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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning
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Chapter 5
Verbs
Learning Objectives: Level 1
• Identify transitive, intransitive, linking, and helping verbs.
• Recognize the functions and uses of active- and passive-voice verbs.
• Use correctly verbs in the present, past, and future tenses.
5-2© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Kinds of Verbs
Action Verbs:
Tell what a subject
does, including
physical and mental
actions.
Mark Zuckerberg developed the
Facebook site.
(Physical action)
He hopes people
of all ages will use
this social
networking site.
(Mental action)
5-3
Helping LinkingAction
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Kinds of Verbs
Action Verbs:
Can be transitive or
intransitive
Transitive Verb:
Expresses an action
toward a person or thing;
requires a direct
object (noun or
pronoun) to complete its
meaning
The committee created
guidelines for its
task.
(The transitive verb created directs
action toward its
object guidelines.)
5-4
Action
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Kinds of Verbs
Action Verbs:
Can be transitive or
intransitive
Intransitive Verb:
Expresses action but
does not require an
object to complete its
meaning
Kim Collins works for a large
marketing firm.
(The noun firm is
the object of the
preposition for, not
an object of the
verb works.)
5-5
Action
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
5-6
What are the
transitive
verbs and
their objects
in the
following
sentences?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
1. McDonald’s gave coupons
to the winners.
2. The winners got free
Big Macs.
3. Please lay the coupons on
the counter.
Try Your Skill
1. Greg listened carefully to
the proposal.
2. I worked at that job for
nine years.
3. Before the test Jackie
studied very hard.
5-7
Pick out
the
intransitive
verbs
below.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Kinds of Verbs
Linking Verbs:
They “link” or join the
subject to its
complement
• Complement:
A noun, pronoun, or
adjective that
renames or
describes the
subject
Betty Ray is the
new vice
president.
(The linking verb is
joins the complement vice
president to the
subject.)
5-8
Helping LinkingAction
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Kinds of Verbs
• Some linking verbs
are derived from the
verb “to be”: am, is,
are, was, were, be,
being, been.
• Others are words that
describe sense
experiences: feel,
appear, taste, seem,
sound, smell, etc.
The engine sounds
good.
(The linking verb sounds joins the
complement good,
which is an
adjective that
describes the subject engine.)
5-9
Linking
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. The caller could have
been Jeremy.
2. It was he who called
yesterday.
3. Sheila felt bad about the
news.
5-10
Identify the
linking verbs
and
complements
in these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Kinds of Verbs
Helping Verbs:
Added to main verbs to create verb phrases
• Common Helping
Verbs:
Forms of to be
Forms of to have
Forms of to do
Can, must, ought,
might, could, will, etc.
Kim Collins is
applying for a new
job.
(The helping verb is
plus the main verb applying create a
verb phrase.)
5-11
Helping LinkingAction
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. The applicant could
have arrived earlier.
2. It can be difficult to
accept change.
3. Susan has run a mile in
less than seven minutes.
5-12
Identify the
linking verbs
and
main verbs
in these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Verb Voices: Two Categories
of Transitive Verbs
• Active Voice:
• When the verb expresses an action directed by the subject toward the object of the verb
• Writing that uses active-voice verbs is clear, direct, and forceful.
5-13
Passive VoiceActive Voice
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Verb Voices: Two Categories
of Transitive Verbs
• Passive Voice:
When the action of a transitive verb is directed toward the subject
• Passive-voice verbs may be used to disguise the “doer” or agent of an action.
• They may also be used when indirectness is desired.
5-14
Passive VoiceActive Voice
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Active Voice Passive Voice
We answer e-mail
messages within 24
hours.
E-mail messages are answered
within 24 hours.
DataPro expanded
its operations in the
Southwest.
Operations in the Southwest were
expanded.
Mr. Lee miscalculated
current operating
expenses.
Current operating expenses were
miscalculated.
5-15© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. The bank stopped payment
on the check last week.
2. Taylor discovered the losses.
3. The losses were discovered
last week.
4. Statements were issued for
all past-due accounts.
5-16© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Identify the
active voice
verbs and
passive voice
verbs in these
sentences.
5-17
Present-
Tense
Verbs
Past-
Tense
Verbs
Future-
Tense
Verbs
Primary Tenses of Verbs
Express
current or
habitual
action
Show
completed
action
Show
action that
is expected
to occur at
a later time
5-18
The tense
you see in a
dictionary
Generally
formed by adding d or
ed to the
present
tense of
regular
verbs
Formed by adding will
or shall to
the present
tense of the
verb
Past-
Tense
Verbs
Future-
Tense
Verbs
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Present-
Tense
Verbs
5-19
Halle works in
the
Marketing
Department
.
She worked
late
yesterday.
She will
work on
that project
next week.
Past-
Tense
Verbs
Future-
Tense
Verbs
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Present-
Tense
Verbs
Challenges Using Primary Tenses
Third-person singular verbs: require an -sending. This -s ending is not added to other singular verbs (I and you).First-person singular:
I enjoy tackling challenging projects.Second-person singular:
You enjoy taking long walks after dinner. Third-person singular:
He enjoys playing baseball with his son.
