11

Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Implementing Hard DrivesImplementing Hard Drives

22

ATAPIATAPI

Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI)Interface (ATAPI) Extension to the ATA specificationExtension to the ATA specification Enables non-hard drive devices to connect to the Enables non-hard drive devices to connect to the

PC via ATA controllersPC via ATA controllers Same rules on jumper settingsSame rules on jumper settings Hard drives get BIOS thru the System BIOS and Hard drives get BIOS thru the System BIOS and

CMOSCMOS Non-hard drives get BIOS thru an option ROM or Non-hard drives get BIOS thru an option ROM or

software driversoftware driver

33

Serial ATASerial ATA Serial ATA (SATA) Serial ATA (SATA)

creates a point-to-point creates a point-to-point connection between the connection between the device and the controllerdevice and the controller Data is sent seriallyData is sent serially Thinner cables resulting in Thinner cables resulting in

better air flow and cable better air flow and cable control in the PCcontrol in the PC

Maximum cable length of Maximum cable length of 39.4 inches (1 meter) 39.4 inches (1 meter) compared to 18 inches for compared to 18 inches for PATA cables ~PATA cables ~

Dataconnecti

on

Powerconnectio

n

44

Serial ATASerial ATA More on SATAMore on SATA

Hot-swappable – suitable for Hot-swappable – suitable for RAID.RAID.

Throughput of 150 MBps Throughput of 150 MBps (with potential of 600 MBps)(with potential of 600 MBps)

A parallel ATA device A parallel ATA device (PATA) my be connected to (PATA) my be connected to SATA using a SATA bridgeSATA using a SATA bridge

Add SATA functionality via a Add SATA functionality via a PCI cardPCI card

Only one SATA device per Only one SATA device per controller.controller.

55

SATA CompatibilitySATA Compatibility

SATA is backward compatible with PATA SATA is backward compatible with PATA standards and drives.standards and drives.

You may connect PATA devices to a You may connect PATA devices to a SATA controller using a SATA bridge.SATA controller using a SATA bridge.

SATA devices may be used with current SATA devices may be used with current motherboards by adding a PCI SATA host motherboards by adding a PCI SATA host adapter card. ~adapter card. ~

66

BIOSBIOS

Every physical device needs Every physical device needs basic basic input/output servicesinput/output services ( (BIOSBIOS) to teach the ) to teach the CPU and the OS how to communicateCPU and the OS how to communicate

BIOS comes in three waysBIOS comes in three ways Programs stored on the System ROM chip on Programs stored on the System ROM chip on

the motherboard (the motherboard (firmwarefirmware)) Programs stored on a ROM chip attached to Programs stored on a ROM chip attached to

the external controller card (the external controller card (option ROMoption ROM)) Software Software device driversdevice drivers

77

AutodetectionAutodetection

Techs used to have to set up the geometry Techs used to have to set up the geometry manually in CMOS, but now there’s either manually in CMOS, but now there’s either an an AutoAuto or an or an autodetectionautodetection menu option menu option in CMOS setup to let the CMOS and the in CMOS setup to let the CMOS and the drive work it out all the necessary drive work it out all the necessary information for the drive to be recognized. information for the drive to be recognized. ~~

88

AutodetectionAutodetection

99

CMOS SETUP MenuCMOS SETUP Menu

1010

Serial ATA and BIOSSerial ATA and BIOS

Setting up a SATA driveSetting up a SATA drive Load the drives for an external SATA Load the drives for an external SATA

controllercontroller Configure the controller Flash ROM settings Configure the controller Flash ROM settings

for your specific hard drive.for your specific hard drive.

1111

Drive Letter Assignments Drive Letter Assignments Page 158Page 158

PrimaryPrimary partitionpartition in the order of: in the order of:1.1. Primary master drivePrimary master drive2.2. Primary slave drivePrimary slave drive3.3. Secondary master driveSecondary master drive4.4. Secondary slave driveSecondary slave drive

Then all logical drives in the Then all logical drives in the extended extended partitionpartition in the order of: in the order of:1.1. Primary master drivePrimary master drive2.2. Primary slave drivePrimary slave drive3.3. Secondary master driveSecondary master drive4.4. Secondary slave driveSecondary slave drive

1212

Disk Administrator NT 4.0Disk Administrator NT 4.0

Disk Administrator handles all the FDISK Disk Administrator handles all the FDISK functions such as:functions such as: Creating primary and extended partitionsCreating primary and extended partitions Marking primary active partitionsMarking primary active partitions

In addition to FDISK Disk Administrator In addition to FDISK Disk Administrator allows more complex hard disk allows more complex hard disk arrangements.arrangements.

