Chapter 5 Urbanization and Economic Situation ChangeChapter 5 Urbanization and Economic Situation Change

Section 2 Urbanization of China and its ProcessSection 2 Urbanization of China and its Process

Section 1 Grain Belt of China and Geographic ThinkingSection 1 Grain Belt of China and Geographic Thinking

Section 3 Change of Economic Situation

and Process of Modernization in China

Section 3 Change of Economic Situation

and Process of Modernization in China

Report Discussion

Section 1 Grain Belt of China and Geographic ThinkingSection 1 Grain Belt of China and Geographic Thinking

5. Agricultural Development and its Regional Difference （ P164-168 ）5. Agricultural Development and its Regional Difference （ P164-168 ）

2. Grain Belt of China2. Grain Belt of China

3. Geographic Thinking of Improving Rainfall Using Rate to Raise Production3. Geographic Thinking of Improving Rainfall Using Rate to Raise Production

4. Geographic Thinking of Developing Evergreen Grassland Belt to Relieve Food Pressure4. Geographic Thinking of Developing Evergreen Grassland Belt to Relieve Food Pressure

Discussion

1. Introduction to Population-Grain-Cultivated Land of China 1. Introduction to Population-Grain-Cultivated Land of China

1.1 Relationship of population-grain-cultivated land

PopulationPopulation

Grain

Cultivated land

Requirement per-capitaRequirement per-capita

Production foundationProduction foundation

Planting area

Per-unit production

Population increasePopulation increase

Food policyFood policy

Spatial layoutSpatial layout

Grain structureGrain structure

Moisture conditionMoisture condition

Fertility conditionFertility condition

Manual work investment

Manual work investment

1. Introduction to Population-Grain-Cultivated Land of China1. Introduction to Population-Grain-Cultivated Land of China

Thermal conditionThermal condition

1.2 Historical change of cultivated land and production per capita

1*100

Cultivated land per capita

Food production per capita

Historical change of cultivated land and food production per capita of China

Grain output per capita/kg

Grain output per capita/kg

Qin Xihan PRC

Time/Dynasty

Farmland area per capita/hm

2

Qin Dynasty West Han Dynasty Tang Dynasty Song Dynasty Ming Dynasty Qing DynastyRepublic of China

Population changePopulation change

1.3 Population-grain- cultivated land change since the foundation of New China

100 million persons

year

540 milion

1295 million (1999)

International comparison in cultivated land and its per capitaInternational comparison in cultivated land and its per capita

Comparison of cultivated land per capita between China and world

Cultivated land area per capita/hm

2

China:7% cultivated land for world 27% population for world

Cultivated land area

Population

Canada

USA

France

India

Italy

Germ

ny

China

World

A

verage

England

Cultivated land and feeding population contrast between China and world

(acre)

Change of total grain yield

1999 year,

1050000 million half a kilogram

6 7 3 520 ？ 6

3

905.28 billion half a kilogram in 2001100 million half a kilogram

Sowing area(100 million acres)

Change of sowing area and production per unitChange of sowing area and production per unit

Decade

Kilogram/ acre

Main crop production （ ten thousand tons ）

Change of grain constitution of ChinaChange of grain constitution of China

YearTotal grain

output WheatRice Corn Soybean Tubers

Change of major grain crops in China Change of major grain crops in China

Rice Wheat

Corn

Tubers

Others

41.7 11.6

10.2

9.9

---

42.2222.0

21.7

6.0

---

%

Crop

1952 1990 1999

39.04

22.4

25.19

7.16

---

Year

2. Grain Belt of China2. Grain Belt of China

复种指数复种指数 Sequential cropping indexSequential cropping index

Problem 1 ： which is the potential region of increasing Sequential cropping index?

Cultivated land sequential cropping index of China

中国粮食分布 中国粮食分布 .. 水稻水稻

Rice BeltRice Belt

Problem 2 ： what is the reason of rice growing area toward north?

