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Chapter 5

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Mountains impeded communication allowed city-states to form Sea trade and colonies

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Minoans (2000-1500 BCE) trading culture wine, olive oil

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Knossos

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Mycenaean (1600-1200 BCE) warrior culture Linear B script

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no written records little to no trade

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growth of the polis (city-state) Characterized by: single written language share religion celebrations (Olympics)

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due to excess population

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Phalanx tight battle formation Hoplites Greek citizen soldier

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revolved around polis varied among city-states all citizens expected to participate in government

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Agora temple on the highest hill of polis Acropolis open area used for meetings, market

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militaristic state built on slavery no arts, masters of the art of war

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boys= war girls= breed warriors

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oligarchy- rule by a few two kings- mainly generals of the army five ephors- managers senate- had to be over 60 yrs old

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Three classes: equals = soldiers half-citizens = outsiders helots = slaves more numerous than Spartans, had to use force

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Agoge means of educating boys Crypteia final challenge (graduation)

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reading writing gymnastics athletics

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birthplace of democracy Assembly: open to all citizens passed laws and made policy decisions

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Freeman- all male citizens 1. aristocracy- rich folk 2. small farmers 3. thetes- craftsmen 4. metics- outsiders 5. slaves

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strong navy democratic values culturally superior

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Boys reading, writing, mathematics Philosophy military for two years Girls no formal education no role in politics spinning, weaving, domestic roles

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art, architecture drama, literature medicine government

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defeat of Darius leads to later invasion of Xerxes

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quarrels over colonies fear of Athenian economic dominance

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Spartans win, but all city-states weakened allows Philip II of Macedonia to conquer Greece

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conquers Persia, Egypt attacks India, not successful attempted to blend cultures through intermarriage dies at age 33

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spread of Greek culture