All of the operations are done from a GUI ~All of the operations are done from a GUI ~

1313

Additional Disk SetupsAdditional Disk Setups

Striping two drives together.Striping two drives together. Spanning a single drive letter over more Spanning a single drive letter over more

than one hard drive.than one hard drive. Three types of RAID arrangementsThree types of RAID arrangements

StripesStripes MirrorsMirrors Stripes with parity ~Stripes with parity ~

1414

Disk Administrator Disk Administrator Page 162Page 162

Windows NT 4.0, 2000 and XP use a GUI Windows NT 4.0, 2000 and XP use a GUI Disk Administrator to partition hard drives.Disk Administrator to partition hard drives. It looks and functions almost identically to It looks and functions almost identically to

Disk Management used by Windows 2000 Disk Management used by Windows 2000 and XPand XP

1515

Using Disk AdministratorUsing Disk Administrator

If the machine has only one hard disk you If the machine has only one hard disk you there are several options that you can not there are several options that you can not use from disk administrator.use from disk administrator.

Adding a second hard drive allows the use Adding a second hard drive allows the use of some new partition techniques.of some new partition techniques.

1616

Disk ManagementDisk Management

Disk Management Console in Windows Disk Management Console in Windows 2000 and XP functions almost like Disk 2000 and XP functions almost like Disk Administrator in NT 4.0.Administrator in NT 4.0.

See figures 5.50 and 5.53 pages 166 & See figures 5.50 and 5.53 pages 166 & 167.167.

1717

Creating a Logical DriveCreating a Logical Drive

Once an Extended partition is created, you may Once an Extended partition is created, you may create logical drives in itcreate logical drives in it

1818

Creating a New PartitionCreating a New Partition Alt-click on some Unallocated space and Alt-click on some Unallocated space and

choose New Partition…choose New Partition…

1919

From the MMCFrom the MMC

2020

MMC MMC

2121

Disk ManagementDisk Management

Used by Windows 2000 and XP to manage partitionsUsed by Windows 2000 and XP to manage partitionsAlt-click My Computer

and choose Manage.

Then choose

Disk Management under Storage.

2222

New Partition WizardNew Partition Wizard

2323

Dynamic DisksDynamic Disks

Dynamic DisksDynamic Disks are a new and improved are a new and improved type of storage unique to Windows 2000 type of storage unique to Windows 2000 and XP Professional (not the Home and XP Professional (not the Home edition)edition) Regular drives are known as Regular drives are known as basic disksbasic disks Dynamic disks are divided into Dynamic disks are divided into volumesvolumes

instead of partitionsinstead of partitions

2424

Volume TypesVolume Types

Volume typesVolume types Simple volumeSimple volume: :

A simple volume is like A simple volume is like a primary partitiona primary partition

To use a simple To use a simple volume: first create a volume: first create a dynamic diskdynamic disk

Then alt-click any Then alt-click any unallocated space and unallocated space and choose New Volume to choose New Volume to start the new volume start the new volume wizard. ( page 169)wizard. ( page 169)

2525

Volume Types Volume Types Continued Page 170Continued Page 170

Spanned volume:Spanned volume: Extend the size of a simple volume to include any Extend the size of a simple volume to include any

additional unallocated space – even from other additional unallocated space – even from other hard driveshard drives

If you grab space from another drive, it becomes a If you grab space from another drive, it becomes a spanned volumespanned volume

Alt-click the volume you want to extend and Alt-click the volume you want to extend and choose Extend Volume – the unallocated space choose Extend Volume – the unallocated space can be anywherecan be anywhere

Striped, Mirrored, and Striping with ParityStriped, Mirrored, and Striping with Parity All of these RAID levels may be created thru All of these RAID levels may be created thru

software in Disk Management on Windows 2000 software in Disk Management on Windows 2000 and 2003 and 2003 ServersServers. ~. ~

2626

Spanned Volume AdvantagesSpanned Volume Advantages

If a disk or partition is full you can extend If a disk or partition is full you can extend or expand the area another disk and keep or expand the area another disk and keep the same drive letter.the same drive letter.

You can span any simple volume on a You can span any simple volume on a dynamic disk.dynamic disk.

The area to be spanned need not be The area to be spanned need not be contagious. Windows has no problem contagious. Windows has no problem skipping over areas on a drive to span to skipping over areas on a drive to span to other areas. ~other areas. ~

2727

Random Array of Independent DisksRandom Array of Independent Disks

If you have two or more If you have two or more dynamicdynamic disks in a disks in a PC Disk Management allows you to PC Disk Management allows you to combine them into a RAID arrangement.combine them into a RAID arrangement.

A RAID controller card is not required.A RAID controller card is not required. Windows 2000 and XP Pro support three Windows 2000 and XP Pro support three

types of software RADI.types of software RADI. StripesStripes MirrorsMirrors Stripes with parity ~Stripes with parity ~

2828

Stripe Volume Stripe Volume StripingStriping

Using two or more drives in a set is referred to Using two or more drives in a set is referred to as a stripe set.as a stripe set.

Writes data to a certain number of clusters on Writes data to a certain number of clusters on one drive and then moves to the next drive.one drive and then moves to the next drive.

Speeds up data through-putSpeeds up data through-put Considered RAID level Ø Considered RAID level Ø Provides no fault toleranceProvides no fault tolerance Data lost from one drive can not be recovered. Data lost from one drive can not be recovered.

~ ~

2929

Mirrored VolumeMirrored Volume

Uses two drivesUses two drives All data is written to both drivesAll data is written to both drives Through-put is slowed because two Through-put is slowed because two

read/write operations are required every read/write operations are required every time the drives are accessed.time the drives are accessed.

Mirroring is RAID level 1Mirroring is RAID level 1 Offers good fault tolerance. ~Offers good fault tolerance. ~

3030

Stripped Set with ParityStripped Set with Parity

Requires minimum of 3 hard drivesRequires minimum of 3 hard drives Fault tolerance is added in the form of parity Fault tolerance is added in the form of parity

bits which are striped across the disks.bits which are striped across the disks. If If onlyonly one disk fails its portion of the striped one disk fails its portion of the striped

data can be re-created from the remaining data can be re-created from the remaining data and parity bits.data and parity bits.

This is considered RAID level 5This is considered RAID level 5 Offers safety and speed. ~Offers safety and speed. ~

3131

Mount Points Mount Points Page 174Page 174

Your system partition drive (the primary Your system partition drive (the primary master C: drive) may be made dynamic master C: drive) may be made dynamic but cannot be extended or spanned.but cannot be extended or spanned.

But you can create a But you can create a mount pointmount point which is which is a drive that functions like a a drive that functions like a folderfolder mounted mounted (located) on another drive.(located) on another drive. You can extend the size of the C: drive by You can extend the size of the C: drive by

creating a folder that is really another whole creating a folder that is really another whole hard drive’s worth of space! hard drive’s worth of space! ContinuedContinued

3232

Mount Point Mount Point ContinuedContinued

The mount point extends the capacity of the C: The mount point extends the capacity of the C: drive with no need to be concerned with multiple drive with no need to be concerned with multiple drive letters.drive letters.

To create a mount point:To create a mount point: Alternate-click an unallocated portion of a dynamic disk Alternate-click an unallocated portion of a dynamic disk

and select New Volume.and select New Volume. From the second screen choose select: ”Mount in the From the second screen choose select: ”Mount in the

following empty NTFS folder”following empty NTFS folder” You can create or select an existing NTFS folder name. You can create or select an existing NTFS folder name.

~~

3333

Creating Mount PointsCreating Mount Points Alt-click an unallocated space on a dynamic Alt-click an unallocated space on a dynamic

disk and select New Volumedisk and select New Volume The second screen in the wizard lets you create a The second screen in the wizard lets you create a

mount point instead of another drive lettermount point instead of another drive letter

3434

NTFS 4.0 BenefitsNTFS 4.0 Benefits1.1. Uses an enhanced file allocation table Uses an enhanced file allocation table

called Master File Table (MAT)called Master File Table (MAT)

2.2. Provides improved security for files and Provides improved security for files and folders via an Access Control List. (ACL)folders via an Access Control List. (ACL)