Rice distribution map of China

Double-cropping rice area in South China

Rice area in Yangtze River Basin

Dispersed rice area in the North

km

Concentrated rice production area in South China

Wheat BeltWheat Belt

Wheat distribution map of China

Spring wheat

production area

ConcentratedConcentrated

DispersedDispersed

Winter wheat production area in South China

ConcentratedConcentrated

DispersedDispersed

Winter wheat production area in North China

ConcentratedConcentrated

DispersedDispersed

Boundary of areas taking spring wheat and winter wheat as dominant

km

Corn BeltCorn Belt

Problem 3 ： why corn belt presents northeast-southwest distribution?

3.1 Water resources and its agricultural use3.1 Water resources and its agricultural use

• Water shortage:Fresh water per capita is a quarter of the value of the world, Water shortage:Fresh water per capita is a quarter of the value of the world, Fresh water per acre is only half of the world.Fresh water per acre is only half of the world.• Annual water consumption:450 billion MAnnual water consumption:450 billion M33 ：： 7.5% of annual precipitation;7.5% of annual precipitation; 18% of the whole runoff18% of the whole runoff （（ 30% in Japan30% in Japan ；； 80% in Israel80% in Israel ）） 20% from underground water(summation of it in USA and the 20% from underground water(summation of it in USA and the Former Soviet UnionFormer Soviet Union ）） 90% for cultivation90% for cultivation （（ 50% in USA50% in USA ）） 45% irrigation rate 45% irrigation rate （（ about 10% in USA and the Former Soviet Unioabout 10% in USA and the Former Soviet Unionn ））

Economic benefit from agricultural use(1992)Economic benefit from agricultural use(1992) ：： 0.25 dollar/ M0.25 dollar/ M33 （（ 2.04 dollar/M2.04 dollar/M33 in Israel in Israel ））

• Water shortage:Fresh water per capita is a quarter of the value of the world, Water shortage:Fresh water per capita is a quarter of the value of the world, Fresh water per acre is only half of the world.Fresh water per acre is only half of the world.• Annual water consumption:450 billion MAnnual water consumption:450 billion M33 ：： 7.5% of annual precipitation;7.5% of annual precipitation; 18% of the whole runoff18% of the whole runoff （（ 30% in Japan30% in Japan ；； 80% in Israel80% in Israel ）） 20% from underground water(summation of it in USA and the 20% from underground water(summation of it in USA and the Former Soviet UnionFormer Soviet Union ）） 90% for cultivation90% for cultivation （（ 50% in USA50% in USA ）） 45% irrigation rate 45% irrigation rate （（ about 10% in USA and the Former Soviet Unioabout 10% in USA and the Former Soviet Unionn ））

Economic benefit from agricultural use(1992)Economic benefit from agricultural use(1992) ：： 0.25 dollar/ M0.25 dollar/ M33 （（ 2.04 dollar/M2.04 dollar/M33 in Israel in Israel ））

3. Geographic Thinking of Improving Rainfall Using Rate to Raise Production3. Geographic Thinking of Improving Rainfall Using Rate to Raise Production

Shi Peijun ， 1995

3.2 Relationship between production per unit and 3.2 Relationship between production per unit and precipitation at planting areaprecipitation at planting area

1) Production per unit of China1) Production per unit of China ：： 171-394km/unit of area 171-394km/unit of area （（ average 226average 226 ））Taking 0.19 as the water consumption coefficient, only 33-75 MTaking 0.19 as the water consumption coefficient, only 33-75 MM depth of precipitation is utilized, amount of which is almost eqM depth of precipitation is utilized, amount of which is almost equal to precipitation at extreme arid-region, accounting for 8.73% ual to precipitation at extreme arid-region, accounting for 8.73%

of the totalof the total..2) Utilization ratio of precipitation in Israel2) Utilization ratio of precipitation in Israel ：： 15%--20%15%--20% ，， Depth of precipitation utilized:95-120MMDepth of precipitation utilized:95-120MM Production per unit:497-633km/unit of areaProduction per unit:497-633km/unit of area3) Depth of precipitation at rural area in China:3) Depth of precipitation at rural area in China: 790MM(600MM from April to July)790MM(600MM from April to July)

1) Production per unit of China1) Production per unit of China ：： 171-394km/unit of area 171-394km/unit of area （（ average 226average 226 ））Taking 0.19 as the water consumption coefficient, only 33-75 MTaking 0.19 as the water consumption coefficient, only 33-75 MM depth of precipitation is utilized, amount of which is almost eqM depth of precipitation is utilized, amount of which is almost equal to precipitation at extreme arid-region, accounting for 8.73% ual to precipitation at extreme arid-region, accounting for 8.73%

of the totalof the total..2) Utilization ratio of precipitation in Israel2) Utilization ratio of precipitation in Israel ：： 15%--20%15%--20% ，， Depth of precipitation utilized:95-120MMDepth of precipitation utilized:95-120MM Production per unit:497-633km/unit of areaProduction per unit:497-633km/unit of area3) Depth of precipitation at rural area in China:3) Depth of precipitation at rural area in China: 790MM(600MM from April to July)790MM(600MM from April to July)

Mid-west partMid-west part ：： According to the eastern level of 300 kg/acre (sowing According to the eastern level of 300 kg/acre (sowing area), there will be 37.22 billion kilograms increased at 90% of the area), there will be 37.22 billion kilograms increased at 90% of the sowing area at present.sowing area at present.

Eastern partEastern part ：： Ensure that the whole area have production at least 300 km/acre. As Ensure that the whole area have production at least 300 km/acre. As

a result,there will be 26.15 kilograms increased at 80% of the sowing a result,there will be 26.15 kilograms increased at 80% of the sowing area at present. area at present.

IncludingIncluding ：： 2.2 billion kilograms at southern provinces, 2.2 billion kilograms at southern provinces,

10.07 billion kilograms at provinces between Yellow River 10.07 billion kilograms at provinces between Yellow River

and Yangtze Riverand Yangtze River

7.5 billion kilograms at northeast provinces. 7.5 billion kilograms at northeast provinces.

Those area with production more than 300 kg/acre rely on production Those area with production more than 300 kg/acre rely on production increasing against loss from arable land decreasing, counting up to increasing against loss from arable land decreasing, counting up to 63.37 billion kg.63.37 billion kg.

Mid-west partMid-west part ：： According to the eastern level of 300 kg/acre (sowing According to the eastern level of 300 kg/acre (sowing area), there will be 37.22 billion kilograms increased at 90% of the area), there will be 37.22 billion kilograms increased at 90% of the sowing area at present.sowing area at present.

Eastern partEastern part ：： Ensure that the whole area have production at least 300 km/acre. As Ensure that the whole area have production at least 300 km/acre. As

a result,there will be 26.15 kilograms increased at 80% of the sowing a result,there will be 26.15 kilograms increased at 80% of the sowing area at present. area at present.

IncludingIncluding ：： 2.2 billion kilograms at southern provinces, 2.2 billion kilograms at southern provinces,

10.07 billion kilograms at provinces between Yellow River 10.07 billion kilograms at provinces between Yellow River

and Yangtze Riverand Yangtze River

7.5 billion kilograms at northeast provinces. 7.5 billion kilograms at northeast provinces.

Those area with production more than 300 kg/acre rely on production Those area with production more than 300 kg/acre rely on production increasing against loss from arable land decreasing, counting up to increasing against loss from arable land decreasing, counting up to 63.37 billion kg.63.37 billion kg.

3.3 Estimate of crop production increasing benefit by 3.3 Estimate of crop production increasing benefit by more investment into mid-low yield landmore investment into mid-low yield land

3.4 Production per unit of planting area and estim3.4 Production per unit of planting area and estimated production increasing areasated production increasing areas

人

人

口

注意：播种面积单产东西差异与南北差异的差异注意：播种面积单产东西差异与南北差异的差异

East

Middle part

westPay attention to the regional difference of production per unit both from north to south and from east to west

Province increasing productionProvince with more difficulty

but successful in increasing production

kg/acrekg/acre

Develop mode of “collecting-saving-managing water” “OvergroDevelop mode of “collecting-saving-managing water” “Overground film- underground directional explosion-solar und film- underground directional explosion-solar

energy- computer control”energy- computer control” High-quality controlling service effectively using water of seconHigh-quality controlling service effectively using water of secon

dary evaporationdary evaporation

Develop mode of “collecting-saving-managing water” “OvergroDevelop mode of “collecting-saving-managing water” “Overground film- underground directional explosion-solar und film- underground directional explosion-solar

energy- computer control”energy- computer control” High-quality controlling service effectively using water of seconHigh-quality controlling service effectively using water of secon

dary evaporationdary evaporation

3.5 Experiment and assumption of controlling ineffective evapora3.5 Experiment and assumption of controlling ineffective evaporation and improving precipitation utilization ratetion and improving precipitation utilization rate

Control soil erosion and soil salinization

Friendship farm experiment of China and Czech, 1996,1997

Grassland resource

4.1 Assessment of natural condition in grassland development in the South of China

Hilly and mountainous areas in the south

Develop animal husbandry- Change grain structure-Relieve grain pressure

Develop animal husbandry- Change grain structure-Relieve grain pressure

PhysiognomyPhysiognomyHazardHazard Vegetation Vegetation

Regional comparison （ North vs. South & China vs.Foreign

countries ）

4. Geographic Thinking of Development of Evergreen Grassland to Relieve Grain Pressure4. Geographic Thinking of Development of Evergreen Grassland to Relieve Grain Pressure

Zhang Xinshi,Libo etc. 1997

Poverty alleviation

Hydro-thermal condition

Hydro-thermal conditionOthers Others

1 ） Good hydro-thermal condition and high productivity

Southern grassland Northern grassland

Annual precipitation 1000-2000MM <500MM

Annual average temperature 10-15ºC <0ºC-4ºC

Frost-free days 150-180 days 50-150 days

Bearing capacity after alteration (1 sheep/1-2 acre ) 12 acres at meadow grassland

25 acres at typical grassland

50 acres at desert steppe

1 ） Good hydro-thermal condition and high productivity

Southern grassland Northern grassland

Annual precipitation 1000-2000MM <500MM

Annual average temperature 10-15ºC <0ºC-4ºC

Frost-free days 150-180 days 50-150 days

Bearing capacity after alteration (1 sheep/1-2 acre ) 12 acres at meadow grassland

25 acres at typical grassland

50 acres at desert steppe

·····4.2 Characteristics of southern grassland

2 ） Evergreen grassland

Southern grassland Northern grassland

Long growing period of forage Seasonal grazing with two camps diff. in summer and winter Balanced provision of forage Imbalanced forage that animal

carried in summer is more than double it in winter

2 ） Evergreen grassland

Southern grassland Northern grassland

Long growing period of forage Seasonal grazing with two camps diff. in summer and winter Balanced provision of forage Imbalanced forage that animal

carried in summer is more than double it in winter

3 ） High hazard risk Southern grassland Northern grassland Low occurrence of natural hazard Drought,black disaster,white

disaster,and frost disaster

Low risk in animal husbandry High risk in animal husbandry

3 ） High hazard risk Southern grassland Northern grassland Low occurrence of natural hazard Drought,black disaster,white

disaster,and frost disaster

Low risk in animal husbandry High risk in animal husbandry

4 ） Few broken plots of grassland Southern grassland Northern grassland Small animal husbandry Large animal husbandry Continuous pasture:20% Continuous

4 ） Few broken plots of grassland Southern grassland Northern grassland Small animal husbandry Large animal husbandry Continuous pasture:20% Continuous

5 ） Most land with forest destruction and

water and soil loss Southern grassland Northern grasslandGrass is coarse under natural condition Natural grassland is seriously degradedMixed with shrubs ， unbenefit for grazing Benefit for grazingEasy for alteration Limited potential for alteration for

precipitation restriction

5 ） Most land with forest destruction and

water and soil loss Southern grassland Northern grasslandGrass is coarse under natural condition Natural grassland is seriously degradedMixed with shrubs ， unbenefit for grazing Benefit for grazingEasy for alteration Limited potential for alteration for

precipitation restriction

4.3 4.3 Estimate of development benefit at southern grassland

1 ） Estimate of grassland quantity • There are 980 million units of area, in which 700 million acres available and 400-50

0 million acres can be used to graze on 200 acres should be developed recently.

1 ） Estimate of grassland quantity • There are 980 million units of area, in which 700 million acres available and 400-50

0 million acres can be used to graze on 200 acres should be developed recently.

2 ） Estimate of bearing capacity • 100-200 million sheep can be borne at 200 million acres, equal to 100-

200 million sheep borne at 330 million acres in the north.

2 ） Estimate of bearing capacity • 100-200 million sheep can be borne at 200 million acres, equal to 100-

200 million sheep borne at 330 million acres in the north.

····

3 ） Estimate of animal product 3 million tons meat and more than 600 thousand tons wool are produced in a year

at 200 million acres grassland, double to New Zealand in total.

3 ） Estimate of animal product 3 million tons meat and more than 600 thousand tons wool are produced in a year

at 200 million acres grassland, double to New Zealand in total.

4 ） Calculation of grain•That a ton meat is increased means 8 tons grain is increased.

• Ability to produce meat of 200 million acres of grassland is equal to 24 million tons grain

4 ） Calculation of grain•That a ton meat is increased means 8 tons grain is increased.

• Ability to produce meat of 200 million acres of grassland is equal to 24 million tons grain

4.4 M4.4 Mode of development and management at southern grassland

+ + Farmer

Offer financial and circulating support

Provide scientific experiment and technologic support Offer

management and responsibility

•Compare its hydro-thermal condition with New Zealand•Consider introducing proper animal from New Zealand•Build a national base producing wool, milk, and meat

•Compare its hydro-thermal condition with New Zealand•Consider introducing proper animal from New Zealand•Build a national base producing wool, milk, and meat

Company Base

Integrated agricultural regionalization （ 1981 ） Integrated agricultural regionalization （ 1981 ）

4.5 Agricultural development and regional difference （ P164-168 ）4.5 Agricultural development and regional difference （ P164-168 ）

Can you make a plan of Chinese agriculture according to planting mode of the world?

Can you make a plan of Chinese agriculture according to planting mode of the world?

Gansu-Xinjiang areaGansu-Xinjiang area

Qinghai-Tibet areaQinghai-Tibet area

Southwest areaSouthwest area

Loess Plateau areaLoess Plateau area

The Yellow and the Huaihe River BasinThe Yellow and the Huaihe River Basin

Northeast area

Northeast area

South China areaSouth China area

Along Inner Mongolia and Great Wall areaAlong Inner Mongolia and Great Wall area

The middle and lower reaches along YangtseThe middle and lower reaches along Yangtse River River

Regionalizatioin system of agriculture in China Regionalizatioin system of agriculture in China

Integrated agricultural regionalizationIntegrated agricultural regionalization

Physical-regionalization of agriculture

Physical-regionalization of agriculture

Regionalization of agricultural sector

Regionalization of agricultural sector Regionalization

of agricultural technology

Regionalization of agricultural technology

Integrated physical-regionalization

Integrated physical-regionalization

Regionalization of agricultural climate

Regionalization of agricultural climate

Regionalization of physiognomy

Regionalization of physiognomy

Regionalization of soil and vegetation

Regionalization of soil and vegetation

Regionalizationhydrology and potential wat

er

Regionalizationhydrology and potential wat

er

Regionalization of planting

Regionalization of planting

Regionalization of grainRegionalization of grain

Regionalization of economic crop

Regionalization of economic crop

Regionalization of animal husba

ndry

Regionalization of animal husba

ndry

Regionalization of forestry

Regionalization of forestry

Regionalization of fishery

Regionalization of fishery

Regionalization of agricultural i

rrigation

Regionalization of agricultural i

rrigation

Regionalization of agricultural m

echanization

Regionalization of agricultural m

echanization

Regionalization of fertile

Regionalization of fertile

Regionalization of energy

Regionalization of energy

Region

alization of agricu

ltural en

ergy

Argument

One side? ： South (3rd group)

The other side? ： North (4th group)

One side? ： South (3rd group)

The other side? ： North (4th group)

Requirement Per capita

Sowing area

Level of production··· ···

Potential area for increasing Potential area for increasing production in China production in China

Potential area for increasing Potential area for increasing production in China production in China