth and death

– pilgrimages to the Ganges Riverpilgrimages to the Ganges River

Page 31: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

CASTE SYSTEM:CASTE SYSTEM:

All creatures are rankedAll creatures are ranked

Caste (birth) indicates spiritual statusCaste (birth) indicates spiritual status

– priestspriests– warriorswarriors– farmersfarmers– servantsservants– ““untouchables” (about 20%)untouchables” (about 20%)

Page 32: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

HINDU TEMPLESHINDU TEMPLES

Page 33: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

BUDDHISMBUDDHISM Started as a Hindu reform Started as a Hindu reform

movementmovement Founded by Prince Siddhartha Founded by Prince Siddhartha

Gautama Gautama

Buddhism (2,600 years old):Buddhism (2,600 years old):

““Buddha” means enlightened oneBuddha” means enlightened one About 300-400 million followers (India, About 300-400 million followers (India,

China, Japan, Tibet, Nepal, S.E. Asia)China, Japan, Tibet, Nepal, S.E. Asia)

Page 34: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior
Page 35: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

pagodas– symbolize peace

bodhi tree where Siddhartha reached enlightenment…

Page 36: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior
Page 37: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS:FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS:

1.1. Existence Involves SufferingExistence Involves Suffering

2.2. Suffering is the Result of DesireSuffering is the Result of Desire

3.3. Pain Ends When Desire is DestroyedPain Ends When Desire is Destroyed

4. Cycle of births and deaths ended (Nirvana)4. Cycle of births and deaths ended (Nirvana)

Page 38: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

JUDAISMJUDAISM

Judaism was founded about 4,000 years ago (Abraham)Judaism was founded about 4,000 years ago (Abraham)

over 20 million followersover 20 million followers Ethical Teachings: Ethical Teachings: Torah and TalmudTorah and Talmud

word of god (Yahweh) said to be revealed in the Torah (Old word of god (Yahweh) said to be revealed in the Torah (Old Testament of the Bible)Testament of the Bible)

Page 39: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Branches of Judaism:Branches of Judaism:

– Sephardim (20%)Sephardim (20%)

Iberian Peninsula – expelled 15th c.Iberian Peninsula – expelled 15th c. ties to North Africa & Babylonian Jewsties to North Africa & Babylonian Jews

– Ashkenazim (80%)Ashkenazim (80%)

W. & C. Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Russia)W. & C. Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Russia) most Jewish migrants to U.S.most Jewish migrants to U.S.

Page 40: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

ISRAELISRAEL

Zionism – Zionism –

belief in the need for an independent Jewish state in Israel.belief in the need for an independent Jewish state in Israel.

synagoguesynagogue: Jewish temple: Jewish temple

Page 41: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Western Wall, JerusalemWestern Wall, Jerusalem

Page 42: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Jewish neighborhoods in European Cities Jewish neighborhoods in European Cities the Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague, the Czech Republicthe Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague, the Czech Republic

Page 43: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

CHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANITY

JesusJesus– was Jewishwas Jewish

spread through the Roman Empire by hierarchical and contagious spread through the Roman Empire by hierarchical and contagious diffusiondiffusion

Ethical system:Ethical system: Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments

over 1 billion Christians worldwide (most are Roman Catholic)

denominations: Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Protestants, Baptists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Methodists, Born Again, Mormons

Page 44: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior
Page 45: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior
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CHRISTIAN LANDSCAPE:CHRISTIAN LANDSCAPE:

ColonizationColonization

MissionariesMissionaries

ImmigrationImmigration

Page 47: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

ISLAMISLAM Islam: Islam: submission to the will of submission to the will of AllahAllah over 1 billion followersover 1 billion followers world’s fastest growing religionworld’s fastest growing religion

the prophet Mohammed said to receive the holy book of the the prophet Mohammed said to receive the holy book of the Koran Koran from Allah (god) in about A.D. 610from Allah (god) in about A.D. 610

Page 48: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM:FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: belief in one god

prayer 5 times daily facing Mecca

month of fasting (Ramadan)

almsgiving

pilgrimage to Mecca

Page 49: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

BRANCHES OF ISLAMBRANCHES OF ISLAM

Sunnis (80-85%)Sunnis (80-85%)

Shi’itesShi’ites

– Majority in IranMajority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen

Page 50: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior
Page 51: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

ISLAMIC LANDSCAPE:ISLAMIC LANDSCAPE:

MosquesMosques

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CONFUCIANISM:CONFUCIANISM:

K’ung Fu-tzuK’ung Fu-tzu

– Compiler of traditional wisdomCompiler of traditional wisdom

No Churches or ClergyNo Churches or Clergy

Ancestor WorshipAncestor Worship

Basis for imperial Chinese Basis for imperial Chinese social controlsocial control

Page 53: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

Confucian templeConfucian temple

Page 54: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

TAOISM:TAOISM:

First taught by Lao-tsu First taught by Lao-tsu in 6in 6thth c. B.C. c. B.C.

Tao – “The Way”Tao – “The Way”

– happiness lies in naturehappiness lies in nature– religion and philosophyreligion and philosophy– deplore passion and govt.deplore passion and govt.

Page 55: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

JAPANESE SHINTO:JAPANESE SHINTO: traditional religion traditional religion

of Japanof Japan

worship of nature worship of nature & ancestors& ancestors

Shinto – “The Way Shinto – “The Way of the Gods”of the Gods”

Spirits (Spirits (kamiskamis)—)—family, rivers, trees, family, rivers, trees, animals, mountains, animals, mountains, sun, moonsun, moon

ToriiTorii – ceremonial – ceremonial gateway archesgateway arches

Page 56: RELIGION. A. What is the purpose of religion?  Religions are value systems  Religions teach followers proper ethical behavior

torii arches

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http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-religion.htmlreligion.html