Brianna enjoys skiing in the winter.
Our dog enjoys eating our leftovers.
5-20© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Challenges Using Primary Tenses
Timeless Facts: use present-tense verbs, even if the verbs occur with other past-tense verbs.
What is (not was) the name of the person who called me yesterday?
Verbs changing form: watch for verbs ending in y and some with the final consonant doubled
Sonia hurried (not hurryed) to catch the train.
What important events occurred (not occured) last year?
5-21© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
5-22
Select the
correct
verb to
complete
the
following
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
1. You (plan, plans) to apply for the position, don’t you?
2. He (plan, plans) to apply for the position too.
3. What (is, was) your maiden name?
4. We (tryed, tried) our best to accommodate everyone.
5. She (refered, referred) to her earlier message.
Learning Objectives: Level 2
• Recognize and use correctly gerunds, infinitives, and participles.
• Identify and remedy dangling verbal phrases and other misplaced modifiers.
• Understand and apply the subjunctive mood correctly.
5-23© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Present and Past Participles
5-24
To be able to use verbs correctly, you
must recognize present participles and
past participles. Both participles form
verb phrases.
Helper(s) + Main Verb = Verb Phrase
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Present Participle
5-25
Present participle: formed by adding ing to
the present part of the verb
• When used in a sentence, the present
participle is generally preceded by some form of the helping verb be (am, is, are,
was, were, be, been).
The contract is lying on the desk.
We are analyzing both proposals.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Past Participle
5-26
Past participle: usually formed by adding a d
or t sound to the present part of the verb.
• Past-participle verb phrases include the helpers has, had, or have (and
sometimes could, would, and should).
She has worked for many businesses.
We have built a home in West Gate.
Lee should have seen the red light.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Verbals
5-27
Three verbals are important:
Gerunds
Infinitives
Participles
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-28
Gerund: a verb form
that ends in ing and is
used as a noun
Investing is important to our
economy. (Gerund used as subject.)
Travis sought a career in marketing.
(Gerund used as object of preposition.)
Gerunds
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-29
When using gerunds,
be sure that nouns and
pronouns modifying
gerunds are
possessive.
We appreciate your (not you)
informing us of the error.
The auditor questioned Mr. Lee’s (not
Mr. Lee) traveling first-class.
Gerunds
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-30
Infinitive: when the
present form of a verb is preceded by to
• Most basic verb form
• In using infinitives, do not substitute the conjunction and for to.
Try to (not and) arrive early.
Check to (not and) see that the door is
locked.
Infinitives
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-31
When using infinitives,
avoid split infinitives that
result in awkward
sentences.
AWKWARD: Angela was asked to, as soon as possible, complete the report.
BETTER: Angela was asked to
complete the report as soon as possible.
Infinitives
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. We objected to (Jeff/Jeff’s) accepting the shipment without prior approval.
2. Be sure (to/and) set your alarm.
3. (a) We expect to, when all the facts are gathered, make a recommendation.(b) When all the facts are gathered, we expect tomake a recommendation.
5-32
Choose the
correct
word to
complete
these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
5-33
Choose the
correct
word to
complete
these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
4. We appreciate (you/your) not smoking in the building.
5. I saw (Susan/Susan’s) dancing when she got the contract.
6. I admired (Susan/Susan’s) dancing in the ballroom competition.
5-34
Participle: a verb form that
is used with helping verbs to
form present-participle and
past-participle tenses
• Participles can also serve as adjectives.
• Avoid using participial phrases that sound awkward.
AWKWARD: Being as you are careful, you found the problem.
BETTER: Because you are careful, you found the problem.
Participles
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Avoiding Misplaced
Verbal Modifiers
Introductory Verbal Phrases.
To avoid misplaced modifiers, verbal phrases must be followed by the words they can logically modify (describe).
5-35
ILLOGICAL: Locked securely in the vault, only Ms. McKee had access to the jewels.
LOGICAL: Locked securely in the vault, the jewels were accessible only to Ms. McKee.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Other Verbal Phrases. To avoid dangling modifiers, verbal phrases in other sentence positions must also be placed close to the words they describe.
5-36
ILLOGICAL: We saw a four-car accident driving to the office.
LOGICAL: Driving to the office, we saw a four-car accident.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Because you want Friday
off, can you work
overtime tonight?
Try Your Skill
1. Being as you want Friday
off, can you work overtime
tonight?
5-37
How could
the
following
sentence
be
improved?
IMPROVED VERSION
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
2. To receive a certificate, 30
credit units must be
completed.
5-38
How could
the following
sentence be
improved? To receive a certificate, a
student (or one) must
complete 30 credit units.
IMPROVED VERSION
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
3. Working overtime, the
printing job was finally
finished.
5-39
How could
the
following
sentences
be
improved?
Working overtime, we
finally finished the printing
job.
IMPROVED VERSION
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
4. His wallet was found by
Mr. Irwin lying behind the
counter.
5-40
How could
the
following
sentences
be
improved?
Mr. Irwin found his wallet
lying behind the counter.
