chapter 6 expression of biological information. concepts review
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6Expression
of Biological Information
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Concepts review
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Expression of Biological
Information
DNA & Genetic Information
DNA as genetic material
Gene hypothesi
s
Abilities of DNA
Forming new DNA
Produce polypeptide
ReplicationProtein
synthesis
Operon
Griffith (1931)
Avery et. al
(1944)
Beadle & Tatum (1944)
Hershey & Chase
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At the end of the lesson, you At the end of the lesson, you should be able to :should be able to :
Explain DNA as the carrier of genetic information.
Explain gene concept : One gene one polypeptide
Describe the semi-conservative replication of DNA
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DNA as genetic material
Carrier of Carrier of genetic genetic
information information
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
Frederick Griffith (1931)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
mouse
Two types
Mutant typeRough, non-
virulent(IIR)
Wild typesmooth, virulent
(IIIS)
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
Sample 1
Frederick Griffith (1931)
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
Sample 2
Frederick Griffith (1931)
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
Sample 3
Frederick Griffith (1931)
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
Sample 4
Frederick Griffith (1931)
Living S cells found in the
blood
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…Frederick Griffith
(1931)conclusion
Living R cells are converted Living R cells are converted to S cells.to S cells.
Transformation occurred.Transformation occurred.
What is the transforming agent?
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
Concepts of transformation
Transformation is a types of genetic transfer found in bacteria.
Bacteria can take up the externally DNA.
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
Oswald T. Avery
DNA as transforming agent
Colin MacLeod
Maclyn McCarty
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…
S strain(killed)
R strain(living)+
Protein destroye
d
RNA destroye
d
DNA destroye
d
Lipid eliminate
d
Living S
cells
Living S
cells
Living S
cells
Living R
cellsNo transformation
DNA as transforming agent
protease
RNase DNase centrifugation
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…Avery et. al (1944)
conclusion
The strain without DNA caused no transformation occur.
So, the transformation agent is
DNA!
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DNA as genetic material…DNA as genetic material…Hershey and Chase
Prove that DNA is the molecules that responsible as genetic information, not protein.
Bacteriophages
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Gene Hypothesis
One gene one One gene one polypeptidepolypeptide
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Gene Hypothesis…
Edward Tatum
George Beadle
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Gene Hypothesis…
George Beadle and Edward Tatum experiment: connection between genes &
metabolism.
Neurospora crassa as experimental organism.
- short life-cycle, easily grown.
Since it is haploid for much of its life cycle, mutations would be immediately
expressed.
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Gene Hypothesis…
Neurospora crassa able to synthesize all of the amino acids and other chemicals needed
for growth
Mutations will affect a single genes and single enzymes in specific metabolic pathways.
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Gene Hypothesis…Beadle & Tatum
Experiment
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Minimal NutrientMinimal Nutrient
Gene
Gene
EnzymeEnzyme
Minimal NutrientMinimal Nutrient
Amino acidAmino acid
Mutant neurospora
Wild type neurospora
Case 1Case2Case 3
Amino acidAmino acid
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How to make sure ONE genes is only code ONE polypeptide???
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
Precursor
Ornithine
Citrulline
Arginine
Enzyme AEnzyme A
Enzyme BEnzyme B
Enzyme CEnzyme C
+Ornithine
+Citrulline
+Arginine
X X
X X
X X
Is the gene A only produce enzyme A
only?
Is the gene B only produce enzyme B
only?
Is the gene C only produce enzyme C
only?
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Gene Hypothesis…Beadle & Tatum
Experiment
conclusion
Each gene will produce certain enzyme (polypeptide)
One gene one polypeptide.
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DNA Replication Model
Meselson and Meselson and StahlStahl
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DNA Replication Model…
Proposed by Matthew Meselson (left) and Franklin W. Stahl (right) in 1958.
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DNA Replication Model…
DNA Replication
Process of copying a double stranded DNA strand which is the two
resulting double strands are identical and each of them consist of one
original and one newly synthesize strand.
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DNA Replication Model…
Watson and Crick suggest that each strands of DNA molecule could serve as template for the synthesis of opposite strand.
Each half-helix could pair with their complementary nucleotides to replace its missing partner.
Will result two DNA double helices, each identical to the original.
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)Studied the
replication in E. coli
3 hypotheses
conservative semiconservative
dispersive
Which one is the model of DNA replication?
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
Both parent strand remain together and
all new copies is made.
Hypothesis 1conservative
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
The 2 strand of the parental molecule separate and each
functions as a template for
synthesis of a new complementary
strand
Hypothesis 2semiconservative
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
Each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts
Hypothesis 3dispersive
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
Second replication
First replication
Result
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
Second replication
First replication
Result
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
Second replication
First replication
Result
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
Second replicatio
n
First replicatio
n
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DNA Replication Model…Meselson & Stahl
(1958)
conclusion
DNA replication is take place by DNA replication is take place by
semiconservative.