3.3. Allows individual files and folders to be Allows individual files and folders to be compressed.compressed.

4.4. Provides improved disk setups ~Provides improved disk setups ~

3535

NTFS 4 NTFS 4 New Technology File System (NTFS)New Technology File System (NTFS) version 4 version 4

Powerful, robust, and flexible file systemPowerful, robust, and flexible file system High level of security for filesHigh level of security for files Less prone to fragmentationLess prone to fragmentation Enables adjusting cluster sizesEnables adjusting cluster sizes Supports partitions up to 2 terabytesSupports partitions up to 2 terabytes Enables compression of individual files or foldersEnables compression of individual files or folders Allows for extending and spanning volumes and Allows for extending and spanning volumes and

striping volumes with paritystriping volumes with parity Uses an enhanced file allocation table calledUses an enhanced file allocation table called the the

Master File Table (MFT)Master File Table (MFT) NTFS keeps a backup copy in the middle of diskNTFS keeps a backup copy in the middle of disk

3636

NTFS 5 AdditionsNTFS 5 Additions

NTFS5 includes these new functionsNTFS5 includes these new functions1.1. Encryption of filesEncryption of files

2.2. Disk Quotas for usersDisk Quotas for users

3.3. Volume Mount PointVolume Mount Point

4.4. CompressionCompression Windows 2000 and XP will automatically Windows 2000 and XP will automatically

convert NTFS4 to NTFS5. ~convert NTFS4 to NTFS5. ~

3737

EncryptionEncryption

You many encrypt a single file, folder or all files You many encrypt a single file, folder or all files in a folder.in a folder.

To encrypt a file :To encrypt a file : From the file properties click the Advanced buttonFrom the file properties click the Advanced button Under Advanced Attributes click encrypt contents to Under Advanced Attributes click encrypt contents to

secure data.secure data. File will be saved as an encrypted file immediately.File will be saved as an encrypted file immediately.

Only the person who encrypted the file may see Only the person who encrypted the file may see the file. ~the file. ~

3838

Encrypt A File or FolderEncrypt A File or Folder

3939

Compression and EncryptionCompression and Encryption

4040

Disk QuotasDisk Quotas

Limit the amount of drive space available Limit the amount of drive space available to a single user.to a single user.

4141

Disk QuotasDisk Quotas

4242

Volume NamingVolume Naming

A volume (a disk partition) can be given a A volume (a disk partition) can be given a drive letter or a directory name.drive letter or a directory name.

If given a directory name the icon will still If given a directory name the icon will still show as a drive. ~show as a drive. ~

4343

Compression with 2000Compression with 2000

Enables you to compress anythingEnables you to compress anything DrivesDrives FoldersFolders FilesFiles

Compression is done from properties of the Compression is done from properties of the item to be compressed.item to be compressed.

Click on :Click on : Compress Contents To Save Disk Space ~Compress Contents To Save Disk Space ~

4444

NTFS5NTFS5

New Technology File System (NTFS)New Technology File System (NTFS) version 5version 5 Available in Windows 2000 and Windows XPAvailable in Windows 2000 and Windows XP Using the Using the encrypting file system (EFS)encrypting file system (EFS) you you

can encrypt files and folderscan encrypt files and folders Alt-click the file in My Computer, choose Alt-click the file in My Computer, choose

Properties, and then the Advanced button on the Properties, and then the Advanced button on the General tabGeneral tab

Continued ~Continued ~

4545

NTFS5 NTFS5 ContinuedContinued

Disk quotas may be setDisk quotas may be set Alt-click the drive letter, choose Properties, then Alt-click the drive letter, choose Properties, then

the Quota tabthe Quota tab

Cluster sizes may be adjustedCluster sizes may be adjusted Supports partitions up to 16 exabytes with Supports partitions up to 16 exabytes with

cluster size tweaking (that’s 18 billion millions) cluster size tweaking (that’s 18 billion millions) ~ ~

4646

Third Party Partition Tools Third Party Partition Tools

Third-party partition tools allow you to Third-party partition tools allow you to create, change, and delete partitions create, change, and delete partitions without destroying the datawithout destroying the data PowerQuest’s Partition MagicPowerQuest’s Partition Magic VCOM’s Partition CommanderVCOM’s Partition Commander

4747

Questions ?Questions ?