IMPROVED VERSION
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Verb Moods
Three verb moods express attitude toward a subject:
Indicative mood: expresses facts
Imperative mood: expresses commands
Subjunctive mood: expresses doubts, conjectures (guesses), or suggestions
5-41© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-42
Subjunctive mood: learn to use it
correctly in the following three
constructions:
Doubtful
StatementThat
Clause
Motion
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-43
When a statement that is
doubtful or contrary to fact is introduced by if, as if,
or wish, the subjunctive
form were is substituted
for the indicative form was.
If I were (not was) boss, things would
be different.
He acts as if he were (not was) his
father.
Doubtful
Statement
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-44
BUT if a statement could
possibly be true, use the
indicative form.
If Mr. Cavello was at the meeting, I did
not see him.
Doubtful
Statement
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-45
Use the subjunctive verb be
when a that clause follows
a verb expressing a
command, recommendation,
request, suggestion, or
requirement.
Connie Aragon suggested that all budget requests be (not are) sent to
her.
The doctor asked that the patient be
(not is) confined to bed.
That
Clause
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-46
Use a subjunctive verb
form when a motion is stated in a that clause.
The treasurer moved that a survey be
(not is) made.
Motion
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. I wish I (was/were) in your position.
2. If Troy (was/were) here earlier, he did not sign the checks.
3. The attorney recommended that we (are/be) present at the hearing.
4. One member moved thatthe motion (is/be) tabled until next week.
5-47
Choose
the correct
verb to
complete
these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Learning Objectives: Level 3
• Write the correct forms of irregular verbs.
• Recognize verb forms in the progressive and perfect tenses.
5-48© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Irregular Verbs
5-49
Regular verbs: form the past tense with the
addition of a d or ed (work, worked)
Irregular verbs: form the past tense and
past participle in a variety of ways
• Learn the list of irregular verbs shown in
your text by using the pattern shown on
the next slide.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Pattern for Learning Irregular Verbs
Present tense Today I begin.
Past tense Yesterday I began.
Future tense Tomorrow I will begin.
Present
participle
Today I am beginning.
Past participle In the past I have begun.
5-50
Try these verbs in the above pattern:
(1) choose; (2) drink; (3) freeze; and (4) swim.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Present
tense
choose drink freeze swim
Past
tense
chose drank froze swam
Future
tense
will
choose
will drink will
freeze
will swim
Present
participle
choosing drinking freezing swimming
Past
participle
chosen drunk frozen swum
Pattern for Learning
Irregular Verbs
5-51© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Lie-Lay
Present PastPast
Participle
Present
Participle
lie (to rest) lay lain lying
lay (to
place)
laid laid laying
5-52
Pay special attention to the irregular verbs lie and lay.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Lie-Lay
What kind of verb is lie?
Transitive (requires a direct object to complete its meaning)
Intransitive (requires no direct object to complete its meaning)
5-53
What kind of verb is lay?
Transitive
Intransitive
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
TIPS
5-54
• Substitute the word rest for lie and the word place for lay.
• Commands are given in the present tense.
To lie (rest) To lay (place)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. “(Lie/Lay) over there.” Peter told his dog.
2. Today I will (lie/lay) down for a nap.
3. Tiger, my ferocious cat, is (lying, laying) on the rug.
5-55
Choose the
correct
verb to
complete
these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
4. Are you (lying, laying) bricks today?
5. She loves to (lie/lay) in the sun while she’s on vacation.
6. We plan to (lie/lay) new tile in the kitchen.
5-56
Choose the
correct
verb to
complete
these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
5-57
Choose the
correct
verb to
complete
these
sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7. The books have (lain/laid) there for days.
8. Library patrons have been returning books by (lying, laying) them on the cart.
9. Ann (layed/laid) the contract on your desk two days ago.
5-58
Present-
Progressive
Verbs
Past-
Progressive
Verbs
Future-
Progressive
Verbs
The Progressive Verb Tenses
Express ongoing
actions that are
happening
presently
Express ongoing
actions that
occurred in the
past, sometimes
as another action
was taking place
Express ongoing
actions that will
take place in the
future
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-59
Present-
Progressive
Verbs
Past-
Progressive
Verbs
Future-
Progressive
Verbs
The Progressive Verb Tenses
He is planning
the program now.
He was
planning the
program before
he was replaced.
He will be
planning
another program
next week.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-60
Present-
Perfect
Verbs
Past-
Perfect
Verbs
Future-
Perfect
Verbs
The Perfect Verb Tenses
Express actions
that began in the
past and have
continued to the
present
Express actions
finished before
other actions in
the past
Express actions
that will be
completed
before other
future actions
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
5-61
Present-
Perfect
Verbs
Past-
Perfect
Verbs
Future-
Perfect
Verbs
The Perfect Verb Tenses
She has
offered to work
late. (The offer
still stands.)
We had called
before he left.
Newscasts will
have
announced
projected
winners before
we have voted.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Verbs Is Funny
When words you speak, these words are
spoken,
But a nose is tweaked and can't be twoken.
And what you seek is seldom soken.
--Cont.
5-62
A boy who swims may say he swum,
But milk is skimmed and seldom skum,
And nails you trim; they are not trum.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer