chapter 5: the skeletal system—part b
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Chapter 5: The Skeletal System—Part B. Bone Fractures. Fracture - A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5:The Skeletal System—
Part B
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Fracture - A break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction (realignment of bone ends) and immobilization (cast)6-8 weeks healing
Bone Fractures
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
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Bone fractures
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Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus of cartilage, bone, & collagen Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus formed of spongy bone Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Repair of Bone Fractures
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 1
Hematoma
Hematomaformation
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 2
HematomaExternalcallus
Newbloodvessels
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
Spongybonetrabecula
Hematomaformation
Fibrocartilagecallus formation
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 3
HematomaExternalcallus
Bonycallus ofspongybone
Newbloodvessels
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
Spongybonetrabecula
Hematomaformation
Fibrocartilagecallus formation
Bony callusformation
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 4
HematomaExternalcallus
Bonycallus ofspongybone
Healedfracture
Newbloodvessels
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
Spongybonetrabecula
Hematomaformation
Fibrocartilagecallus formation
Bony callusformation
Bone remodeling
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Forms the longitudinal part (central line) of the body
Divided into three partsSkullVertebral columnBony thorax
The Axial Skeleton
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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Two sets of bonesCranium (encloses brain)8 bones
Facial bones14 bones
Bones are joined by sutures--interlocking immovable joints
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
The Skull
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8 large flatbonesParietal & temporal – pairedParietal – superior & lateral
Meet midline at sagittal sutureMeet frontal bone at coronal suture
Temporal – meet parietal at squamous sutureExternal auditory meatus – canal to eardrumMastoid & styloid processes – attach neck
musclesFrontal – foreheadOccipital – posteriorMeets parietal at lambdoid suture
Cranium
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Sphenoid - eye orbits & floor of cranial cavityOptic canal – nerve to eye
Ethmoid – roof of nasal cavity & medial eye orbitsCrista galli = cock’s comb; attaches brainCribriform plates – holes for olfactory nerves
Bones of the Skull
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The Skull
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
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Sphenoid boneSella turcica = Turk’s saddle
Holds pituitary glandForamen ovale – cranial nerves
Between temporal & occipitalJugular foramen – junction of occipital & temporal
bonesPassage of jugular vein
Temporal boneInternal acoustic meatus – cranial nerves VII & VIICarotid canal
For carotid artery Occipital bone
Foramen magnum – spinal cord to brain
Bone Markings
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Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Lacrimal – 2; contain tear ducts Mandible – 1; largest & strongest face bone Maxilla – 2; fuse = upper jaw Zygomatic – 2; cheek bones & eye sockets Palatine – 2;
Hard palate – maxilla & palatine bonesCleft palate if not fused
Vomer – 1; forms nasal septum Inferior nasal conchae – 2 Nasal - 2
Facial Bones (14)
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
HobanFigure 5.10
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Paranasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses
◦Lighten the skull◦Give resonance and amplification to voice
HobanFigure 5.10
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2006Hoban
Note how the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity…
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SinusitisRecall that “-itis” means inflammation of◦Sinuses are continuous with nasal passages and throat◦Infections can travel up to sinuses
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The Hyoid Bone The only bone that
does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Aids in swallowing and speech
Figure 5.12
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The Fetal Skull The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s
total body length◦Adult skull – 1/8 body length
Newborn skull – ¼ body length Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting
the cranial bones◦Allow fetal skull to be compressed during birth◦Allow the brain to grow◦Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
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The Fetal Skull
Figure 5.13
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Fetal SkeletonNote how large the head is compared to the rest of the body…
Checkpoint:What is the advantage of a larger head area to the developing baby?
More area for the brain to develop properly…