chapter 6 - mr. pelton sciencepeltonscience.weebly.com/.../chapter_6_class_notes.pdf12/6/2018 1...
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Chapter 6 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rock
Weathering and Erosion • Wherever rock is exposed at
Earth’s surface, it is continuously
being broken down by weathering
– a set of physical and chemical
processes that breaks rock into
smaller pieces.
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Weathering and Erosion • Wherever rock is exposed at
Earth’s surface, it is continuously
being broken down by weathering
– a set of physical and chemical
processes that breaks rock into
smaller pieces.
Weathering and Erosion • Sediments are small pieces
of rock that are moved and
deposited by water, wind,
glaciers, and gravity.
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Weathering and Erosion • The formation of
sedimentary rocks begins
when weathering and
erosion produce sediments.
Chemical Weathering • Chemical weathering
occurs when the minerals in
a rock are dissolved or
chemically changed.
• Acid Rain
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Physical Weathering • Physical weathering occurs
when rock fragments break
off of solid rock along
fractures.
Erosion • The removal and transport
of sediment is called
erosion.
• The four main agents of
erosion are: wind, moving
water, gravity, and glaciers.
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Deposition • When transported sediments are
deposited on the ground or sink to the bottom of a body of water, deposition occurs.
• This forms layers of sediment with the largest grains at the bottom. This feature of layering in sedimentary rock is called bedding.
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Graded Bedding
Lithification ( to turn to stone)
• Lithification is the physical and chemical process that
transforms sediment into
sedimentary rock.
• Lithification begins with
compaction and is completed
by cementation.
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Bedding • Sedimentary rocks have
features that help geologists
interpret how they formed.
• The primary feature of
sedimentary rocks is horizontal
layering called bedding.
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Graded Bedding • Bedding in which the particle
sizes increases toward the bottom
layers is called graded bedding.
• Graded bedding is observed in
marine sedimentary rocks that
were deposited by underwater
landslides.
Graded Bedding
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Cross-Bedding • Cross-bedding is formed as
layers of sediment are
deposited across a horizontal surface.
• Cross-bedding is usually
formed by migrating sand
dunes. (Wind erosion)
Cross-Bedding
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Chapter 6.2 Types of Sedimentary Rock
• Describe the types of clastic
sedimentary rocks
• Explain how chemical
sedimentary rocks form
• Describe biochemical
sedimentary rocks
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock • Clastic sedimentary rocks
are the most common type
of sedimentary rock, and
are formed from the
deposits of loose sediments
on the Earth’s surface.
Clastic Sedimentary Rock • Clastic comes from the
Greek work klastos which
means broken.
• A clast is a broken fragment
of a rock = sediment
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock
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Coarse-grained Rocks • Sedimentary rocks
consisting of gravel sized
rock and mineral fragments
are classified as coarse-
grained clastic rocks
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Coarse-grained Rocks • Forms during high velocity
water flows, such as
mountain streams, flooding
rivers, ocean waves, and
glacier meltwater.
Coarse-grained Rocks Conglomerate Breccia
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Medium-grained Rocks • Sedimentary rocks that
contain sand-sized rock
and mineral fragments are
classified as medium-
grained clastic rock
Medium-grained Rocks • These rocks have a high
porosity (open space between grains of sediment)
• Oil, natural gas, and groundwater, can be found in the pore spaces of sandstone.
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Medium-grained Rocks Sandstone
Cross-bedding Ripple marks
(wind) (water)
Fine-grained Rocks • Sedimentary rock
consisting of silt and clay
sized particles are called
fine-grained clastic rocks.
• Forms in swamp and pond
environments.
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Fine-grained Rocks Siltstone Shale
Burgess Shale Fossil (Trilobite)
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Chemical Sedimentary Rock
• When dissolved minerals in water reach saturation, crystal grains precipitate out of solution and settle to the bottom.
• Layers of chemical sedimentary rock form, which are called evaporites.
Evaporite Formation
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Chemical Sedimentary Rock
Rock Salt
Biochemical Sedimentary Rock (organic rock)
• Biochemical sedimentary rocks are formed from the remains of once-living organisms.
• Contain shells, skeletal remains, or decomposed organic matter.
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Biochemical Sedimentary Rock
Limestone Coal
Section 6.3: Metamorphic Rock
• Compare the different types
and causes of
metamorphism.
• Distinguish among
metamorphic textures
• Apply the Rock Cycle
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Recognizing Metamorphic Rock • Metamorphic rocks form
when pre-existing rocks are
exposed to increases in
temperature and pressure.
• Metamorphosis: To change
form.
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Recognizing Metamorphic Rock • When temperature or
pressure becomes high
enough and rocks do not
quite melt, they change
form.
Recognizing Metamorphic Rock • Temperature and pressure
can change the texture,
mineral composition, or
chemical composition of a
rock without melting it.
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Recognizing Metamorphic Rock • The high pressures required
for metamorphism come
from deep burial or from
compression during
mountain building.
Metamorphic Textures • Foliated metamorphic rocks
are characterized by layers and bands of minerals.
• High Pressure causes minerals to flatten out perpendicular to the pressure
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Metamorphic Textures
Foliated
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Metamorphic Textures • Nonfoliated metamorphic
rocks are characterized by
minerals that form blocky
crystal shapes.
• Nonfoliated metamorphic
rocks are not banded.
Nonfoliated
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